侧链为光敏感基团的可生物降解聚氨酯的合成及表征

设计合成2-甲基-2-肉桂酰氧甲基-1,3-丙二醇(MCO)作为扩链剂,并以聚乳酸二醇(PLA diol)为软段,异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)和MCO为硬段制备了一系列侧链含有肉桂基团的可生物降解聚氨酯.结果表明MCO具有较高的反应活性,可满足制备高分子量聚氨酯的要求.聚氨酯结构中的肉桂双键可在紫外光和光引发剂的共同作用下,发生快速的交联反应,短时间内形成交联结构.软段结构相同时,凝胶含量随MCO含量的增加而增加.硬段结构相同时,凝胶含量随软段分子量的增加而减少.适度的交联可提高拉伸强度和形变回复率.     

化学交联聚氯乙烯树脂的合成和结构

研究了氯乙烯/交联单体悬浮共聚时,交联单体种类、浓度和聚合温度对化学交联聚氯乙烯树脂结构的影响.对于氯乙烯/邻苯二甲酸二烯丙基酯(VC/DAP)悬浮共聚体系,凝胶含量和凝胶交联密度随DAP起始浓度的增加而增大;DAP浓度相同时,凝胶含量和凝胶交联密度随聚合温度上升而下降;当凝胶含量较高时,分子链物理缠结对凝胶交联密度有较大贡献,凝胶交联密度随凝胶含量增加而快速上升.在相同交联单体浓度下,氯乙烯/马来酸二烯丙基酯(VC/DAM)共聚物的凝胶含量最大,VC/DAP共聚物次之,氯乙烯/乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(VC/EGDMA)共聚物最小,这是由于DAM单体的竞聚率小于1,且含有马来酸双键,EGDMA单体的竞聚率远大于1.     

流变学法研究部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/Cr(III)交联反应I.浓度的影响

采用流变学法系统地考察了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）/Cr(III)交联体系的 反应动力学。HPAM溶液的粘性模量G”大于弹性模量G’,且其数值随时间不发生变 化,体系为粘性溶液。而HPAM/Cr(III)体系的G’和G”的数值都随时间变化,G” 在反应开始阶段大于G’,当反应进行一段时间后,G’超过G”占据主要地位,体 系成为弹性体系。交联过程可分为三个阶段：第一上升阶段,平缓上升阶段和第二 上升阶段。利用G’～ t曲线可以推测反应机理。实验发现成胶速率随反应物HPAM 和Cr(III)的浓度的增加而增加,而成胶时间缩短。在羧基浓度过量的情况下,交 联反应对Cr(III)浓度的反应级数是1。凝胶的有效弹性交联密度随聚合物浓度的增 加而增,且随凝胶反应的进行而增加。凝胶的交联点间的平均分子量随Cr(III)浓 度的增加和交联反应的进行而下降。     

流变学法研究部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/Cr(III)交联反应I.浓度的影响

采用流变学法系统地考察了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）/Cr(III)交联体系的 反应动力学。HPAM溶液的粘性模量G”大于弹性模量G’,且其数值随时间不发生变 化,体系为粘性溶液。而HPAM/Cr(III)体系的G’和G”的数值都随时间变化,G” 在反应开始阶段大于G’,当反应进行一段时间后,G’超过G”占据主要地位,体 系成为弹性体系。交联过程可分为三个阶段：第一上升阶段,平缓上升阶段和第二 上升阶段。利用G’～ t曲线可以推测反应机理。实验发现成胶速率随反应物HPAM 和Cr(III)的浓度的增加而增加,而成胶时间缩短。在羧基浓度过量的情况下,交 联反应对Cr(III)浓度的反应级数是1。凝胶的有效弹性交联密度随聚合物浓度的增 加而增,且随凝胶反应的进行而增加。凝胶的交联点间的平均分子量随Cr(III)浓 度的增加和交联反应的进行而下降。     

流变学法研究部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/Cr(Ⅲ)交联反应Ⅰ.浓度的影响

采用流变学法系统地考察了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)/Cr(Ⅲ)交联体系的反应动力学.HPAM溶液的粘性模量G"大于弹性模量G＇,且其数值随时间不发生变化,体系为粘性溶液.而HPAM/Cr(Ⅲ)体系的G＇和G"的数值都随时间变化,G"在反应开始阶段大于G＇,当反应进行一段时间后,G＇超过G"占据主要地位,体系成为弹性体系.交联过程可分为三个阶段:第一上升阶段,平缓上升阶段和第二上升阶段.利用G＇～t曲线可以推测反应机理.实验发现成胶速率随反应物HPAM和Cr(Ⅲ)的浓度的增加而增加,而成胶时间缩短.在羧基浓度过量的情况下,交联反应对Cr(Ⅲ)浓度的反应级数是1.凝胶的有效弹性交联密度随聚合物浓度的增加而增加,且随凝胶反应的进行而增加.凝胶的交联点间的链平均分子量随Cr(Ⅲ)浓度的增加和交联反应的进行而下降.     

氢键接枝法抑制聚合物单链交联过程中的链间交联

当三嵌段聚合物的中间嵌段较长时,要在较高的聚合物浓度(例如:2.0 mg/mL)下交联该中间嵌段,得到纯的中间嵌段链内塌缩的聚合物单链粒子是相对困难的.其在交联过程中容易发生链间交联.因此,开发可有效抑制链间交联的方法是实现在较高聚合物浓度下制备较高纯度单链粒子的关键.选用中间嵌段较长的聚苯乙烯-b-聚(2-乙烯基吡啶)-b-聚环氧乙烷(PS1596-b-P2VP2895-b-PEO726;下标是对应嵌段的聚合度),通过在其共同溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中利用1,4-二溴丁烷交联其中间P2VP嵌段,制备出该中间嵌段链内塌缩的单链聚合物粒子.为了抑制链间交联,首先对交联反应的条件(如前驱体浓度、交联剂用量等)进行了优化,可使得高纯度单链粒子的制备浓度达到0.5 mg/mL.在此基础上,利用硬脂酸(SA)在P2VP嵌段氢键接枝的方法可进一步抑制链间交联,使得较高纯度单链粒子的制备浓度提高至2.0 mg/mL. SA的氢键接枝显著降低了交联过程中P2VP链间碰触概率,从而抑制链间交联反应的发生.同时,由于其可逆特性,SA对P2VP的氢键接枝不会对单链粒子的结构与组成产生显著影响.     

聚硅氧烷聚脲多嵌段共聚物中氢键的研究

采用多种手段研究了聚硅氧烷与聚脲嵌段共聚物中所存在的各类氢键．特别探讨在聚硅氧烷软段中引入极性氰丙基对体系成氢键能力的影响和两相间相互作用力的情况结果表明，在软段分子中引入极性氰丙基有利于增加聚硅氧烷分子与聚脲链段的相互作用，这一相间作用力使两相间界面层厚度随着硬段分子量的增加而加宽，并发现在聚硅氧烷聚脲嵌段共聚物中硬段的聚集形态随溶液浓度改变变化不大，其中氢键随着温度升高而下降．     

低浓度HPAM/AlCit交联体系的27Al NMR研究

用27Al NMR谱研究了高分子量低浓度的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)与柠檬酸铝(AlCit)体系交联反应过程中Al的化学位移和Al的自旋-晶格弛豫时间的变化. 结果表明, HPAM与AlCit反应后, 与HPAM分子链上的羧基发生配位交联的Al的化学位移向低场移动, 而不参与交联反应的AlCit分子结构中Al的化学位移基本不变. HPAM/AlCit交联体系中存在三种形态的Al, 分别对应三种不同的自旋-晶格弛豫时间. 当HPAM的质量浓度≤200 mg/L时, HPAM与AlCit反应过程中交联态Al的自旋-晶格弛豫时间τ13随反应进行变小, HPAM与AlCit主要发生分子内交联反应. 当HPAM的质量浓度≥250 mg/L时, HPAM与AlCit反应过程中交联态Al的自旋-晶格弛豫时间τ13随反应进行变大, HPAM与AlCit主要发生分子间交联反应.     

流动注射分光光度法研究壳聚糖树脂吸附阴离子染料

利用流动注射分光光度法技术，跟踪观察交联壳聚糖树脂吸附阴离子染料的行为，讨论了外加氯化钠或甲醇以及温度等因素对吸附的影响。利用固－液相互作用方程，求取了吸附剂－吸附质相互作用能。实验结果表明，交联壳聚糖树脂吸附 子染料，其表观吸附速率常数随体系中氯化钠浓度或甲醇含量的增大而减小，随温度的升高而增大；交联壳聚糖树脂吸附酸性铬蓝K染料的表观活化能力26.095kJ/mol。     

新型疏水缔合聚合物P(AM/POEA)与表面活性剂的相互作用

采用粘度法、荧光探针和透射电镜研究了新型疏水缔合聚合物P(AM/POEA)和表面活性剂SDS和CTAB在水溶液中的相互作用. 聚合物P(AM/POEA)结构中, 疏水体(2-苯氧乙基丙烯酸酯)呈嵌段状无序地分布在聚丙烯酰胺主链上. 这类聚合物很容易和表面活性剂相互作用, 通过疏水缔合, 形成混合胶束状聚集体, 导致溶液粘度剧增. 随聚合物溶液中SDS的加入, 溶液粘度发生大幅度起伏变化, 出现最大值. 粘度最大值对应的表面活性剂浓度c_S,max位于表面活性剂CMC附近, 并发现它的位置不随聚合物微结构而变化. 然而它们缔合作用的增粘程度却与聚合物疏水体含量X_H及疏水嵌段尺寸N_H有关. 在实验浓度范围内, X_H和N_H愈大, 溶液的粘度越高. 此外用透射电镜直接观察到聚合物/表面活性剂体系中聚集体的交联结构形貌.     

Structure-property relationships in polycaprolactone-polyurethanes

The structure-property relationships of polycaprolactone-based segmented polyurethanes were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), dynamic mechanical, and stress-strain testing. The materials studied varied in hard-segment type [4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate/butanediol (MDI/BD) or 4,4′-dicyclohexyl methane diisocyanate/butanediol (H₁₂MDI/BD)], soft-segment molecular weight (830 or 2000 MW polycaprolactone), hard-segment content (23–77% by weight), and thermal history. The materials with aromatic (MDI/BD) hard segments had semicrystalline hard-segment domains, while the materials with aliphatic (H₁₂MDI/BD) hard segment had mostly amorphous domains. Materials with the shorter polycaprolactone soft segment (830 MW) exhibited thermal and mechanical behavior which indicated a considerable degree of hard- and soft-segment compatibility. The materials which contained a 2000-MW polycaprolactone soft segment exhibited better-defined microphase separation. SAXS was used to characterize the microphase structure of each system. The effects of hard-segment content and soft-segment molecular weight were similar for the aromatic (MDI) and aliphatic (H₁₂MDI) hard-segment-based block copolymers. Changing the hard segment from aromatic to aliphatic gave materials with larger interfacial area and slightly higher tensile strength. A range of morphologies between isolated hard domains in a rubbery matrix and isolated rubbery domains in a hard matrix was observed.     

Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Containing Polyisobutylene/Poly(tetramethylene oxide) Mixed Segments

We investigated the thermal properties, microphase separated structure and mechanical properties of a series of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) containing both polyisobutylene (PIB) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) diols in the soft segment (SS). A series of TPUs were prepared with the same weight fraction of the SS but different ratio between PIB and PTMO diols. Molecular weight of the PTMO diol and chemical structure of the hard segment (HS) also varied. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements did not reveal strong microphase separation between PIB and PTMO in the SS. While it has been assumed that incorporating PTMO diol into the SS can enhance the phase mixing between the hard segment (HS) and SS, our results indicated that, in most cases, the degree of microphase separation of TPUs based on mixed diols is slightly higher than that of TPUs based on only PIB diol.     

Microphase Separation of Bulk and Ultrathin Films of Polyurethane Elastomers

Surmmary: Polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) were synthesized with poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol (PTMG), 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4-butanediol (BD)/1,1,1-trimethylol propane (TMP) by a prepolymer method. The degree of microphase separation of bulk and ultrathin films for these PUEs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the bulk films, FT-IR and DSC measurements revealed that the degree of micro-phase separation strengthened with increasing BD content. AFM observation of the BD-PUE showed hard segment domains surrounded by a soft segment matrix. The domains ranged in size from 10-20 nm, while BD/TMP- and TMP PUEs did not have clear domains. On the other hand, AFM observation was carried out on thin films (200 mm in thickness) and ultrathin films (approximately 8-5 nm) prepared by spin-coating the different concentrations of PUE solutions. The microphase separated strucuture under 10 nm in thickness showed marked decreases in the size of the microphase-separated domain.     

Microphase separation in RIM polyureas as studied by solid-state NMR

The microphase separation (MPS) in polyureas based on methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) hard segment, diethyltoluenediamine chain extender, and amino-terminated polypropylene glycol soft segment prepared by reaction injection molding (RIM) was studied by advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Incomplete microphase separation leads to the presence of mobilized hard segments dispersed in the soft segment domains as well as immobilized soft segments residing in the hard domains. This is detected by ¹H-NMR spectra recorded under spinning at the magic angle (MAS) as well as two-dimensional wide-line separation (WISE) NMR spectra. The sizes of the various domains as well as the interfaces between them are quantified by spin diffusion measurements. In this way the impact of annealing, method of polymerization, and hard segment content on MPS is studied. Whereas annealing at temperatures up to 170°C results in improving the MPS, major changes are observed after annealing at higher temperatures (190°C), where the system changes from “soft-in-hard” to “hard-in-soft” behavior. The MPS decreases with increasing hard segment content. The highest MPS is observed for solution polymerized samples. The various NMR experiments clearly reveal the nonequilibrium nature of RIM systems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 693–703, 1998     

STUDIES ON THE SPHERULITE FORMATION IN MELT CAST POLYCAPROLACTONE BASED POLYURETHANES

A series of PCL/MDI/BDO segmented polyurethanes have been synthesized by two-step method in solution.The hard segment content ranges from 10% to 48% by weight, and the molecular weight of PCL diols is 1500. Hard segment spherulites have been observed in compression molded specimens of all of the samples except the one of the lowest hard segment content. The difficulty in sphernlite formation was explained as only in a small temperature range,the microphase separation rate may be faster than the crystallization rate and all these processes are very slow due to the hydrogen bonding between hard and soft segments and the interactions between hard segments themselves. PCL soft segments of molecular weight 1500 is still crystallizable and may form different crystalline superstructures.     

丁苯、丁腈基聚氨酯的形态与性能

用示差扫描量热法 (DSC)、红外分光光度计 (FTIR)和原子力显微镜 (AFM)研究了端羟基聚丁二烯 苯乙烯共聚物 (HTBS)、端羟基聚丁二烯 丙烯腈共聚物 (HTBN)和端羟基聚丁二烯 (HTPB)与甲苯二异氰酸酯、1 ,4 丁二醇构成的溶液法聚二烯烃基聚氨酯 (PU)的形态结构 .结果表明HTPB和HTBS基PU的相分离程度很大 ,而HTBN基PU的相分离程度小 .这可能归因于HTBS软段的极性低 ,不能与硬段形成氢键 ,而HTBN软段中的腈基具有很强的极性 ,且可以与硬段形成氢键作用 ,增加了软硬段间的相容性 ,相分离程度明显降低 .AFM表明HTBN PU随着硬段含量提高 ,表面粗糙度增大 ,由软段为连续相逐渐过渡到双连续结构 .在硬段含量 6 3%时 ,HTBN和HTPB基PU均呈双连续结构 ,而HTBS PU中硬段为连续相 .HTBN PU软段的相区尺寸在1 2nm左右 ,表面粗糙度较大 ,HPBS PU软段的相区尺寸在 1 1nm左右 ,表面粗糙度最小 ,HTPB PU存在 1 4nm和 5 0nm大小不等的软段相区尺寸 .力学性能表明 ,在软段中引入苯乙烯和丙烯腈结构 ,可使聚氨酯抗张强度分别提高 1 5和 2倍 ,模量和断裂伸长率也明显提高     

紫外光可固化丙烯酸改性聚氨酯(PUA)的ESCA及SEM研究

丙烯酸改性聚氨酯是一类性能优良的紫外光可固化性聚合物。纵观其大量文献报道,多为各种不同用途的专利,而对其物理性能及形态结构方面的基础理论研究却较为薄弱。Wadhwa和Walsh用电子显微镜及动态粘弹谱仪研究了TDI型PUA的微相结构,认为体系为软、硬段均匀混合的均相结构。Cooper等人研究了一系列PUA的动态力学性能,证明其多为两相结构。     

Synthesis and properties of polycyanoethylmethylsiloxane polyurea urethane elastomers: A study of segmental compatibility

A series of polyurea urethane block polymers based on either aminopropyl-terminated polycyanoethylmethylsiloxane (PCEMS) soft segments or soft segment blends of PCEMS and polytetramethylene oxide (PTMO) were synthesized. The hard segments consisted of 4,4′-methylenediphenylene diisocyanate (MDI) chain-extended with 1,4-butanediol. The hard segment content varied from 11 to 36%, whereas the PTMO weight fraction in the soft segment blends varied from 0.1 to 0.9. The cyanoethyl side group concentration was also varied during the synthesis of the PCEMS oligomer. The morphology and properties of these polymers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical and tensile testing, and small-angle x-ray scattering. These materials exhibited microphase separation of the hard and soft segments; however, attaching polar cyanoethyl side groups along the apolar siloxane chains promoted phase mixing in comparison with polydimethylsiloxane-based polyurethanes. The increased phase mixing is postulated to lead to improved interfacial adhesion and thus can account for the observed improvement in ultimate tensile properties compared with polydimethylsiloxane-based polyurethanes. Both hard segment content and cyanoethyl concentration are important factors governing the morphological and tensile properties of these polymers.     

紫外光可固化丙烯酸改性聚氨酯(PUA)的ESCA及SEM研究

In this work,ESCA and SEM have been used to characterize the surface and bulk micro-phase morphology, surface chemical composition and the composition of polyether soft segment and TDI-HEMA hard segment based on two TDI-HEMA-PPO types of UV cured polyuretha-ne acrylates. The experimental results show that: (1) the microphase morphology of UV cured polyurethane acrylates strongly relies on the composition of soft and hard segments. Increasing the content of polyether soft segment, the extent of microphase seperation increased; (2) the sur-face elemenal composition is different from the bulk elemental composition; (3)     

不同软段结构的双离子型聚氨酯离聚体

本文讨论了以聚环氧乙烷(PEO)、聚环氧丙烷(PPO)以及聚丁二烯(PBD)为软段,以4,4’-二异氰酸二苯甲烷(MDI)和N,N-二羟乙基甲胺(MDEA)为硬段的链段型聚氨酯的合成。并通过MDEA中的第三胺与Υ-丙磺内酯反应,转化为双离子型离聚体。用差示扫描量热、红外光谱、动态力学性能以及应力-应变等实验方法研究了化学组成和氨磺化程度对材料相分离程度,力学性能和形态结构的影响。结果表明,离子化后的材料力学性能有很大的改善。对PBD为软段的材料,离子化只能提高硬段“微区”的内聚能,而对PEO、PPO为软段的材料,还能大大提高软、硬相的相分离程度。