基于局部非热平衡模型的发汗冷却过程的数值模拟

本文对水平槽道内发汗冷却建立了包括主流区、多孔壁面区和致密壁面区在内的完整的物理模型和数学描述, 对耦合传热过程开展了数值模拟,对平板发汗冷却的机理进行了深入的研究。研究表明:发汗冷却减小了壁面处的速度梯度,使下壁面边界层明显增厚;随着冷却流体的注入,壁面处的湍流应力明显增大;湍流应力的最大值向没有发汗冷却的壁面一侧偏移,并且增加了最大湍流应力;边界层的增厚使得发汗冷却区域壁面摩擦阻力系数降低。随着冷却剂流量的增大,壁面温度也随之下降;数值模拟结果与实验结果较好地吻合。     

边界条件局部变化对二维发汗冷却的影响

本文通过对发汗冷却的多孔区域进行二维非热平衡数值模拟,研究了多孔介质区域进口处对流换热系数、冷却剂流量局部降低以及多孔介质受热表面热流密度局部增大对青铜、陶瓷两种不同多孔材料的温度场的影响。计算结果表明,冷却剂在进口处与多孔壁面对流换热系数的增大使多孔介质内部趋向于热平衡;热端壁面对流换热系数、冷却剂流量的局部变化对陶瓷多孔壁面在该局部区域的影响要大于青铜多孔壁面,但青铜多孔壁面受影响的区域更大,而冷却剂流量的局部降低对两种材料固体、流体间温差的影响程度基本一致。     

发汗冷却中流动与换热的数值模拟

本文采用改进的低Re数k-ε模型-低Re数kθ-εθ模型以及局部非热平衡模型,将主流区和多孔壁面区进行耦合,通过数值模拟研究了发汗冷却过程中的流动与换热问题。计算结果表明:多孔壁面中靠近主流区的部分温度梯度很大;随着冷却剂流量的增大,壁面上的最高温度明显下降;就本文所选取的参数而言,在发汗冷却所用的冷却剂的量占总流量的1％左右时,冷却效果非常明显。     

钝体头锥发汗冷却对流换热实验研究

本文进行了钝体头锥发汗冷却的实验研究,揭示了注入率、主流温度以及主流Re数对发汗冷却壁温及冷却彭率的影响规律.结果表明:发汗冷却对于绕流钝体这种主流为曲面外流的情况依然能以较低的注入率对壁面进行有效的热防护.头锥驻点壁温较高,发汗冷却效率较低;从驻点至下游段壁温不断降低;冷却效率随主流Re数增加而降低.在接近下游处由于尾迹流与钝体底部的换热导致壁温有所增加.     

冲击射流结构中应用粗糙表面的实验研究

在单侧开口的冲击射流冷却结构中,逐步增加的横流将影响冲击板上的对流换热效率,本文提出了压窝板和肋片板两种粗糙冲击板构型,增加横流的扰动以减少对冲击流的影响并且增大横流与壁面的对流换热。实验采用瞬态热敏液晶测量方法,可以得到大尺度壁面的二维对流换热系数分布,可以较为系统地分析压窝及肋片周围的局部换热系数分布。通过实验研究,发现压窝板可以显著增大平均换热系数,而肋片板降低了平均换热系数。     

圆管内潜热型功能流体对流换热的实验研究

本文实验研究了由正十四烷和尿素甲醛树脂制成的相变微胶囊和水混合组成的潜热型功能流体流过等热流圆管时的对流换热特性。相变微胶囊的加入可以显著增强流体与壁面间的对流换热,显著降低壁面温度和流体温度;在融化段对流换热系数呈增加分布,流体和壁面温度各自基本稳定在相应的温度值。强化对流换热的效果主要在融化段,并随流体中相变微胶囊浓度的增大而增强,也随R-eynolds数的增大而增强。     

发汗冷却过程中多孔壁面内的局部非热平衡分析

本文采用局部非热平衡模型对发汗冷却过程中多孔壁面内的换热和流动进行了数值模拟,分析了影响多孔介质内固体骨架与流体的温度及温差分布的因素,研究了这些因素对发汗冷却过程的影响规律.计算结果表明:增大固体骨架的导热系数、增大冷却剂流速或者加强冷端换热有利于提高发汗冷却效率.     

发散孔横向波纹隔热屏气膜冷却特性研究

针对航空发动机加力燃烧室的冷却,采用横向波纹隔热屏结构和全气膜冷却相结合的高效冷却方式,利用CFD软件,计算分析了吹风比、波长、波幅等结构、气动参数对气膜冷却效率以及热侧换热系数的影响规律。结果表明:随着吹风比的增加,平均绝热冷却效率变大,当吹风比M2.0后,绝热冷效不再随着吹风比的增加而进一步增大,存在最佳吹风比M=2.0;波长和波幅的变化对平均气膜冷却效率的影响很小,但是对对流换热系数有很大的影响,对流换热系数随着波长的增大而降低,随着波幅的增大而升高;此外,对流换热系数随吹风比的增大而升高,在气膜均匀覆盖后趋于定值。     

AA-CAES系统储气室热力学特性研究

先进绝热压缩空气储能系统(AA-CAES)的储能设备-储气室是用来储存由压缩机压缩以后的高压空气,随着储气室内压力的变化,高压空气会与储气室壁面之间产生传热,从而影响储气的效率。本文利用实验与数值模拟的方法对储气室内的温度和压力以及换热系数对效率的影响进行研究。结果表明:储气罐充放气过程中,随着存储压力的增大,储气室内温度梯度范围越来越小,这是因为随着压力的增大,储气罐内壁面的对流换热系数降低,从而换热系数随着储气罐储气压力的增大而降低;储气罐内的储能效率随着压力的增大而增大,实验结果与数值模拟结果吻合良好。     

带肋气膜冷却平板的数值模拟研究

本文对不带肋和带45°肋气膜冷却平板的三维对流换热与导热耦合传热问题进行了数值模拟。网格划分采用非结构化网格,湍流模型为SSTκ-ε模型,近壁处采用壁面函数法,采用SIMPLEC算法求解速度和压力的耦合。计算获得了不带肋和带45°肋气膜冷却平板的流场分布和平板内外表面的换热系数值。结果表明带45°肋的气膜冷却平板通道流场结构比较复杂,平板表面平均温度较无肋气膜冷却平板表面平均温度下降,而在近气膜孔区域冷、热表面平均换热系数较无肋时增大。     

竖直圆管中超临界压力CO2对流换热实验研究

本文对超临界压力CO2在竖直加热圆管内的对流换热进行了实验研究,比较了不同流向、不同热流密度等对流动和换热的影响。实验结果表明,管内径为2mm时,在低进口Re条件下,由于浮升力影响导致层流向湍流提前转变, 对流换热增强;与向上流动相比,向下流动更易由层流转变为湍流;向下流动的换热要强于向上流动,表明浮升力对换热有很大影响。对于管内径为0．27 mm的微细圆管,当进口Re高于104时,浮升力的影响可以忽略,对流换热系数的变化完全由物性的变化尤其是cp的变化导致。     

NATURAL CONVECTION FROM A VERTICAL RECTANGULAR FIN

An experimental investigation of steady-state natural convection from vertical rectangular mild steel and aluminum fins was conducted using laser holographic interferometry. Infinite-fringe interferograms demonstrate the effect of fin base heating. Depending on the fin material and base temperature, the local heat transfer coefficients vary along the fin with maximum values at positions about 22-48% of the fin height measured from the base. Temperature measurements along the fin show good agreement with the classical one-dimensional corwective and adiabalic tip solutions. Hence, in the thermal design of vertical aluminum fins of low Biot numbers, the classical one-dimensional fin solutions may be used together with an average heat transfer coefficient obtained from established correlations for natural convection from an isothermal flat plate.     

Experimental study of heat transfer of dielectric liquid perfluorohexane at flowboiling in a microchannel heat exchanger

Presented are results of an experimental study of local heat transfer characteristics in boiling of the dielectric liquid perfluorohexane under forced convection in a horizontal microchannel heat exchanger. The experiments with a copper microchannel heat exchanger comprising 21 channels with sections of 335 × 930 μm were conducted with a mass velocity of 250 to 1000 kg/m²s and a heat flux through the outer wall of the heat exchanger of 3 to 60 W/cm². The dependence of the local heat transfer coefficient on the heat flux density on the inner wall of the microchannels was established, as well as the critical heat flux. The experimental data are compared with calculations based on known models of heat transfer.     

Cooling performance of a nanofluid flow in a heat sink microchannel with axial conduction effect

In this work, the forced convection of a nanofluid flow in a microscale duct has been investigated numerically. The governing equations have been solved utilizing the finite volume method. Two different conjugated domains for both flow field and substrate have been considered in order to solve the hydrodynamic and thermal fields. The results of the present study are compared to those of analytical and experimental ones, and a good agreement has been observed. The effects of Reynolds number, thermal conductivity and thickness of substrate on the thermal and hydrodynamic indexes have been studied. In general, considering the wall affected the thermal parameter while it had no impact on the hydrodynamics behavior. The results show that the effect of nanoparticle volume fraction on the increasing of normalized local heat transfer coefficient is more efficient in thick walls. For higher Reynolds number, the effect of nanoparticle inclusion on axial distribution of heat flux at solid–fluid interface declines. Also, less end losses and further uniformity of axial heat flux lead to an increase in the local normalized heat transfer coefficient.     

3ω法研究微尺度下铂丝自然对流换热

建立了测量微细丝表面空气自然对流换热系数3ω法模型。利用3ω法测量了直径为10.6μm水平和垂直方向铂丝表面室温下的空气换热系数。水平和垂直铂丝产生的三次谐波比较接近,结果说明,微尺度下空气的自然对流换热以导热为主,自然对流作用可以忽略。基于3ω线法原理,引入形状因子并提出了微尺度下铂丝表面换热系数的理论计算模型。空气自然对流换热系数远大于大尺度下的值,主要原因是铂丝的面积体积比值大。     

微通道内超临界二氧化碳的压降与传热特性

进行了微通道内超临界CO2的局部和平均传热与压降特性实验研究。结果表明,临界点附近物性参数的剧烈变 化使压降增大,但传热被大大强化。同时也发现,系统压力、质量流速及CO2温度对流动与传热特性有重要影响。在大 量实验数据的基础上,得出了冷却条件下水平微通道内超临界CO2强制对流换热关联式。     

Experimental and numerical study of the effect of conjugate heat transfer on film cooling

Combined convection heat transfer and thermal conduction for film cooling of a flat plate with 45° ribs on one wall was investigated experimentally and numerically. The flat plate surface temperature was measured using thermochromic liquid crystals. The results show that the film cooling is the main mechanism for the local cooling with a very low thermal conductivity while the convection heat transfer of the coolant in the coolant channel is the dominant heat transfer mechanism for the high thermal conductivity plate, with both film cooling and convection heat transfer by the coolant being important with medium thermal conductivity walls.     

INVESTIGATION OF A QUASI-STEADY LIQUID CRYSTAL TECHNIQUE FOR FILM COOLING HEAT TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS

A quasi-steady technique to simultaneously measure the local heat transfer coefficient and cooling effectiveness on surfaces involving film cooling situations is investigated. The method employs a composite slab consisting of a very thin laminate layer of low-thermal-conductivity material superposed upon a highly conductive metal substrate. The resulting heat transfer in the thin laminate is described by one-dimensional conduction. A very thin coating of thermochromic liquid crystals sprayed onto the surface of the laminate is used in conjunction with a computer image processing procedure to provide local surface temperature data. This information, combined with the substrate and mainstream gas temperatures, provides highly detailed (90 video pixels/cm²) local convection heat transfer distributions. The method is used to conduct flat-plate film cooling experiments consisting of a single row of discrete holes inclined at 35 to the mainstream flow. The local surface temperature is influenced by the combination of two interacting fluid streams at different temperatures. A numerical analysis was performed to assess the assumptions underlying the data reduction procedure. The experimental uncertainty of 7% in the heat transfer coefficient is comparable to prior studies. Furthermore, the uncertainty of 5% in the film cooling effectiveness, coupled with the negligible lateral conduction errors, indicates the present technique offers a unique capability for accurate measurement of the local film cooling effectiveness.     

Natural and forced convective heat transfer on slender cylinders

This paper presents an experimental study of free and forced convective heat transfer along vertical slender cylinders. The local heat transfer coefficient is determined from the measurement of the surface temperature distribution performed by quantitative infrared thermography. It is found that the convective heat transfer is strongly dependent on the cylinder curvature and misalignment with the flow. The effect of proximity of two cylinders is emphasized in the case of forced convection. Correlations are proposed for the two types of convection. It is worth noting that circumstances exist where the turbulent heat transfer in free convection can be of the same order of magnitude as for laminar forced convection. The outcome of the study demonstrates the suitability of quantitative infrared thermography to solve complex problems and to provide a deeper understanding of the heat transfer on slender cylinders.