(Homo) Flatness of posets on poideal extensions

We consider pomonoids , where G is a pogroup and I is a poideal of S and show that if an S-poset is principally weakly flat, (weakly) flat, po-flat, (principally) weakly po-flat, (po-) torsion free or satisfies Conditions (P), (P _E ), (P _w ), (PWP), (PWP) _w , (WP) or (WP) _w as an I ¹-poset, then it has these properties as an S-poset. We also show that an S-poset which is free, projective or strongly flat as an I ¹-poset may not generally have these properties as an S-poset.     

Flatness properties of diagonal acts over monoids

If S is a monoid, the right S-act S×S, equipped with componentwise S-action, is called the diagonal act of S. The question of when this act is cyclic or finitely generated has been a subject of interest for many years, but so far there has been no explicit work devoted to flatness properties of diagonal acts. Considered as a right S-act, the monoid S is free, and thus is also projective, flat, weakly flat, and so on. In 1991, Bulman-Fleming gave conditions on S under which all right acts S ^I (for I a non-empty set) are projective (or, equivalently, when all products of projective right S-acts are projective). At approximately the same time, Victoria Gould solved the corresponding problem for strong flatness. Implicitly, Gould’s result also answers the question for condition (P) and condition (E). For products of flats, weakly flats, etc. to again have the same property, there are some published results as well. The specific questions of when S×S has certain flatness properties have so far not been considered. In this paper, we will address these problems. S. Bulman-Fleming research supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Research Grant A4494. Some of the results in this article are contained in the M.Math. thesis of A. Gilmour, University of Waterloo (2007).     

Homoflatness on Ideal Extensions

We consider monoids $S=G\;\dot{\cup}\; I$ where $G$ is a group and $I$ is an ideal of $S$ and show that if an $S$-act is principally weakly homoflat or weakly homoflat as an $I^1$-act, then it has these properties as an $S$-act. We also show that an $S$-act which is (weakly) pullback flat, equalizer flat, (principally) weakly kernel flat, translation kernel flat or satisfies Condition $(E)$ as an $I^1$-act may not generally have these properties as an $S$-act. The flatness notions considered in this paper were introduced in {\it V. Laan, Pullbacks and flatness properties of acts I, Comm. Alg. ${\bf 29}(2)$ (2001), 829--850}.     

Relative MilnorK-theory

LetR be a commutative, semi-local ring,I ₁, ...,I _s ideals. In this paper, we define therelative Milnor K-groups of (R;I ₁, ...,I _s ),K _p ^M (R;I ₁, ...,I _s ), and show that these groups have many of the properties of the usual MilnorK-groups of a field. In particular, assuming a weak condition on the ideals, we show thatK _p ^M (R;I ₁, ...,I _s ) is isomorphic to the weightp portion of the relative QuillenK-groupK _p (R;I ₁, ...,I _s ), after inverting (p–1)!. We also define the relative group homology of GL _n (R;I ₁, ...,I _s ), and show thatK _p ^M (R;I ₁, ...,I _s ) is isomorphic toH _p (GL_p(R;I ₁, ...,I _s ))/Im(H _p (GL _p–1 (R;I ₁, ...,I _s ))). Finally, we consider a generalization to the relative setting of Kato's conjecture asserting that the Galois symbol gives an isomorphism fromK _p ^M (F)/l ^v to , and show that this relative version of Kato's conjecture implies the Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjectures asserting the Chern class:

An exact Daugavet type inequality for small into isomorphisms in L 1

The well known Daugavet property for the space L ₁ means that || I  +  K || = 1+ || K || for any weakly compact operator K : L ₁ → L ₁, where I is the identity operator in L ₁. We generalize this theorem to the case when we consider an into isomorphism J : L ₁ → L ₁ instead of I and a narrow operator T. Our main result states that , where d  =  || J|| || J ⁻¹||. We also give an example which shows that this estimate is exact. Received: 21 August 2007     

Zur Metrik der Diskrepanz

LetI=[0,1),dω the product measure onI ^? of the Lebesgue measure onI, D _N (ω) the discrepancy ofω ∈I ^?. We show that for α>0 $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{N \to \infty } N^{\alpha /2} \mathop \smallint \limits_{I^\mathbb{N} } D_N^\alpha (\omega ) d\omega = 4.2 - (3\alpha /2)(2\alpha - 1 - 1) \zeta (\alpha ) \Gamma (\alpha /2 + 1)$$ Furthermore we sharpen and generalize this result.     

Directions of uniform rotundity in direct sums of normed spaces

Let {(X_i,|| · || _i)}_{i ? I},\{(X_i,\left \| {\cdot } \right \| _{i})\}_{i\in I}, be an arbitrary family of normed spaces and let (E,|| · || _E)(E,\left \| {\cdot } \right \| _{E}) be a monotonic normed space of real functions on the set I that is an ideal in \Bbb R^I{\Bbb R}^I. We prove a sufficient condition for the direct sum space E(X_i) to be uniformly rotund in a direction. We show that this condition is also necessary for E=l_￥E=\ell _{\infty }, and it is not necessary for E=l₁E=\ell _1. When E is either uniformly rotund in every direction and has compact order intervals, or weakly uniformly rotund respect to its evaluation functionals, we reestablish as a corollary the result that reads: E(X_i)E(X_i) is uniformly rotund in every direction if and only if so are all the X_i.     

Fractional integrals on spaces of homogeneous type

We study fractional integrals on spaces of homogeneous type defined byI _α f(x)=∫_Xf(y)|B(x,d(x,y))|^ga?1dμ(y), 0<α<1. If \(1< p\frac{1}{\alpha },\frac{1}{q} = \frac{1}{p} - \alpha \) , we show that I_αf is of strong type (p,q) and is of weak type ( \(\left( {1,\frac{1}{{1 - \alpha }}} \right)\) ). We also consider the necessary and sufficient conditions on two weights for which I_αf is of weak type (p,q) with respect to (w,v).     

Every group is a maximal subgroup of a naturally occurring free idempotent generated semigroup

The study of the free idempotent generated semigroup IG(E) over a biordered set E has recently received a deal of attention. Let G be a group, let \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) with n≥3 and let E be the biordered set of idempotents of the wreath product \(G\wr \mathcal{T}_{n}\) . We show, in a transparent way, that for e∈E lying in the minimal ideal of \(G\wr\mathcal{T}_{n}\) , the maximal subgroup of e in IG(E) is isomorphic to G. It is known that \(G\wr\mathcal{T}_{n}\) is the endomorphism monoid End F _n (G) of the rank n free G-act F _n (G). Our work is therefore analogous to that of Brittenham, Margolis and Meakin for rank 1 idempotents in full linear monoids. As a corollary we obtain the result of Gray and Ru?kuc that any group can occur as a maximal subgroup of some free idempotent generated semigroup. Unlike their proof, ours involves a natural biordered set and very little machinery.     

Left-inverses of fractional Laplacian and sparse stochastic processes

The fractional Laplacian (-\triangle)^g/2(-\triangle)^{\gamma/2} commutes with the primary coordination transformations in the Euclidean space ℝ ^d : dilation, translation and rotation, and has tight link to splines, fractals and stable Levy processes. For 0 < γ < d, its inverse is the classical Riesz potential I _γ which is dilation-invariant and translation-invariant. In this work, we investigate the functional properties (continuity, decay and invertibility) of an extended class of differential operators that share those invariance properties. In particular, we extend the definition of the classical Riesz potential I _γ to any non-integer number γ larger than d and show that it is the unique left-inverse of the fractional Laplacian (-\triangle)^g/2(-\triangle)^{\gamma/2} which is dilation-invariant and translation-invariant. We observe that, for any 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and γ ≥ d(1 − 1/p), there exists a Schwartz function f such that I _γ f is not p-integrable. We then introduce the new unique left-inverse I _{γ, p} of the fractional Laplacian (-\triangle)^g/2(-\triangle)^{\gamma/2} with the property that I _{γ, p} is dilation-invariant (but not translation-invariant) and that I _{γ, p} f is p-integrable for any Schwartz function f. We finally apply that linear operator I _{γ, p} with p = 1 to solve the stochastic partial differential equation (-\triangle)^g/2 F = w(-\triangle)^{\gamma/2} \Phi=w with white Poisson noise as its driving term w.     

Strongly Flat and Condition (P) Covers of Acts Over Monoids

In this article we characterize monoids over which every right S-act has a strongly flat (condition (P)) cover. Similar to the perfect monoids, such monoids are characterized by condition (A) and having strongly flat (condition (P)) cover for each cyclic right S-act. We also give a new characterization for perfect monoids as monoids over which every strongly flat right S-act has a projective cover.     

A note on parameter free Π1‐induction and restricted exponentiation

We characterize the sets of all Π₂ and all $\mathcal {B}(\Sigma _{1})We characterize the sets of all Π₂ and all $\mathcal {B}(\Sigma _{1})$ (= Boolean combinations of Σ₁) theorems of IΠ^?₁ in terms of restricted exponentiation, and use these characterizations to prove that both sets are not deductively equivalent. We also discuss how these results generalize to n > 0. As an application, we prove that a conservation theorem of Beklemishev stating that IΠ^?_{n + 1} is conservative over IΣ^?_n with respect to $\mathcal {B}(\Sigma _{n+1})$ sentences cannot be extended to Π_{n + 2} sentences. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim     

Principally Weakly and Weakly Coherent Monoids

We shall call a monoid S principally weakly (weakly) left coherent if direct products of nonempty families of principally weakly (weakly) flat right S-acts are principally weakly (weakly) flat. Such monoids have not been studied in general. However, Bulman-Fleming and McDowell proved that a commutative monoid S is (weakly) coherent if and only if the act S ^I is weakly flat for each nonempty set I. In this article we introduce the notion of finite (principal) weak flatness for characterizing (principally) weakly left coherent monoids. Also we investigate monoids over which direct products of acts transfer an arbitrary flatness property to their components.     

Recurrent approach to Blaschke’s problem

We have obtained a recurrence formula $I_{n+3} = \frac{4(n+3)}{\pi(n+4)}VI_{n+1}We have obtained a recurrence formula I_n+3 = \frac4(n+3)p(n+4)VI_n+1I_{n+3} = \frac{4(n+3)}{\pi(n+4)}VI_{n+1} for integro-geometric moments in the case of a circle with the area V, where I_n = ò\nolimits_{K ?G}sⁿd GI_n = \int \nolimits_{K \cap G}\sigma^{n}{\rm d} G, while in the case of a convex domain K with the perimeter S and area V the recurrence formula

In+3 = \frac8(n+3)V2(n+1)(n+4)p[\fracd In+1d V - \fracIn+1S \fracd Sd V ] I_{n+3} = \frac{8(n+3)V^2}{(n+1)(n+4)\pi}\Big[\frac{{\rm d} I_{n+1}}{{\rm d} V} - \frac{I_{n+1}}{S} \frac{{\rm d} S}{{\rm d} V} \Big]      17. A new algorithm for approximating the least concave majorant      Martin Franců  Ron Kerman  Gord Sinnamon 《Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal》2017,67(4):1071-1093 The least concave majorant, \(\hat F\), of a continuous function F on a closed interval, I, is defined by $$\hat F\left( x \right) = \inf \left\{ {G\left( x \right):G \geqslant F,Gconcave} \right\},x \in I.$$ We present an algorithm, in the spirit of the Jarvis March, to approximate the least concave majorant of a differentiable piecewise polynomial function of degree at most three on I. Given any function F ∈ C4(I), it can be well-approximated on I by a clamped cubic spline S. We show that \(\hat S\) is then a good approximation to \(\hat F\). We give two examples, one to illustrate, the other to apply our algorithm.      18. A family of complemented subspaces in VMO and its isomorphic classification      Paul?F.?X.?MüllerEmail author 《Israel Journal of Mathematics》2003,134(1):289-306 In this paper we study families of spaces which are similar in spirit to the Rosenthal class. We letS 0 be the infinite dimensional sequence space where the norm of a given null-sequence (a I) is given as follows,. Here (x I) is a fixed sequence of bounded scalars. We show that these spaces are isomorphic to complemented subspaces of VMO, and classify their isomorphic types as follows:S 0 is isomorphic either toc 0, to (ΣBMO n )0, or to VMO. The spaceS 0 arises as endpoint of the scaleS p, 2≤p<∞, where the norm of a sequence (a I) is given by. The isomorphic types of this class are shown to beL p and ℓ p .      19. On a conjecture of Bulman-Fleming and Gilmour      M. Ershad  M. Sedaghatjoo 《Semigroup Forum》2011,82(3):542-546 If S is a monoid, the set S×S equipped with componentwise S-action is called the diagonal act of S and is denoted by D(S). We prove the following theorem: the right S-act S n (1≠n∈?) is (principally) weakly flat if and only if \(\prod _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}\) is (principally) weakly flat where A i , 1≤i≤n are (principally) weakly flat right S-acts, if and only if the diagonal act D(S) is (principally) weakly flat. This gives an answer to a conjecture posed by Bulman-Fleming and Gilmour (Semigroup Forum 79:298–314, 2009). Besides, we present a fair characterization of monoids S over which the diagonal act D(S) is (principally) weakly flat and finally, we impose a condition on D(S) in order to make S a left PSF monoid.      20. Some ratio inequalities for iterated stochastic integrals      Litan Yan 《Mathematische Nachrichten》2003,259(1):84-98 Let X = (Xt, ?t) be a continuous local martingale with quadratic variation 〈X〉 and X0 = 0. Define iterated stochastic integrals In(X) = (In(t, X), ?t), n ≥ 0, inductively by $$ I_{n} (t, X) = \int ^{t} _{0} I_{n-1} (s, X)dX_{s} $$ with I0(t, X) = 1 and I1(t, X) = Xt. Let (??xt(X)) be the local time of a continuous local martingale X at x ∈ ?. Denote ??*t(X) = supx∈? ??xt(X) and X* = supt≥0 |Xt|. In this paper, we shall establish various ratio inequalities for In(X). In particular, we show that the inequalities $$ c_{n,p} \, \left\Vert (G ( \langle X \rangle _{\infty} )) ^{n/2} \right\Vert _{p} \; \le \; \left\Vert {\mathop \sup \limits _{t \ge 0}} \; {\left\vert I_{n} (t, X) \right\vert \over {(1+ \langle X \rangle _{t} ) ^{n/2}}} \right\Vert _{p} \; \le C_{n, p} \, \left\Vert (G ( \langle X \rangle _{\infty} )) ^{n/2} \right\Vert _{p} $$ hold for 0 < p < ∞ with some positive constants cn,p and Cn,p depending only on n and p, where G(t) = log(1+ log(1+ t)). Furthermore, we also show that for some γ ≥ 0 the inequality $$ E \left[ U ^{p}_{n} \exp \left( \gamma {U ^{1/n} _{n} \over {V}} \right) \right] \le C_{n, p, \gamma} E [V ^{n, p}] \quad (0 < p < \infty ) $$ holds with some positive constant Cn,p,γ depending only on n, p and γ, where Un is one of 〈In(X)〉1/2∞ and I*n(X), and V one of the three random variables X*, 〈X〉1/2∞ and ??*∞(X). (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

A new algorithm for approximating the least concave majorant

The least concave majorant, \(\hat F\), of a continuous function F on a closed interval, I, is defined by

$$\hat F\left( x \right) = \inf \left\{ {G\left( x \right):G \geqslant F,Gconcave} \right\},x \in I.$$

We present an algorithm, in the spirit of the Jarvis March, to approximate the least concave majorant of a differentiable piecewise polynomial function of degree at most three on I. Given any function F ∈ C⁴(I), it can be well-approximated on I by a clamped cubic spline S. We show that \(\hat S\) is then a good approximation to \(\hat F\).

We give two examples, one to illustrate, the other to apply our algorithm.     

A family of complemented subspaces in VMO and its isomorphic classification

In this paper we study families of spaces which are similar in spirit to the Rosenthal class. We letS ⁰ be the infinite dimensional sequence space where the norm of a given null-sequence (a _I) is given as follows,

On a conjecture of Bulman-Fleming and Gilmour

If S is a monoid, the set S×S equipped with componentwise S-action is called the diagonal act of S and is denoted by D(S). We prove the following theorem: the right S-act S ⁿ (1≠n∈?) is (principally) weakly flat if and only if \(\prod _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}\) is (principally) weakly flat where A _i , 1≤i≤n are (principally) weakly flat right S-acts, if and only if the diagonal act D(S) is (principally) weakly flat. This gives an answer to a conjecture posed by Bulman-Fleming and Gilmour (Semigroup Forum 79:298–314, 2009). Besides, we present a fair characterization of monoids S over which the diagonal act D(S) is (principally) weakly flat and finally, we impose a condition on D(S) in order to make S a left PSF monoid.     

Some ratio inequalities for iterated stochastic integrals

Let X = (X_t, ?_t) be a continuous local martingale with quadratic variation 〈X〉 and X₀ = 0. Define iterated stochastic integrals I_n(X) = (I_n(t, X), ?_t), n ≥ 0, inductively by $$ I_{n} (t, X) = \int ^{t} _{0} I_{n-1} (s, X)dX_{s} $$ with I₀(t, X) = 1 and I₁(t, X) = X_t. Let (??^x_t(X)) be the local time of a continuous local martingale X at x ∈ ?. Denote ??*t(X) = sup_x∈? ??^x_t(X) and X* = sup_t≥0 |X_t|. In this paper, we shall establish various ratio inequalities for I_n(X). In particular, we show that the inequalities $$ c_{n,p} \, \left\Vert (G ( \langle X \rangle _{\infty} )) ^{n/2} \right\Vert _{p} \; \le \; \left\Vert {\mathop \sup \limits _{t \ge 0}} \; {\left\vert I_{n} (t, X) \right\vert \over {(1+ \langle X \rangle _{t} ) ^{n/2}}} \right\Vert _{p} \; \le C_{n, p} \, \left\Vert (G ( \langle X \rangle _{\infty} )) ^{n/2} \right\Vert _{p} $$ hold for 0 < p < ∞ with some positive constants c_n,p and C_n,p depending only on n and p, where G(t) = log(1+ log(1+ t)). Furthermore, we also show that for some γ ≥ 0 the inequality $$ E \left[ U ^{p}_{n} \exp \left( \gamma {U ^{1/n} _{n} \over {V}} \right) \right] \le C_{n, p, \gamma} E [V ^{n, p}] \quad (0 < p < \infty ) $$ holds with some positive constant C_n,p,γ depending only on n, p and γ, where U_n is one of 〈I_n(X)〉^1/2_∞ and I*_n(X), and V one of the three random variables X*, 〈X〉^1/2_∞ and ??*_∞(X). (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)