飞秒激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形测试技术

飞秒激光在激光核聚变、卫星精密测距、激光微加工等领域具有重要的应用前景,同时也是产生太赫兹波的主要泵浦源。介绍了国内外飞秒激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形的测试方法,比较了自相关法、频率分辨光学快门法、光谱相位相干直接电场重构法的优缺点。自相关法具有脉宽测量范围广、结构简单等特点,但不具备脉冲波形测试能力。光谱相位相干直接电场重构法对待测激光光束质量要求较高, 不适合大量程范围激光脉宽快速测量。为满足10 fs~5 ps大量程范围超短激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形的测试需求,采用自相关法及二次谐波频率分辨光学开关法研制飞秒激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形测试仪,时间分辨率优于2 fs。     

极紫外波段变栅距光栅刻槽密度变化及光谱分辨能力分析

针对应用于50~150nm波段的变栅距光栅, 采用球面波曝光系统进行优化设计, 分析了不同宽度光栅的刻槽密度变化和光谱分辨能力。理论分析结果表明, 光栅宽度为4mm时, 理论分辨能力高于14000;光栅宽度为10mm时, 理论分辨能力约为9000;光栅宽度为30mm时, 理论分辨能力急剧下降, 约为3000。光栅的宽度越大, 其刻槽弯曲程度就越大, 光栅的光谱分辨能力就越低, 因此球面波曝光系统只适合制作宽度较小的变栅距光栅。     

用于CARS激发源的全光纤飞秒脉冲谱压缩

进行了基于光纤预啁啾和自相位调制的多模/单模组合式全光纤啁啾谱压缩研究.提出利用多模光纤模式估计群速度色散均值的方法,并将该估计值作为啁啾参量分析的计算参数,仿真计算了50/125μm折射率渐变多模光纤的群速度色散均值及其与单模光纤在不同长度比值下的光谱压缩效果.采用三种折射率渐变多模光纤进行实验,对比分析了折射率渐变多模光纤的芯径大小及其与单模光纤的长度比值对光谱压缩效果的影响.实验结果表明使用50/125μm折射率渐变多模光纤获得光谱最大压缩比为5.796,谱宽为2.243 nm,与理论仿真一致;使用105/125μm折射率渐变多模光纤,可进一步提高压缩比至152.941,输出谱宽为0.085 nm的光脉冲.将此脉冲用于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射光谱探测,理论光谱分辨率可达1.386 cm~(-1).     

An extremely narrow UV pulse generation using a micro- and nano-ring system for pico-lithographic resolution

We propose a new technique of an extremely narrow ultraviolet (UV) pulse width generation for pico-lithography technology using a nonlinear ring resonator system. A system consists of three micro- and a nano-optical ring resonators, which can be used to generate the 50 pm (10⁻¹² m) optical spectral width at the ultraviolet wavelength. By using a soliton pulse with a pulse width of 50 ns, 1 W peak power, center wavelength at 1550 nm, after the soliton pulse is launched into a first ring device, the chaotic pulses are generated within the first ring. The chaotic filtering behaviors are performed by using the second and third ring devices, whereas the extremely short pulse, i.e. narrow spectral width, can be generated by using the extended nano-ring device. The broad spectrum of the harmonic waves is generated and filtered, especially the generation of third harmonic wave, which is known as the ultraviolet wavelength, is achieved, which is capable of forming pico-lithographic resolution. Results obtained have shown that the generation of the spectral width of 50 pm at a wavelength of 511.125 nm, with peak power at 35 mW is achieved.     

数字微镜近红外光谱仪光学系统设计与实验

针对传统光谱仪体积大、成本高、检测速度慢、需样品前处理等不足,提出了利用数字微镜面阵（DMD）实现光谱谱面分割分时选通的近红外光谱仪光学系统.首先,对比传统光路介绍单探测器微型光谱仪系统测量原理|然后结合DMD特性提出光路方案,根据几何光学原理进行初步光学元件选型和光路结构设计,利用ZEMAX光学软件对光路进行仿真,确定结构参数|最后,搭建实验平台,进行光路测试.实验结果表明:该系统光路尺寸为70 mm×130 mm,测量波段为（900～1 500 nm）,分辨率可达19 nm|在能量损失较小的情况下,减小狭缝尺寸可提高光学分辨率,狭缝的极限尺寸为200 μm|减小狭缝子午面高度可减小谱面内弯曲现象.本系统基本满足近红外分光,实现单点探测器光谱测量的要求.     

Optimized performance map of an EAM for pulse generation and demultiplexing via FROG characterization

We demonstrate the complete characterization of a sinusoidally driven electro-absorption modulator (EAM) over a range of RF drive voltages and reverse bias conditions. An accurate performance map for the EAM, to be employed as a pulse generator and demultiplexer in an optical time division multiplexed (OTDM) system, can be realized by employing the Frequency Resolved Optical Gating technique. The generated pulses were characterized for chirp, extinction ratio (ER) and pulse width (<4 ps). The optimization of the EAM’s drive conditions is important to ensure that the generated pulses have the required spectral and temporal characteristics to be used in high-speed systems. The ER and pulse width also influence the demultiplexing performance of an EAM in an OTDM system. This is confirmed by utilizing the EAM as a demultiplexer in an 80 Gb/s OTDM system and measuring the BER as a function of the received optical power for various values of the ER and pulse width. It is of paramount importance to accurately characterize the performance of each individual EAM as the modulators characteristics are device dependant, thus optimum performance can be achieved with slight variations to the device’s drive conditions. By employing FROG, an optimum performance map of each specific device can be deduced. Simulations carried out verified the experimental results achieved.     

基于彩色共焦的位移测量系统研究

为实现小型化、非接触式、快速高精度的位移测量,设计并搭建了基于光学彩色共焦原理的位移测量系统。系统中数据拟合采用的方法是,对光谱响应函数极值周围的数据进行高斯叠加拟合,以获得光谱响应曲线的峰值,从而得到峰值所对应的波长。经过实验验证,系统的测量范围为2mm,测量精度可以达到10μm,线性度为3.4%,光谱响应的半高宽(FWHM)为49nm。因此能够满足一定精度的位移测量需求。     

High spectral resolution analysis of tunable narrowband resonant grating waveguide structures

A high spectral resolution analysis of narrowband reflection filters based on resonant grating waveguide structures is presented. A tunable high-performance dye laser with ∼ 0.15 cm^-1 line width and a beam analyzing system consisting of three simultaneously controlled CCD cameras were used to investigate grating waveguide resonances at wavelengths in the 694 nm and 633 nm ranges. A reflectivity of ∼ 91% and a line width of ∼ 0.55 nm were measured and theoretically modeled for a resonant reflection filter specifically designed for the ruby laser wavelength 694.2 nm. For a second grating waveguide structure, designed for the helium-neon laser emission wavelength 632.8 nm, we observed a thermal shift of its spectral resonance position of several nanometers, when increasing the sample temperature by some degrees. An inverse thermal shift was observed when the structure was subsequently cooled down to room temperature. Our results suggest implementation of grating waveguide devices combining a narrow line width with a tunability of the resonant response into innovative concepts for reflection filter and sensor applications. PACS 42.62.-b; 42.79.Dj; 42.79.Gn     

红外扫描和频振动光谱系统的激光线宽与光谱分辨率

本文报道了一个简化的利用可见光和红外光带宽来计算和频光谱分辨率的公式. 公式显示和频振动光谱的Voigt线宽可以通过振动模式的均匀线宽(洛伦兹线宽)、非均匀线宽(高斯线宽)、红外光与可见光的高斯线宽计算获得. 利用本实验室新搭建的频率分辨及偏振分辨的皮秒和频光谱系统验证了该公式的准确性. 实验结果显示,本激光系统获取的红外光的高斯线宽为1.5 cm^-1. 本激光系统的光谱分辨率约为4.6 cm^-1,结果与胆固醇单层膜光谱获取的光谱分辨率(3.5~5 cm^-1)基本一致.     

频率分辨光学开关法行迹相位还原的时频分析

将小波变换分析光谱相位相干原理应用于频率分辨光学开关(FROG)行迹图的时间-频率分析，不需要传统的迭代算法，从对FROG行迹的脊的分析中，直接得到超短脉冲的相位.对于FROG行迹的脊变化平缓的脉冲得到了精确的相位. 关键词： 超短脉冲 相位重建     

交叉非对称型Czerny-Turner光谱仪光学系统设计

根据Czerny-Turner结构光谱仪工作原理,以便携式微型光学系统为设计目标,设计了一种光谱范围为200900nm的交叉非对称型Czerny-Turner光谱仪光学系统.通过分辨率、光谱范围等设计要求确定光谱仪大致结构后,引入初级像差对初始结构进行进一步优化.首次提出将球差约束条件与光阑面选取相结合,设计流程确定准直镜通光口径、光栅初始尺寸及聚焦镜中心波长对应口径,继而结合彗差约束条件,确定球面镜离轴角,并基于几何光学确定聚焦镜初始通光口径的方法.利用ZEMAX软件对初始参量进行模拟优化,并采用自主研制的样机进行光谱测量,分析结果表明,该光学系统能够在狭缝宽度为25μm,光栅常数为1.667μm/line条件下,实现中心波长分辨率优于1nm,边缘波长分辨率优于1.5nm.     

基于三级Fabry-Perot标准具的纯转动拉曼测温激光雷达

提出了新的纯转动拉曼测温雷达系统,即以种子激光注入锁定的Nd:YAG激光器为激发光源,采用基于三级Fabry-Perot(F-P)标准具的双通道分光结构代替双光栅单色仪结构.通过通道中宽带滤光片(带宽为7nm)及F-P标准具的组合使用,对532nm激发光的大气Mie-Rayleigh弹性回波散射抑制比可达10^-10,对量子数J=±6,J=±12的N₂纯转动拉曼散射光谱线接收带宽均小于10pm,因此能充分抑制大气背景辐射噪声及O₂纯转动拉曼谱线的干扰,从而实现了单谱线比反演温度,提高了探测精度,且可在白昼探测大气对流层温度.最后通过探空气球测得的对流层温度垂直分布逆向模拟了该系统双通道的Raman信号曲线,证实了该系统的可行性. 关键词： 拉曼激光雷达 纯转动拉曼散射 三级Fabry-Perot标准具 对流层     

一种Offner型小型短波红外成像光谱仪

通过对Offner分光光学系统分析,给出了快速计算初始结构参数公式,根据算得的初始结构参数优化出一套适用于短波红外(1 000～2 500 nm)的分光光学系统,设计的光学系统相对孔径大(F/#2.2)、光谱分辨率高(优于10 nm)和入射狭缝长(12 mm),在整个波长和视场范围内调制传递函数MTF均大于0.5。完成的成像光谱仪整机体积小,重量轻(小于5 kg),仪器测试结果表明,全光谱范围内光谱线性好,光谱标定后波长精度优于4 nm, 通过对不同波段分辨率测试,全波长范围内光谱分辨率与设计相符,动态成像实验表明, 光谱图像清晰并且光谱数据质量佳。     

用SHG-FROG方法测量超短光脉冲的振幅和相位

介绍了二次谐波振荡频率分辨光学快门(SHGFROG)测量超短脉冲的实验系统和二维相位恢复算法,这种方法可以实现对超短脉冲振幅和相位的完全测量.利用矩阵方法数值模拟了几种常见超短脉冲的SHGFROG迹线,并用主元素广义投影算法(PCGPA)从这些无噪音的SHGFROG迹线中恢复了脉冲的振幅和相位,误差接近收敛的标准.研究结果表明,这种测量方法结构简单,算法可靠,是测量超短脉冲的理想方法之一.     

双狭缝透射光栅软X光时空分辨谱仪

 利用双狭缝、透射光栅配亚仟X光条纹相机做了具有一维空间、时间和能谱分辨的三维软X光测量仪器(双狭缝透射光栅软X光时空分辨谱仪), 并成功地获得了金盘靶的N带X光(中心波长1.7nm)时空分辨图象 。该仪器空间分辨可达23μm, 时间分辨可达003ns, 能谱分辨(当源大小为100～300μm时对波长1.7nm的X光)可达0.4～ 0.7nm, 只需稍加改动, 即可用于其它波段的X光测量。     

宽光谱棱镜型太阳光谱仪设计

为实现大气层外太阳光谱辐照度(SSI)变化的长期例行监测,设计了一种星载宽光谱太阳光谱仪结构。全系统仅使用单片折反式曲面棱镜实现太阳光谱250～2500 nm的分光,并通过棱镜转动实现谱平面上多探测器的同步扫描探测;同时基于Huygens子波点扩展函数（PSF）仿真了光谱仪的光谱响应函数（SRF）和光谱分辨率。分光棱镜在±2.5°扫描转角内的全谱段子午像差小于8μm;光谱分辨率在紫外谱段(250～400 nm)为0.7～3.5 nm,可见/近红外谱段(400～1000 nm)为3.5～35.0 nm,短波红外谱段(1000～2500 nm)内为28.5～41.2 nm。整个系统结构简单紧凑,性能稳定可靠,分光和像差校正能力满足大气层外太阳光谱辐照度长期监测需求。     

Pulse‐shape instabilities and their measurement

Multi‐shot pulse‐shape measurements of trains of ultrashort pulses with unstable pulse shapes are studied. Measurement techniques considered include spectral‐phase interferometry for direct electric‐field reconstruction (SPIDER), second harmonic generation frequency‐resolved optical gating (FROG), polarization gate FROG, and cross‐correlation FROG. An analytical calculation and simulations show that SPIDER cannot see unstable pulse‐shape components and only measures the coherent artifact. Further, the presence of this instability cannot be distinguished from benign misalignment effects in SPIDER. FROG methods yield a better, although necessarily rough, estimate of the pulse shape and also indicate instability by exhibiting disagreement between measured and retrieved traces. Only good agreement between measured and retrieved FROG traces or 100% SPIDER fringe visibility guarantees a stable pulse train.     

基于近地面高光谱影像的冬小麦日光诱导叶绿素荧光提取与分析

结合FluorMOD模型模拟数据与利用光谱分辨率3.3 nm、光谱采样间隔为0.71~0.74 nm近地面成像高光谱系统获取的抽穗期小麦高光谱影像比较3种基于夫琅和费线暗线的提取方法(FLD,3FLD和iFLD)的精确性和稳定性。结果表明当光谱分辨率为3.3 nm时,在760 nm附近的O₂-A波段可以有效提取日光诱导叶绿素荧光,而在687 nm附近的O₂-B波段不适合。当存在噪声时,FLD和3FLD的稳定性高于iFLD,FLD倾向于高估荧光值。     

膜厚监控系统的光谱宽度对窄带滤光片性能的影响

讨论了膜厚监控系统的光谱宽度对波分复用窄带滤光片特性的影响,分析了监控过程中所出现的信号异常现象,其主要原因是控制光光谱宽度以及控制波长与滤光片中心波长不一致,所以控制光光谱分辨率必须小于单个法布里-珀罗滤光片最后2层膜折转点波长宽度的一半,即对100GHz的滤光片,监控系统的光谱宽度必须小于0．2nm。一旦产生中心波长偏离,就必定产生厚度控制误差。讨论了高折射率膜和低折射率膜的信号变化规律,发现当中心波长比监控波长长时,虽然信号变化规律正确,但判读到极值时的膜厚变薄。中心波长偏离越长,厚度将越薄。而当中心波长比监控波长短时,信号将出现反转。中心波长越短,反转量越大。最后指出了监控误差对滤光片Tmax和半峰全宽的影响。     

基于Dyson同心光学系统的消色差Féry棱镜高光谱成像仪的设计

为实现高光谱成像系统小型化、轻量化和高成像质量的要求,并使全工作波段具有更高的光学效率,提出以Féry棱镜组合作为分光元件的Dyson高光谱成像仪系统,系统中引入消色差棱镜组合以减小光谱的非线性色散,使棱镜系统色散的线性度达到较高。结果表明,可见近红外（VNIR）光谱通道的光学调制传递函数（MTF）达到0.9以上,光谱分辨率为4.2～6.8 nm。短波红外（SWIR）光谱通道的MTF达到0.73～0.87,光谱分辨率为6.4～12.5 nm。通过消色差Féry棱镜组合的设计,该光学成像系统两个光谱通道内的相对谱线弯曲均小于0.05%,色畸变小于0.13%。