发汗冷却过程中多孔壁面内的局部非热平衡分析

本文采用局部非热平衡模型对发汗冷却过程中多孔壁面内的换热和流动进行了数值模拟,分析了影响多孔介质内固体骨架与流体的温度及温差分布的因素,研究了这些因素对发汗冷却过程的影响规律.计算结果表明:增大固体骨架的导热系数、增大冷却剂流速或者加强冷端换热有利于提高发汗冷却效率.     

耦合传热和冷却流通道流动对气膜冷却的影响

本文通过数值模拟的方法同时考虑了耦合传热和冷却流通道流动对气膜冷却的影响.计算结果表明,在考虑耦合传热的情况下,冷却流通道流动的影响仍然存在,但随着壁面导热系数的增大,这种影响减弱;同时在考虑耦合传热的情况下,受保护壁面温度场分布更加均匀,冷却效果更好.计算结果还表明吹风比为0.5时的冷却效果优于吹风比为1.0的情况.     

凝华结霜霜层导热系数理论分析

研究水蒸汽凝华结霜过程在冷壁上形成的霜层的导热系数,依据随机管子多孔介质霜层模型,假设霜层是由孔隙空间与冰晶骨架构成的多孔介质,其中孔隙空间由随机毛细管及连接管子的接头形成,湿空气中的水蒸汽在霜层的孔隙空间中扩散输运并凝华结霜,根据传热传质学理论,导出霜层导热系数关系式。     

燃烧室出口辐射对气膜冷却传热影响研究

燃气轮机高温透平中包含对流/导热/辐射等复杂传热现象。本文依托高温流热固耦合实验台,提出燃烧室与透平联合计算的方法,采用数值模拟和实验对比的方式分析了平板气膜冷却的对流/导热/辐射传热特性。同时研究了不同燃气吸收系数以及不同进口辐射条件对于平板气膜冷却的表面温度分布的影响。结果表明:辐射传热是燃气轮机首级高温叶片传热特性的重要影响因素,辐射传热使得实验平板温度抬升50～70 K,燃烧室/透平联合计算方法有效地分析了燃烧室出口辐射强度对高温平板气膜冷却辐射传热的影响;高温燃气辐射特性对于平板温度分布具有明显影响。     

非能动传热球床堆有效导热系数的壁面效应分析

本文针对非能动传热机制下简单立方球床堆有效导热系数进行了数值研究,根据有效导热系数的空间分布特性,对球床堆的近壁面区域和主体区域作了划分;分析了不同非能动传热机制下的有效导热系数的壁面效应;最后分析了导热、辐射和自然对流对近壁面和主体区域有效导热系数的贡献。结果发现,近壁面区域是在壁面附近一个球径范围内的区域;由于辐射和自然对流的影响,相同温度下近壁面有效导热系数比主体区域的有效导热系数小了近15%。当温度分别超过950 K和1080 K时,辐射成为球床堆主体区域和近壁面区域的主导传热机制;自然对流对有效导热系数的贡献并不大,当温度超过600 K时,自然对流可以忽略。研究结果可以为高温球床堆的设计与优化提供理论基础。     

喷雾冷却相变传热的建模与模拟计算

喷雾冷却是一种高效的热控技术,为了探索形成完善的喷雾冷却技术设计流程,文章开展了喷雾冷却传热过程的建模研究.针对喷雾冷却传热过程的模拟计算,基于喷雾冷却相变传热的4个传热机制:液膜对流传热、池沸腾传热、二次气泡沸腾传热、二次气泡高频化机制,利用Monte Carlo方法描述了不同粒径与速率分布的液滴撞击液膜并生成二次气泡的过程,通过液态介质中气泡生长速率的解析计算模型考虑了气泡的生长过程,并结合模化气泡与气泡之间、液滴与气泡之间、气泡与液膜之间的干涉行为描述了气泡的演化过程,通过综合液膜单相对流与气泡相变传热,发展了喷雾冷却相变传热模拟计算方法.基于喷雾冷却实验台开展了稳态喷雾冷却实验,实验校核结果表明,计算方法能够较好地模拟喷雾冷却相变传热性能.另外还分析了影响本方法计算精度的两类因素.      

Heat transfer for diode side-pumped YAG slabs

Thermal heating is a major limiting factor in scaling the average power of a solid-state laser. The heat transfer coefficient is affected by the coolant flow rate, the physical properties of the laser slab and the coolant, and the pumping cavity geometry. The relationship between the heating effects and the heat transfer coefficient has been studied by considering the variations of thermal conductivity and expansion coefficient of the laser slab with temperature. It is concluded that different heat transfer coefficients should be adopted according to different heat intensities inside the laser slabs in order to obtain better pumping input as well as to optimize the cooling effects.     

空气在多孔介质中对流换热的数值模拟

本文对空气在多孔结构中的对流换热进行了数值研究．数值模拟与实验的比较表明,对空气在玻璃或轴承钢颗粒多孔结构中的对流换热进行数值模拟时,应采用考虑热弥散效应的局部非热平衡模型．本文还研究了颗粒直径、颗粒导热系数、空气物性随压力的变化及粘性耗散等对换热的影响．     

不良导体导热系数与温度关系研究

采用稳态平板法测量不良导体的导热系数时,关键是得到稳态时不良导体的传热速率。根据稳态时传热速率与散热铝盘的散热速率相等,可以测定自然冷却过程中,稳态时散热铝盘温度T2所对应的冷却速率。基于Matlab软件,分析并绘制曲线直观反映出温度、时间、冷却速率三者之间的关系,用拟合法研究了不良导体导热系数随温度变化的关系。     

润滑油对基于制冷循环的喷雾冷却系统性能的影响

针对高功率固体激光器的散热需求,设计了一种基于制冷循环的喷雾冷却系统,并对其换热性能进行研究。由于制冷系统的压缩机需要润滑,冷却液中不可避免地会混有润滑油。润滑油会对冷却液的粘度、表面张力产生影响,并可能产生油膜,从而对冷却液的换热过程产生强化或抑制。因此,通过实验研究,分析了润滑油对喷雾冷却换热性能的影响。实验结果表明,冷却液中存在润滑油,会增大冷却液流经喷嘴过程中的阻力,减小流量,但根据本系统的应用情况,可以忽略;在低热流密度时,含有一定量的润滑油更有利于热源表面温度的均匀分布,高热流密度时,2%(质量分数)的含油量对温度分布不均的影响可以忽略;润滑油的存在可以提高临界热流密度,使得系统的散热能力得到提高,更有利于其在高功率固体激光器散热领域的应用。     

Numerical simulation of a flat plate film cooling with a coolant supply into different shape indentations

Results of a film cooling numerical simulation over a flat plate with coolant supply into indentations of different shape are reported. The calculations were performed for the blowing-ratio changed from 0.5 to 2.0. For comparison, data for traditional film cooling scheme with one row of discrete cylindrical inclined holes were used. At small value of blowing ratio (m = 0.5), the average film-cooling efficiency is roughly identical for all indentations tested. With blowing ratio growth, the scheme with a coolant supply into the transverse trench demonstrates the best results.     

Optimization of fin geometry in heat convection with entransy theory

The entransy theory developed in recent years is used to optimize the aspect ratio of a plate fin in heat convection.Based on a two-dimensional model,the theoretical analysis shows that the minimum thermal resistance defined with the concept of entransy dissipation corresponds to the maximum heat transfer rate when the temperature of the heating surface is fixed.On the other hand,when the heat flux of the heating surface is fixed,the minimum thermal resistance corresponds to the minimum average temperature of the heating surface.The entropy optimization is also given for the heat transfer processes.It is observed that the minimum entropy generation,the minimum entropy generation number,and the minimum revised entropy generation number do not always correspond to the best heat transfer performance.In addition,the influence factors on the optimized aspect ratio of the plate fin are also discussed.The optimized ratio decreases with the enhancement of heat convection,while it increases with fin thermal conductivity increasing.     

Experimental Investigation of Continual- and Intermittent-Spray Cooling

This work involved continual- and intermittent-spray cooling heat transfer experiments on a flat surface to study the effects of the spray cycle, duty ratio, and spray time. The spray droplet parameters were similar, while the heat transfer coefficients for continual-spray cooling were appreciably larger than those of intermittent-spray cooling for the same pressure; however, the heat dissipated per kilogram of water for the intermittent-spray cooling was larger, especially in the non-boiling region. The results show that an optimal spray cycle and optimal duty ratio make more efficient use of the coolant in intermittent-spray cooling.     

非定常激波对气膜冷却影响的数值模拟

利用数值计算的方法研究了非定常激波对下游涡轮叶片表面气膜冷却的影响.冷却气流在激波和尾迹经过的过程中,发生了上扬和重新被压制回壁面的现象.考察了壁面上特定点在有气膜和无气膜情况下的换热量.通过计算发现,有气膜时的换热量有不同程度的下降,而且换热量随时间变化的趋势也发生了很大的变化.气膜的覆盖减小了主流场对壁面换热量的影响.     

气膜孔角度对动叶前缘冲击/气膜复合冷却的影响

本文针对GE-E3第一级动叶前缘的冲击/气膜复合冷却结构进行了热流耦合数值研究。采用标准k-ω湍流模型,分析了前缘气膜孔对称布置时,其角度对透平动叶前缘冲击/气膜复合冷却特性的影响;在五种冷气质量流量比(MFR=0.005,0.010,0.016,0.020,0.025)下,研究了气膜孔在不同角度(β=20°,25°,30°,40°,50°,60°)时的透平动叶前缘冷却换热效果。研究结果表明:在本文研究范围内,气膜孔角度越小,透平动叶前缘的平均综合冷却效率越高;随着冷气质量流量比增大,透平动叶前缘的平均综合冷却效率逐渐提高。     

The effect of oxide layer in case of novel coolant spray at very high initial surface temperature

The significant reduction of Leidenfrost effect during the cooling of high carbon steel plate by different potential cooling methodologies does not assure their successful implementation in the fast quenching of high carbon steel plate due to the formation of oxide layer of comparatively low thermal conductivity on the quenching surface. Therefore, the role of oxide layer in case of different potential cooling methodologies needs to be addressed. In the present study, the effect of oxide layer on heat transfer rate in case of upward, downward, and both upward and downward facing spray with additives has been investigated by conducting and comparing the heat transfer cooling data of an AISI 1020 plate with the AISI 304 plate. The comparison clearly depicts that the formation of oxide layer during cooling significantly hinders the heat transfer rate in nucleate boiling regime; however, the reverse phenomenon is observed in transition boiling regime. Among all the coolants, the least effect of oxide layer on enhancement is obtained in case of NaCl (0.4 M)-added water spray due to the deposition of salt on the evaporating surface. The X-ray diffraction analysis and the thickness of the formed oxide layer clearly assert that the coolant depicting minimum oxidation characteristic is preferred.

Abbreviations: AISI: American iron and steel institute; OES: Optical emission spectrophotometer; CHF: Critical heat flux, MW/m²; IHF: Initial heat flux, MW/m²; T_CHF: Temperature at which CHF is achieved, °C; Fps: Frames per second; XRD: X-Ray diffraction; k₁: Thermal conductivity of steel plate, W/m °C; k₂: Thermal conductivity of oxide layer, W/m °C; k₃: Thermal conductivity of coolant, W/m °C; X: x-axis, mm; Y: y-axis, mm; Z: z-axis, mm     

Flat plate film cooling from a single-row inclined holes embedded in a trench: effect of external turbulence and flow acceleration

Results of an experimental study of a flat plate film cooling efficiency from a single row of inclined holes embedded in a “shallow” trench are presented. It is shown the cooling efficiency of such a configuration is much greater than that of the traditional configuration of inclined round holes. This provides more uniform surface coverage by the coolant film. The flow external turbulence increases the film cooling efficiency by 5–8%, while the freestream flow acceleration reduces it by 10–15%.     

发汗冷却换热过程的实验研究与数值模拟

本文对水平矩形槽道内湍流对流换热与发汗冷却进行了实验研究和数值模拟。实验结果表明:随着冷却气体流量的增加,发汗冷却壁面温度、局部对流换热系数和Nu数都迅速下降;在注入率为1％时,壁温下降了约40％,对流换热系数降低至50％左右。随着注入率的增大,壁面热流先是增加,在F=0.7％-0.8％左右时达到一个最大值,随后下降。St/St0随着注入率的增大而降低; St／St0的实验值与由已有关联式以及数值计算得到的值基本吻合。     

“稳态对比法”测量不良导体的导热系数

以稳态法的实验装置为基础,通过调节加热源的电压保证待测样品及标样的散热盘的散热温度(电压)相同,记下加热盘和散热盘的温度(电压),根据傅里叶导热方程,以及标准样品的导热系数直接获得待测样品的导热系数.该方法避免了传统方法因散热盘散热过程的理论处理及数据读取引入的误差.     

Thermal conditions of the Er:YAG laser under stationary diode pumping

Experimental results and calculation data for the thermal conditions of the YAG:Er laser active element shaped as a flat plate under pumping by continuous radiation of a diode array (λ = 980 nm) with fiber output are presented. The thermal field and temperature in the plate optical excitation channel are measured using the thermal imaging technique. Their dependence on the pump power is studied. A comparison of calculated and experimental data allowed the determination of the heat transfer coefficient from the YAG:Er crystal to air under conditions of natural convection.