大体积进样-浓缩柱在线富集-离子色谱法测定水中痕量及超痕量溴酸盐

建立了一种测定水中痕量及超痕量溴酸盐的在线富集大体积进样离子色谱法。采用实验室常备的柱容量较高的Dionex IonPac AG23保护柱作为浓缩柱,连接在定量环处富集溴酸盐。淋洗液自动发生装置在线生成高纯度氢氧化钾淋洗液进行梯度洗脱,抑制电导检测。实验结果表明:溴酸盐质量浓度范围在0.05~51.2 μg/L之间时线性关系良好,相关系数r≥0.9995,方法检出限为0.01 μg/L。与常规进样相比,进样量可高达5 mL,浓缩因子约为240倍。本方法成功应用于市售纯净水中溴酸盐的测定,2个加标水平的回收率在90%~100%之间,RSD(n=6)为2.1%~6.4%。该方法无需前处理,操作简单,准确度和精密度良好。通过大体积进样实现高倍富集,适用于痕量及超痕量溴酸盐的分析。     

流动注射-毛细管电泳分流式电动进样歧视效应特征的研究

以碱性药物盐酸伪麻黄碱和酸性药物布洛芬为对象研究了分流式电动进样(一种用于流动注射-毛细管电泳(FI-CE)联用系统的新进样方法)歧视效应的特性。结果发现:在样品介质与运行缓冲液一致的条件下,FI-CE分流式电动进样产生的歧视效应与电动进样相似,但获得的校正曲线的线性明显优于电动进样,而与没有歧视效应的压力进样所获得的线性相似。利用这些特征提高了同时测定复方布洛芬片中少量组分盐酸伪麻黄碱和主要组分布洛芬的分析性能。在24次/h的采样频率下,盐酸伪麻黄碱的检测限为0.7 mg/L,比采用压力进样的毛细管电泳法所得的检测限低30%。连续进样11次分析含有13.1 mg/L盐酸伪麻黄碱和81.4 mg/L布洛芬的试样溶液,峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为2.8%(盐酸伪麻黄碱)和1.2%(布洛芬),明显优于采用压力进样的毛细管电泳法。用该法测定了两批复方布洛芬片中两种组分的含量,所得结果与高效液相色谱法的测定结果一致。     

芳香胺的碱坝聚焦-毛细管电泳分析

建立了碱坝聚焦-毛细管电泳方法, 实现了一些芳香胺的高灵敏检测. 该方法操作简单, 只需在大体积进样前先泵入一段NaOH溶液. 当进样5 cm长时, 间苯二胺、邻苯二胺及三聚氰胺的检出限可分别降至0.1, 0.05和0.05 μmol/L, 灵敏度比常规进样提高了100倍. 在2个量级浓度范围内, 各分析物峰面积与浓度具有良好的线性关系, 线性相关系数大于0.999. 该法可用于分析染发剂样品.     

基于大体积循环进样的低丰度蛋白质富集

发展了一种大体积循环进样方法,用于富集低丰度蛋白质。在优化的色谱分离条件下,通过增加蛋白质样品的上样体积提高低丰度蛋白质的绝对含量;进一步采用增加样品进样循环次数的方法提高蛋白质的富集效率。以猪肝提取蛋白质为样品,每次上样量500 μL的大体积11次循环进样。根据色谱峰的信号强弱,选择了在原始谱图中看不到色谱峰、有较少小峰和有较多小峰出现的时间段等有代表性的馏分进行研究。在中等极性的组分中,保留时间为11.38 min和12.58 min组分的富集效率分别提高了52倍和61倍,实验结果与理论富集效率相近。所发展的方法为生物蛋白质样品研究提供了一种新的富集制备及检测方法。     

毛细管区带电泳中场增强进样柱内富集的非线性特征

直接柱头场效应进样是一种毛细管区带电泳柱内富集,其进样过程中样品在柱内的分布可分为两部分,即在运行缓冲溶液中的堆积区段和由电渗流引入的样品溶液区段.通过对溶质输运行为的研究表明:两区段长度与进样时间之间并非简单的线性关系,因此进样量与进样时间的关系也非线性,且与溶质淌度有关;进样量的增加并不能导致富集倍数的同步增加,由于层流的作用使得场效应进样柱内富集效果降低.为了在保持柱效基本不变情况下得到好的富集效果,除需使溶质在运行缓冲溶液和样品溶液中的电导率比极大外,进样时间也应与之匹配.     

在线阴离子富集-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法的研究

将流动注射在线预富集系统与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法联用,以强碱型阴离子交换纤维为柱填充材料,以浓盐酸为络合剂,以稀盐酸为洗脱液,用固定洗脱液体积方式测定了Cd,Pb和Zn,富集倍数分别为19,17和15(与直接引入40μL进样量相比),检出限(3σ,ng/L)分别为1.1,8.2和2.6.     

HPLC法测定盐酸洛美沙星滴眼液中的洛美沙星含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸洛美沙星滴眼液中的洛美沙星含量;用C18柱为分离柱,0．02mol／L磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调节pH值至2．6)-乙腈(体积比85：15)为流动相,检测波长287nm;洛美沙星进样量在0．48-0．72μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=O．9998),平均回收率100．4％,重复进样的RSD0．33％(n=6)。     

10°锥角台锥型制备液相色谱柱的放大研究

将10°锥角台锥型液相色谱柱放大至150mm长、入口直径54mm、出口直径27mm,容积为200mL,填料为粒径40～75μm、孔径11nm的C18球形硅胶。流动相在锥型柱内呈现塞子状流形。系统地评价了该柱的分离性能,结果表明：在最佳流速为6mL/min时,以萘峰计,锥型柱的折合理论塔板高度为2.11,柱效下降10%时的样品质量和体积载样量分别为2.1mg和1.7mL,与同长度同体积圆柱型柱相比,柱效提高了20%,质量载样量提高了16%以上,体积载样量提高了19%以上。当进样质量由2.4mg增加到12mg时,对羟基苯甲酸乙酯峰与对羟基苯甲酸丁酯峰的分离度（Rs2）由2.14降到1.71,对羟基苯甲酸丁酯峰与萘峰的分离度（Rs3）由2.91降到2.52;当进样体积由3mL增加到19mL,Rs2由2.23降到1.28,Rs3由2.95降到2.30,但此时的色谱峰峰形仍然高度对称,没有拖尾,有利于从基质中制备分离微量组分。实验结果表明锥型液相色谱柱将具有广泛的应用前景。     

10°锥角台锥型制备液相色谱柱的放大研究

将10° 锥角台锥型液相色谱柱放大至150 mm长、入口直径54 mm、出口直径27 mm,容积为200 mL,填料为粒径40～75 μm、孔径11 nm的C18球形硅胶。流动相在锥型柱内呈现塞子状流形。系统地评价了该柱的分离性能,结果表明: 在最佳流速为6 mL/min时,以萘峰计,锥型柱的折合理论塔板高度为2.11,柱效下降10%时的样品质量和体积载样量分别为2.1 mg和1.7 mL,与同长度同体积圆柱型柱相比,柱效提高了20%,质量载样量提高了16%以上,体积载样量提高了19%以上。当进样质量由2.4 mg增加到12 mg时,对羟基苯甲酸乙酯峰与对羟基苯甲酸丁酯峰的分离度(Rs2)由2.14降到1.71,对羟基苯甲酸丁酯峰与萘峰的分离度(Rs3)由2.91降到2.52;当进样体积由3 mL增加到19 mL,Rs2由2.23降到1.28,Rs3由2.95降到2.30,但此时的色谱峰峰形仍然高度对称,没有拖尾,有利于从基质中制备分离微量组分。实验结果表明锥型液相色谱柱将具有广泛的应用前景。     

新型内表面反相限进填料的制备与评价

通过在硅烷化硅胶内表面和外表面分别键合己胺和聚乙烯醇,制备了能够在线直接进样分析生物样品的新型内表面反相限进填料。采用元素分析、电镜观察对该限进填料的结构进行了表征。以普萘洛尔、阿替洛尔、苯巴比妥、卡马西平作溶质探针,并以Merck公司生产的限进填料柱作参比,对合成的限进填料的色谱性能进行了研究。研究结果表明,所制备的限进填料有较好的蛋白质排阻能力、富集能力和反相色谱性能,能同时实现排阻生物大分子杂质和富集小分子被分析物的功能,可作为在线、快速直接进样检测分析生物样品的预处理柱,适用于普萘洛尔血浆的直接进样分析。     

在线固相萃取-离子色谱法测定4种芳环磺酸盐中的硫酸根离子

建立一种在线固相萃取-离子色谱测定4种芳环磺酸盐中硫酸根离子含量的新方法。将自装填的多孔石墨化碳固相萃取柱应用于离子色谱系统,对样品进行在线前处理。样品经过多孔石墨化碳固相萃取柱基体消除后进入收集环,通过阀切换方式使待测硫酸根离子转入阴离子分析柱和检测系统。固相萃取流路用1.5 mmol/L碳酸钠以0.8 mL/min的流速对基体在线富集,进样量为20μL,分析柱为SH-AC-3(250 mm×4.0 mm)+SH-AG-3(50 mm×4.0 mm)色谱柱,柱温为35℃,在6 mmol/L碳酸钠-4 mmol/L碳酸氢钠条件下等度洗脱,流速为0.8 mL/min。结果表明:硫酸根离子在0.50~20.00 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.998 3,保留时间、峰高和峰面积的相对标准偏差均在0.28%~2.86%之间,方法检出限为0.010 6 mg/L,回收率为91.01%~109.3%,具有良好的线性关系和重复性。整个在线分析过程在25 min之内完成。该方法进样量少、快速、高效。     

离子色谱法测定盐酸贝那普利片的含量

建立离子色谱法测定盐酸贝那普利片含量的方法。实验中选定了最佳的色谱条件为淋洗液:甲烷磺酸(6mmol/L)-乙腈(35%),流速:1.0mL/min,柱温:25℃,进样量:7μL。实验表明,贝那普利在0.5~25μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r为0.999 9,检测限为0.089μg/mL,加标回收率为97.96%。方法操作简单,灵敏度高、准确、重现性好,可用于盐酸贝那普利片含量的测定。     

Factors influencing chromatographic data in fast gas chromatography with on‐column injection

The use of larger volume injection with on‐column injection and fast GC commercial instrumentation was evaluated with the model mixture of n‐alkanes of a broad range of volatility (C₁₀–C₂₈). The presented configuration allows introduction of 40–80‐fold larger sample volumes without any distortion of peak shapes compared to “usual” fast GC set‐ups using narrow‐bore columns. A normal‐bore retention gap (1–5 m×0.32 mm ID) was coupled to a narrow‐bore (5 m×0.1 mm ID×0.4 μm film thickness) analytical column using a standard press‐fit connector. The connection was tight and reliable, and hence suitable for hydrogen as carrier gas. The effect of pre‐column and analytical column connector, injection volume, pre‐column length, column inlet pressure, and analyte volatility on peak shape, peak broadening, and focusing are discussed. The precision of chromatographic data measurements and peak capacity under optimised temperature programmed conditions for fast separations with large volume injection were found to be very good. The presented fast GC set‐up with on‐column injection extends the applicability of the technique to trace analysis.     

Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry sensitivity enhancement via online sample dilution and trapping: applications in microdosing and dried blood spot (DBS) bioanalysis

A simple online sample dilution, enrichment, and cleanup technique was developed for sensitive microdosing and dried blood spot (DBS) liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) bioanalysis. Samples are diluted online with water and enriched in a trap column which is subsequently switched inline with the analytical column. Excellent lansoprazole (in acetonitrile) peak shape is maintained even with an 80‐µL injection. In comparison, similar chromatographic peaks were observed only when a small volume of the same solution, i.e., 1 µL, was injected on a regular high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, where an injection of 5 µL resulted in severe peak fronting. A substantial enhancement in sensitivity is realized in the trapping mode using large injection volumes. The trap column is washed at the beginning and at the end of each injection with aqueous and organic solvent respectively to remove matrix components. This ultimately leads to reduction of matrix effects and mass spectrometer noise, thus facilitating the utilization of protein precipitation as the sample preparation for plasma samples. A lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 0.5 pg/mL was demonstrated for lansoprazole in human plasma with a signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio of 13 using a 100 µL injection. Excellent intra‐day precision and accuracy were established for lansoprazole in human plasma with good linearity (R² > 0.999) from 0.5 to 500 pg/mL. This level of LLOQ makes LC/MS/MS a practical alternative for microdosing bioanalysis, where the dose is typically 100 times lower than the therapeutic dose. The same technique was applied to quantitate lansoprazole in human whole blood employing DBS technology. With a single 3‐mm punch, i.e. ～2 µL of whole blood or ～1 µL plasma, a LLOQ of 0.1 ng/mL showed sufficient S/N ratio (40) for lansoprazole when 75 µL of extract was injected. In all, the online sample dilution, cleanup, and enrichment technique demonstrated the practical utility of LC/MS/MS in microdosing and DBS bioanalysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simultaneous determination of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine in human plasma by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to reversed-phase chromatography

A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic column switching system was described for the determination of caffeine (CF), theophylline (TH) and theobromine (TB) in human plasma with a direct injection procedure. A short protein-coated mu Bondapak CN silica pre-column (20 x 3 mm, i.d.) was used for enrichment of the drugs and clean up from weakly retained plasma components using phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4. After washing step, the retained drugs were flushed into a reversed-phase column (5 microm TSK gel ODS-80 TM, 150 x 4.6 mm i.d.) with a mobile phase of methanol-0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 3.5 (30:70, v/v) for the final separation. The eluent was monitored with a UV detector at 275 nm. The resulting chromatograms showed no interference from endogenous plasma components. A linear relationship between the concentration of drug and peak height was confirmed in the range of 0.5-20 microg/mL for all drugs. High extraction recoveries from plasma ranging from 96.12 to 100.32% were achieved. Validation of the method was examined performing intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision and was found to be satisfactory. The coefficients of variation of the three drugs were less than 3% for intra-day and less than 4% for inter-day run assays.     

Determination of rifampicin in rat plasma by modified large‐volume direct injection RAM‐HPLC and its application to a pharmcokinetic study

A direct large volume injection high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with homemade restricted‐access media (RAM) pre‐column and combined with a column‐switching valve was established and developed for determination rifampicin (RIP) in rat plasma. The rat plasma samples (100 μL) were injected directly onto pre‐column, where RIP was retained and pre‐concentrated, while proteins were washed to waste using a methanol–water (5:95) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Then, by rotation of the switching valve at 5 min, the RIP were eluted from the pre‐column and transferred to an Luna C₁₈ analytical column by the chromatographic mobile phase consisting of methanol–acetonitrile–10 mm ammonium format (60:5:35) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The total analytical run time was 15 min with UV detection wavelength at 254 nm. Carbamazepine was used as the internal standard. Excellent linear correlation (r = 0.9993) was obtained in the range of 0.25–8 µg/mL for rat plasma. The intra‐day and inter‐day precisions of RIP were all <5.0%. The recoveries were in the range of from 99.98–113.66% for plasma. This on‐line RAM‐HPLC method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of RIP in rat plasma. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validated hydrophilic interaction LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of dacarbazine and 5-amino-4-imidazole-carboxamide in human plasma

A hydrophilic interaction high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of dacarbazine (DTIC) and its terminal metabolite, 5-amino-4-imidazole-carboxamide (AIC) in human plasma. The plasma samples are first extracted by a C8 + SCX mixed-mode 96-well plate to extend the extraction stability of DTIC and AIC. The extracted residues are further cleaned by a primary and secondary amine (PSA) adsorbent for minimization of matrix effect. Analyses are done on an Amide-80 HPLC column coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer fitted with an atmospheric pressure turbo ion spray ionization interface in the positive-ion mode. Both DTIC and AIC have reproducible retention times on the Amide-80 HPLC column. This type of column not only has an excellent column life (over 4000 injections), but also has zero carryover effect. The injection volume should be limited at 10 μL or less to avoid the peak splitting. The validated concentration ranges are from 0.5 to 500 ng/mL for DTIC and from 2.0 to 500 ng/mL for AIC. The validated method has been successfully applied to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles for human patients receiving DTIC infusions.     

Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine analysis by direct injection of human plasma in a column switching liquid chromatographic system

A column switching LC method is presented for the analysis of fluoxetine (FLU) and norfluoxetine (NFLU) by direct injection of human plasma using a lab-made restricted access media (RAM) column. A RAM-BSA-octadecyl silica (C-18) column (40 mm x 4.6 mm, 10 microm) is evaluated in both backflush and foreflush elution modes and coupled with a C-18 lab-made (50 mm x 4.6 mm, 3 microm) analytical column in order to perform online sample preparation. Direct injection of 100 microL of plasma samples is possible with the developed approach. In addition, reduction of sample handling is obtained when compared with traditional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and SPE. The total analysis time is around 20 min. A LOQ of 15 ng/mL is achieved in a concentration range of 15-500 ng/mL, allowing the therapeutic drug monitoring of clinical samples. The precision values achieved are lower than 15% for all the evaluated points with adequate recovery and accuracy. Furthermore, no matrix interferences are found in the analysis and the proposed method shows to be an adequate alternative for analysis of FLU in plasma.     

超高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中的叶黄素

建立了采用超高效液相色谱测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中叶黄素的检测方法。样品经丙酮溶液提取,离心分层,冷冻离心去脂,YMC Carotenoid C30色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm）分离。以甲醇-甲基叔丁基醚（70：30,v/v）为流动相等度洗脱,流速为0.5 mL/min,进样量5 μL,柱温25 ℃,二极管阵列检测器检测,检测波长445 nm。方法在20~500 μg/L范围内线性关系良好;相关系数为0.999 9;定量限为20 μg/L。添加量在50、250、2000 μg/kg时,叶黄素的回收率为97.9%~104.4%。本方法操作简便,结果准确,灵敏度高,适用于婴幼儿奶粉中叶黄素的测定。     

On-line coupling of sequential injection extraction with restricted-access materials and post-column derivatization for sample clean-up and determination of propranolol in human plasma

The presented paper deals with a new methodology for direct determination of propranolol in human plasma. The methodology described is based on sequential injection analysis technique (SIA) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE) column based on restricted access materials (RAM). Special RAM column containing 30 μm polymeric material—N-vinylacetamide copolymer was integrated into the sequential injection manifold. SIA–RAM system was used for selective retention of propranolol, while the plasma matrix components were eluted with two weak organic solutions to waste.

Due to the acid–basic and polarity properties of propranolol molecule and principles of reversed-phase chromatography, it was possible to retain propranolol on the N-vinylacetamide copolymer sorbent (Shodex MSpak PK-2A 30 μm (2 mm × 10 mm)). Centrifuged plasma samples were aspirated into the system and loaded onto the column using acetonitrile–water (5:95, v/v), pH 11.00, adjusted by triethylamine. The analyte was retained on the column while proteins contained in the sample were removed to waste. Interfering endogenous substances complicating detection were washed out by acetonitrile–water (15:85), pH 11.00 in the next step. The extracted analyte was eluted by means of tetrahydrofuran–water (25:75), pH 11.00 to the fluorescence detector (emission filter 385 nm). The whole procedure comprising sample pre-treatment, analyte detection and column reconditioning took about 15 min. The recoveries of propranolol from undiluted plasma were in the range 96.2–97.8% for three concentration levels of analyte. The proposed SIA–RAM method has been applied for direct determination of propranolol in human plasma.