含盐体系汽液平衡的测定方法和测定仪器的研究

针对含盐体系汽液平衡测定的特点及常用测定仪器和方法中的问题，改制了具有沸点仪和双循环平衡釜双重功能CS－Ⅱ型VLE测定仪，并以拟表态法测定了含盐体系汽液平衡的泡点线和平衡液相恒盐浓度下的露点线，新测定仪能避免用双循环仪器时极易出现的流动不稳定性和爆沸现象，成功地测定了氯化钙平衡液相浓度为5％的CaCl2-丙酮（1）－甲醇（2）体系的汽液平衡数据。     

一个改进的汽液双循环平衡釜

汽液平衡实验装置是研究并测定溶液平衡性质的宜要手段。平衡釜的类型很多,一般情况下,只要体系中组分的沸点不是太低而比较容易全部冷凝的话,采用循环法较之其他方法〔静态法或蒸馏法)更能得到准确的平衡汽液相组成,因此,目前科研设计部门和高等院校实验室广泛采用的是循环型,而且是汽、液两相双循环的汽液平衡釜。 最早基于双循环原理设计的平衡釜是19拓年D.T·c·G,j,espi。提出的川,该釜结构比较简单(图l),采用了提升管结构,温度测定的位置移到沸腾釜之外的平衡室,因此平衡温度的测定比较准确。但是液相取样采自釜液,并不能代表与汽相…     

多功能汽液平衡测定仪的研究

研制了一种多功能液平衡测定仪－－CS-Ⅱ型VLE测定仪，阐述了该仪器的设计思想，该仪器兼有沸点仪和平衡釜的特点和功能，作为沸点仪，它具有泵结构搅拌器，可适用于拟静态法；作为平衡釜,它具有新型的汽液相取样结构和液相区冷却功能，可适用于安全互溶体系、部分互溶体系和高沸点差体系VLE的测定，本文给出了有关详细的实验考核结果。     

乙酸、丙酸、丁酸二元系统气-液相平衡及其在水和乙酸乙酯中三元系统液-液相平衡的测定

测定了15℃时丙酸,15℃及30℃时丁酸和15℃时乙、丙、丁混合酸在乙酸乙酯和水中的液-液相平衡数据。也测定了乙酸-丙酸,丙酸-丁酸及乙酸-丁酸三个二元系统在760毫米汞柱压力时的汽-液平衡。我们认为汽-液平衡的非理想主要是由于汽相分子的缔合。于是推导了计算分子缔合时的汽-液平衡关系式,推算的乙酸-丁酸二元系统的汽-液平衡数据和实验结果相符合。     

微乳液相色谱法及其应用进展

微乳液相色谱法是使用普通的正相或反相色谱柱,分别以油包水或水包油型微乳为流动相,用常规检测器进行样品分析的液相色谱法。该法具有独特的选择性,能够同时分离极性范围很广的化合物,流动相中的有机溶剂用量少,调节参数多,以及血浆样品可直接进样,梯度洗脱节省再平衡时间等优点,在复杂组分分离方面具有显著的优势。本文对微乳液相色谱法中常用微乳的组成和结构,各组成成分对分离的影响,以及该法的应用进展进行了综述。     

极性非质子溶剂与甲醇或1,2-二氯乙烷的汽液平衡

使用双沸点仪测定了丙酮、乙酸乙酯、对二氧六环、乙腈或三乙胺与甲醇或1,2→二氯乙烷以及二者混合物等十一组二元体系在99.3 kPa下的汽液平衡数据(T,x,p), 计算了有关体系的过量吉布斯自由能。结果表明, 六种非质子溶剂与甲醇组成的二元系GE>0; 乙腈或三乙胺与1,2-二氯乙烷组成的二元系GE>0, 而丙酮、乙酸乙酯或对二氧六环与1,2-二氯乙烷的二元混合物GE<0。从同种分子间或不同种分子间的缔合作用对上述结果进行了讨论。本文还在固定极性非质子溶剂(第三组分)物质的量浓度的条件下, 测定了非质子溶剂+1,2-二氯乙烷+甲醇三元混合物的汽液平衡数据, 考察了非质子溶剂的加入对甲醇+1,2-二氯乙烷二元系GE的影响。     

中空纤维膜液相微萃取-高效液相色谱联用技术测定尿液中痕量己烯雌酚

采用中空纤维液相微萃取与高效液相色谱联用技术测定了尿液样品中的痕量己烯雌酚;考察了样品相酸度、中间相种类、接收相浓度、搅拌速度、萃取时间等对液-液-液三相微萃取效率的影响,进而确定了最佳萃取条件.结果表明,当样品相pH为2.5,中间相为甲苯,接收相为3μL 0.25mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,搅拌速度为800r/min,萃取时间为50min时,萃取效率最佳.在最佳萃取条件下,样品的回收率为76.4%,相对标准偏差为3.8%.     

水中酚类化合物的液-液-液微萃取/ 高效液相色谱联用分析研究

建立了液-液-液微萃取/高效液相色谱联用(LLLME/HPLC)测定环境水中痕量酚类化合物2-甲基苯酚、2-硝基苯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚的分析方法,研究了有机相溶剂种类及其体积、料液相pH值与离子强度、接受相的体积、组成及浓度和搅拌速率、萃取时间等因素对分析物萃取效率的影响。实验结果表明,该方法对酚类化合物的富集倍数可达到404~747倍,方法的线性范围为0.2~300μg/L,RSD(n=6)为6.8%~11.4%。测定加标自来水、江水以及生活污水样品的回收率为83%~110%。     

液-固吸附体系中扩展的Langmuir方程的推导和检验

从气-固吸附体系中推导出的Langmuir方程,近一世纪来只能经验性地描述液相吸附。本研究以液-固界面上的溶质计量置换模型为基础,考虑到液-固吸附体系中各组分之间的相互作用,从理论上推导出了在液-固体系中描述在不同溶剂浓度条件下的溶质吸附的扩展的Langmuir公式,并称其为扩展的Langmuir公式。将Langmuir公式中经验参数与液相色谱中的计量置换平衡中的参相关联,还将其扩展到在不同溶剂浓度条件下的溶质定量吸附的描述,为Langmuir方程在描述不同溶剂浓度条件下的组分吸附奠定了理论基础,扩大了Langmuir公式的应用。以不同溶剂浓度条件下所得到的吸附等温线数据对理论推导出的扩展的Langmuir公式进行了验证,并与计算置平衡中的参数相关联,表现用吸附等温线法计算的计量置换参数Z与用高效液相色谱法得到的Z值符合程度很好。     

拟静态循环法测定稀溶液气液平衡的研究

根据沸点计误差公式,ε≡x_0-x/x=K-1/1+r(r+a)(1)研究设计了能够在r=0的拟静态循环态操作三种新型沸点仪。在稀浓度区,从不同角度进行检证,以期使方法和仪器得以完善。拟静态循环法的原理静态法和双循环法在浓度分布上的差别在于,后者有汽相回流(r>0)从而产生三个浓度区间,使配制浓度x_0代替平衡浓度x有(1)式所示的误差。仅当循环控制在r=0的状态,与静态法等价,称之为拟静态循环态,此时的误差为     

A review of Barker’s activity coefficient method and VLE data reduction

The method of Barker is a popular scheme for determination of activity coefficients from total pressure measurements. A comprehensive review of this method is presented in this study. While discussing this technique various aspects of (vapor + liquid) equilibrium (VLE) data reduction process including types of algorithms applied, roles of saturated vapor pressures and equilibrium vapor compositions data, and types of objective functions used are analyzed. Activity coefficient or liquid state models frequently used in VLE data reduction are shown and their comparisons are investigated. More so, advantages and limitations of Barker’s method are demonstrated.     

Vapor pressures and activity coefficients of binary mixtures of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide with acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran

A new apparatus for the determination of VLE has been constructed which works for absolute pressure measurements as well as for measuring differential pressures. The first results obtained are (vapor + liquid) equilibria (VLE) of binary mixtures containing acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran and the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [EMIm][NTf2] by using the absolute pressures method. VLE measurements were carried out over the whole concentration range at four different temperatures between 293.15 K and 313.15 K. Activity coefficients (γ₁) of the solvents in [EMIm][NTf2] and their osmotic coefficients (ϕ₁) have been determined from the VLE data.     

New analytic apparatus for experimental determination of vapor–liquid equilibria and saturation densities

A new experimental apparatus for performing simultaneous determination of high-pressure vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) and saturated densities was developed in this work. The experimental methodology was verified by measuring these properties for the carbon dioxide + 1-propanol and carbon dioxide + 2-propanol systems from 313 to 363 K. The apparatus is based on the static-analytic method for VLE determinations and was slightly modified by coupling a vibrating U-tube densitometer to obtain saturated densities for both vapor and liquid phases. VLE measurements agreed with previous literature data and were correlated with the Peng–Robinson equation of state coupled to the Wong–Sandler mixing rules. Saturation densities at temperatures above 313 K have not been published up to now.     

A non-recycle flow still for the experimental determination of vapor–liquid equilibria in reactive systems

Experiments for the determination of vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data with a Non-Recycle Flow Still (NFS) are described. Due to short residence times, the NFS is especially suited for systems with thermally unstable components and for reactive mixtures. VLE data of the latter are necessary for modeling reactive distillation processes. With the NFS isobaric data both at atmospheric and at reduced pressure can be gained. The potential of this technique is demonstrated and validated with the well-known, non-reactive systems methanol–ethanol and ethanol–water. The other (mainly reactive) binary mixtures investigated stem from two esterification systems (methyl formate and ethyl acetate production) and one etherification system (tert-amyl methyl ether production). The NRTL equation is used for modeling of the VLE data. The data acquired with the NFS are compared with literature data (whenever possible) or with results of group contribution methods.     

Determination of the solubility of inorganic salts by headspace gas chromatography

This work reports a novel method for determination of salt solubility using headspace gas chromatography. A very small amount of volatile compound (such as methanol) is added in the studied solution. Due to the molecular interaction in the solution, the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) partitioning coefficient of the volatile species will change with different salt contents in the solution. Therefore, the concentration of volatile species in the vapor phase is proportional to the salt concentration in the liquid phase, which can be easily determined by headspace gas chromatography. Until the salt concentration in the solution is saturated, the concentration of volatile compound in the vapor phase will continue to increase further and a breakpoint will appear on the VLE curve. The solubility of the salts can be determined by the identification of the breakpoint. It was found that the measured solubility of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate in aqueous solutions is slightly higher (about 6-7%) than those reported in the literature method. The present method can be easily applied to industrial solution systems.     

Vapour-liquid equilibria. I. An apparatus for isothermal total vapour pressure measurements: Binary mixtures of ethanol and t-butanol with n-hexane, n-heptane and n-octane at 313.15 K

A static apparatus for the determination of total vapour pressure isotherms of mixtures is described. The apparatus works without a null manometer, and degassing of samples is done without freezing. VLE data for six binary mixtures of ethanol and t-butanol with n-hexane, n-heptane and n-octane are reported and compared with literature data. References to other VLE data obtained using this apparatus are also given.     

Isobaric vapour–liquid equilibria data for the binary system 1-propanol+1-pentanol and isobaric vapour–liquid–liquid equilibria data for the ternary system water+1-propanol+1-pentanol at 101.3 kPa

Consistent vapour–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the binary system 1-propanol+1-pentanol and for the ternary system water+1-propanol+1-pentanol are reported at 101.3 kPa. An instrument using ultrasound to promote the emulsification of the partly miscible liquid phases have been used in the determination of the vapour–liquid–liquid equilibrium (VLLE). The VLE and VLLE data were correlated using UNIQUAC.     

Vapor–liquid equilibria and critical points of the CO2 + 1-hexanol and CO2 + 1-heptanol systems

Vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE), vapor–liquid–liquid equilibria (VLLE) and critical point (CP) data for the carbon dioxide+1-hexanol (at 324.56, 353.93, 397.78, 403.39, 431.82 and 432.45 K up to 20 MPa) and carbon dioxide+1-heptanol (at 313.14, 333.16, 373.32, 411.99 and 431.54 K up to 21 MPa) systems are reported. Phase behavior measurements were made in a new equilibrium cell based on the static-analytic method and capable of measurements up to 60 MPa and 673 K. The Peng–Robinson equation of state (EoS) with the Wong–Sandler mixing rules and temperature independent parameters was able to correlate and extrapolate the VLE for the carbon dioxide+1-hexanol system. However, in order to obtain good agreement with experimental data for the carbon dioxide+1-heptanol system, the mixture EoS parameters were adjusted to the experimental VLE data at each temperature.