同位素稀释-液相色谱-电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)法测定大米中的甲基汞

目前国标方法GB 5009.17—2021测量样品中甲基汞(含量≤0.1 mg/kg)的精密度为20%、定量限为0.02 mg/kg,对于定量限以下的样品检测存在困难;为了能精确地测量国家食品安全检测领域关注的甲基汞污染物,通过在样品中加入同位素稀释剂后以GB 5009.17—2021国标方法进行样品前处理,以液相色谱分离出汞形态,用ICP-MS检测同位素比值,考虑质量歧视效应后以同位素稀释质谱法定量,建立了同位素稀释-液相色谱-电感耦合等离子质谱法测定大米样品中甲基汞含量的方法。当样品中甲基汞含量在0.01~0.03 mg/kg时,方法的精密度为0.3%~22.8%,不确定度U为0.002~0.004 mg/kg,k=2。以鱼肉中总汞与甲基汞成分分析标准物质(GBW10029)作为质控样,测定得到三种大米样品中甲基汞含量(以Hg计)分别为(8±2)、(24±3)、(19±4) ng/g,经过不确定度评估后表明方法的准确度较高;质控样(GBW10029)甲基汞的证书值(以Hg计)为 (0.84±0.03) mg/kg,而测量结果为(0.83±0.08) mg/kg,对质控样的测量结果说明该方法可靠;同位素稀释法将浓度的测量转换成同位素的丰度比的测量,可避免前处理过程带来的误差,同位素稀释与质谱结合可用于大米中甲基汞的高精度分析。     

氧化-吹扫-金柱捕集-(双柱)热脱附-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定液体和固态样品中痕量汞同位素含量

建立了液体和固态环境样品中痕量Hg同位素的氧化-吹扫-金柱捕集-热脱附-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定法。样品采用美国环保局(USEPA)1631方法预处理,气液分离降低基底干扰,金柱富集提高灵敏度;将Hg蒸气直接引入ICP-MS,利用ICP-MS的分辨能力,测定Hg同位素。198 Hg和201 Hg的检测限分别为0.07、0.11ng/L;土壤、沉积物和生物等固体样品中198 Hg和201 Hg的检测限分别为0.15、0.20ng/g。在最佳条件下,连续7次测定198 Hg和201 Hg基底加标水样,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)均为7.0%,同位素比值(201 Hg/198 Hg)的内精度为0.26%(I RSD)。痕量198 Hg和201 Hg海水样基底加标回收率分别为98.3%～116.0%、92.4%～109.4%,生物样198 Hg和201 Hg的基底加标回收率分别为88.4%～106.7%、79.7%～88.0%。与标准参考溶液198 Hg和201 Hg的相对偏差分别为-0.15%、-0.09%。对于褶牡蛎的同位素组成分析,2次测定同位素比值(201 Hg/198 Hg)与自然界Hg同位素比理论值的相对偏差分别为0.4‰、-6.0‰。该方法成功用于标准参考样品和实际生物样品的同位素组成分析,并可成为Hg迁移和转化示踪实验的分析技术手段。     

微波消解ICP-MS快速测定生物样品中的多种元素

建立了微波辅助HNO3消解样品,ICP-MS快速测定生物样品中Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ge、As、Se、Sr、Mo、Ag、Cd、I、Ba、Hg、Tl、Pb、Bi共21种微量及痕量元素。通过在线加入内标来校正基体效应和信号漂移对测量所造成的影响。各元素线性相关系数在0.9990以上,RSD小于6.0%。用本方法对国家标准样品GBW07601a(头发),GBW10010(大米),GBW10016(茶叶),GBW10023(紫菜)进行分析,结果满意。方法能满足生物样品痕量分析的要求。     

高效液相色谱-非特异性同位素稀释质谱联用技术定量分析全血中总血红蛋白含量

建立了基于同位素稀释(ID)的高效液相色谱(HPLC)-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用技术, 通过测量血红蛋白(HGB)中铁(Fe)元素含量实现了全血中总HGB准确定量的策略. 该策略包括2种方法, 第一种方法为在线HPLC-ID-ICP-MS定量技术: 全血中HGB经液相色谱分离后, 通过柱后在线添加浓缩⁵⁴Fe同位素稀释剂的方式, 与液相色谱洗脱液经三通混合后进入ICP-MS在线测量⁵⁴Fe/⁵⁶Fe的同位素比值, 并根据同位素稀释质谱法公式及蛋白中Fe的含量计算HGB的浓度. 针对全血样品中存在的其它主要含铁蛋白[如转铁蛋白(Tf)], 在实现色谱完全分离的基础上, 通过在线优化改变⁵⁴Fe稀释剂流速实现了HGB和Tf的同时定量. 在另一种方法中, 先对全血样品进行消解并通过ID-ICP-MS测定其中Fe的总量, 然后根据全血样品的HPLC-ICP-MS分析结果, 通过计算HGB质谱峰面积占总峰面积的比值从而得到HGB中Fe含量占总Fe含量的比例, 实现了其中HGB的准确定量. 2种定量方法得到的结果分别为(115.3±2.4) mg/g和(115.5±2.1) mg/g, 结果吻合良好, 方法的检出限为1.0×10^?7 mg/g, 方法精密度RSD均<3%. 2种方法均经过HGB标准物质IRMM/IFCC-467进行验证, 测量结果在标准值不确定度范围之内, 可作为临床检验领域HGB分析的参考测量方法.     

碰撞池-同位素稀释质谱法测定塑料样品中铬含量

1 引言 人体若摄入极限量的铬酸或铬酸盐后,会引起肾脏、肝脏、神经系统和血液的广泛病变.欧盟RoHS指令(2002/95/EC)和我国的<电子信息产品污染控制管理办法>相继实施,对在市场出售的电子电气设备中Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr重金属及多溴联苯(PBB)和多溴联苯醚(PBDE)的含量进行了限制.由于样品中铬的含量较低、在样品预处理过程中易损失等原因,使得准确测量复杂基体中的铬存在困难.同位素稀释质谱法(IDMS)是在试样处理前加入待测元素的富集同位素,利用所加稀释剂的量和同位素丰度比值的变化的测定来计算待测样品中元素浓度的方法.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱同位素稀释法测定菜园土壤中微量镉

用电感耦合等离子体质谱同位素稀释法,测定了菜园土壤中微量镉的含量。土壤样品中加入一定量的112Cd富集同位素试剂后,用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸混合酸预消解后再经微波消解,冷却后样品溶液在130℃蒸发近干,然后加入硼酸1 mL,以硝酸(2+98)溶液定容至20 mL,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定溶液中的同位素比值R(112Cd/111Cd),用同位素稀释法计算出样品中镉的含量。试验对仪器参数1、12Cd富集同位素试剂的加入量、质量歧视因素、仪器死时间及同量异位素和多原子离子峰的干扰等因素对测定产生的影响进行了试验和校正。在优化的条件下测定了土壤标准物质(GBW 07423)中镉的含量,测定值与标准值相符。     

沉淀分离-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定方铅矿中铊

当高浓度Pb共存时,采用四极杆ICP-MS测定Tl,由于~(204)Pb、~(206)Pb的强峰拖尾,分别干扰~(203)Tl、~(205)Tl的测定,使测定结果偏高。本文采用样品分解后加入硫酸,使大量Pb以PbSO_4沉淀形式与Tl分离,分取清液稀释后用ICP-MS测定,解决了测定方铅矿中Tl时Pb的干扰问题。方法检出限(3σ)为0.002μg/g,相对标准偏差(n=12)为3.5%~7.5%。通过与传统泡沫塑料吸附富集-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法比对验证,方法准确可靠。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定生物样品中无机汞和甲基汞

建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用测定多种生物样品中的无机汞和甲基汞的方法,并对比了提取生物样品中无机汞和甲基汞的不同前处理方法。实验使用5 mol/L的盐酸超声波提取样品中的无机汞和甲基汞。高效液相色谱流动相为含有0.06 mol/L醋酸氨,20μg/L B i,0.1%(V/V)2-巯基乙醇的5%(V/V)甲醇-水溶液,色谱柱为C18反相柱(5μm,3.9 mm×150 mm)。提取液在液相色谱中分离后,进入电感耦合等离子体质谱检测其中无机汞和甲基汞的浓度。测定了人发(GBW 07601),对虾(GBW 08572),鱼肉组织(IAEA MA-B-3/TM)和牛肝(GBW 080193)4种生物标准参考物,结果与标准参考物的标准值相符。无机汞和甲基汞检出限分别为0.3和0.2μg/L。     

反应池–两步同位素稀释质谱法测定血清总钙

使用带动态反应池技术的四级杆电感耦合等离子体质谱,利用两步同位素稀释质谱法测定血清中总钙的浓度。通过测定44Ca/42Ca的比值来计算样品中钙的浓度,用NIST956c level 1~level 3,GBW 09152血清标准物质进行准确度验证,测定值与标示值的相对误差不大于0.5%。分别对冷冻人血清中钙标准物质[GBW(E)090621,GBW(E)090622,GBW(E)090623]进行定值,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于0.5%。该方法降低了同位素稀释质谱法对仪器的要求,同时具有较高的精密度和准确度,可用于实验室建立测定血清中钙浓度的参考方法。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定水产品中锶同位素比值

为推动锶同位素在水产品溯源中的应用,本文建立了基于电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定水产品中锶同位素比值的分析方法。水产品组织经冻干研磨和微波消解后,用ICP-MS测定样品溶液中的锶同位素比值,并采用标准品-样品-标准品交叉测量方法降低质量歧视效应的影响。结果表明,通过稀释样品消解溶液,将总锶浓度控制在70-100 μg/L,并与80 μg/L的锶同位素标准品溶液进行交叉测量,可准确校正质量歧视效应;84Sr/86Sr、87Sr/86Sr和88Sr/86Sr的日内精密度分别为0.06%、0.03%和0.03%,日间精密度分别为0.08%、0.04%和0.03%;按照所建立的方法测定大虾和扇贝生物成分分析标准物质的锶同位素比值,84Sr/86Sr、87Sr/86Sr和88Sr/86Sr的相对标准偏差均低于0.1%。该方法前处理简单快捷并且测量精密度高,可为锶同位素比值测定并进一步应用于水产品溯源研究提供技术支撑。     

Isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID ICP-MS) for the certification of lead and cadmium in environmental standard reference materials

Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) have been determined in six new environmental standard reference materials (SRMs) using isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID ICP-MS). The SRMs are the following: SRM 1944, New York-New Jersey Waterway Sediment, SRMs 2583 and 2584, Trace Elements in Indoor Dust, Nominal 90 mg/kg and 10,000 mg/kg Lead, respectively, SRMs 2586 and 2587, Trace Elements in Soil Containing Lead from Paint, Nominal 500 mg/kg and 3,000 mg/kg Lead, respectively, and SRM 2782, Industrial Sludge. The capabilities of ID ICP-MS for the certification of Pb and Cd in these materials are assessed. Sample preparation and ratio measurement uncertainties have been evaluated. Reproducibility and accuracy of the established procedures are demonstrated by determination of gravimetrically prepared primary standard solutions and by comparison with isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID TIMS). Material heterogeneity was readily demonstrated to be the dominant source of uncertainty in the certified values.     

Isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID ICP-MS) for the certification of lead and cadmium in environmental standard reference materials

Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) have been determined in six new environmental standard reference materials (SRMs) using isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID ICP-MS). The SRMs are the following: SRM 1944, New York-New Jersey Waterway Sediment, SRMs 2583 and 2584, Trace Elements in Indoor Dust, Nominal 90 mg/kg and 10,000 mg/kg Lead, respectively, SRMs 2586 and 2587, Trace Elements in Soil Containing Lead from Paint, Nominal 500 mg/kg and 3000 mg/kg Lead, respectively, and SRM 2782, Industrial Sludge. The capabilities of ID ICP-MS for the certification of Pb and Cd in these materials are assessed. Sample preparation and ratio measurement uncertainties have been evaluated. Reproducibility and accuracy of the established procedures are demonstrated by determination of gravimetrically prepared primary standard solutions and by comparison with isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID TIMS). Material heterogeneity was readily demonstrated to be the dominant source of uncertainty in the certified values.     

Direct determination of mercury in cosmetic samples by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after dissolution with formic acid

A new method was proposed for the accurate determination of mercury in cosmetic samples based on isotopic dilution (ID)-photochemical vapor generation (PVG)-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) measurement. Cosmetic samples were directly dissolved in formic acid solution and subsequently subjected to PVG for the reduction of mercury into vapor species following by ICP MS detection. Therefore, the risks of analyte contamination and loss were avoided. Highly enriched ²⁰¹Hg isotopic spike is added to cosmetics and the isotope ratios of ²⁰¹Hg/²⁰²Hg were measured for the quantitation of mercury. With ID calibration, the influences originating from sample matrixes for the determination of mercury in cosmetic samples have been efficiently eliminated. The effects of several experimental parameters, such as the concentration of the formic acid, and the flow rates of carrier gas and sample were investigated. The method provided good reproducibility and the detection limits were found to be 0.6 pg mL⁻¹. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for the determination of mercury in six cosmetic samples and a spike test was performed to verify the accuracy of the method.     

High precision isotope ratio measurements of mercury isotopes in cinnabar ores using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Variations in Hg isotope ratios in cinnabar ores obtained from different countries were detected by high precision isotope ratio measurements using multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Values of delta198/202Hg varied from 0.0-1.3 percent per thousand relative to a NIST SRM 1641d Hg solution. The typical external uncertainty of the delta values was 0.06 to 0.26 percent per thousand. Hg was introduced into the plasma as elemental Hg after reduction by sodium borohydride. A significant fractionation of lead isotopes was observed during the simultaneous generation of lead hydride, preventing normalization of the Hg isotope ratios using the measured 208/206Pb ratio. Hg ratios were instead corrected employing the simultaneously measured 205/203T1 ratio. Using a 10 ng ml(-1) Hg solution and 10 min of sampling, introducing 60 ng of Hg, the internal precision of the isotope ratio measurements was as low as 14 ppm. Absolute Hg ratios deviated from the representative IUPAC values by approximately 0.2% per u. This observation is explained by the inadequacy of the exponential law to correct for mass bias in MC-ICP-MS measurements. In the absence of a precisely characterized Hg isotope ratio standard, we were not able to determine unambiguously the absolute Hg ratios of the ore samples, highlighting the urgent need for certified standard materials.     

Isotope dilution SPME GC/MS for the determination of methylmercury in tuna fish samples

The development of a rapid, precise and accurate analytical method for the determination of methylmercury in tuna fish samples is described. The method is based on the use of isotope dilution GC/MS with electron impact ionization, a widespread technique in routine testing laboratories. A certified spike containing (202)Hg-enriched methylmercury was used for the isotope dilution of the samples. After extraction of the methylmercury from the sample, methylmercury was propylated using sodium tetrapropyl borate in SPME vials and the analytes were sampled from the headspace for 15 min. For isotope measurements, the molecular ion (MePrHg(+)) was used in the SIM mode. Five molecular ions were monitored, corresponding to the (198)Hg, (199)Hg, (200)Hg, (201)Hg and (202)Hg isotopes. The detection at masses corresponding to (198)Hg was used to correct for m + 1 contributions of (13)C from the organic groups attached to the mercury atom on the (199)Hg, (200)Hg, (201)Hg and (202)Hg masses with simple mathematical equations, and the concentration of methylmercury was calculated on the basis of the corrected (200)Hg/(202)Hg isotope ratio. The (202)Hg-enriched methylmercury spike was applied, with satisfactory results, to the determination of methylmercury in the certified reference material BCR 464. The method was successfully applied to the determination of methylmercury in tuna fish samples, and the obtained results were included in the CCQM-P39 interlaboratory exercise, organized by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM, Geel, Belgium) with excellent agreement between our results and the average obtained by the other participants.     

High-precision measurement of mercury isotope ratios in sediments using cold-vapor generation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

An on-line Hg reduction technique using stannous chloride as the reductant was applied for accurate and precise mercury isotope ratio determinations by multi-collector (MC)-ICP/MS. Special attention has been paid to ensure optimal conditions (such as acquisition time and mercury concentration) allowing precision measurements good enough to be able to significantly detect the anticipated small differences in Hg isotope ratios in nature. Typically, internal precision was better than 0.002% (1 RSE) on all Hg ratios investigated as long as approximately 20 ng of Hg was measured with a 10-min acquisition time. Introducing higher amounts of mercury (50 ng Hg) improved the internal precision to <0.001%. Instrumental mass bias was corrected using ²⁰⁵Tl/²⁰³Tl correction coupled to a standard-sample bracketing approach. The large number of data acquired allowed us to validate the consistency of our measurements over a one-year period. On average, the short-term uncertainty determined by repeated runs of NIST SRM 1641d Hg standard during a single day was <0.006% (1 RSD) for all isotope pairs investigated (²⁰²Hg/¹⁹⁸Hg, ²⁰²Hg/¹⁹⁹Hg, ²⁰²Hg/²⁰⁰Hg, and ²⁰²Hg/²⁰¹Hg). The precision fell to <0.01% if the long-term reproducibility, taken over 11 months (over 100 measurements), was considered. The extent of fractionation has been investigated in a series of sediments subject to various Hg sources from different locations worldwide. The ratio ²⁰²Hg/¹⁹⁸Hg expressed as δ values (per mil deviations relative to NIST SRM 1641d Hg standard solution) displayed differences from +0.74 to −4.00‰. The magnitude of the Hg fractionation per amu was constant within one type of sample and did not exceed 1.00‰. Considering all results (the reproducibility of Hg standard solutions, reference sediment samples, and the examination of natural samples), the analytical error of our δ values for the overall method was within ±0.28‰ (1 SD), which was an order of magnitude lower than the extent of fractionation (4.74‰) observed in sediments. This study confirmed that analytical techniques have reached a level of long-term precision and accuracy that is sufficiently sensitive to detect even small differences in Hg isotope ratios that occur within one type of samples (e.g., between different sediments) and so far have unequivocally shown that Hg isotope ratios in sediments vary within approximately 5‰.     

Simultaneous sampling and analysis for vapor mercury in ambient air using needle trap coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A needle trap (NT) technique for simultaneous sampling and analysis of vapor and particle mercury in ambient air using gold wire filled in a syringe needle has been developed. This NT technique relies on gold amalgamation rather than adsorption/absorption to traditional solid-phase microextraction. Hg trapped by Au-amalgamation NT is thermally desorbed in a hot injection port of a gas chromatograph; desorbed Hg is then determined by the coupled mass spectrometer. This simultaneous sampling and analysis technique were optimized, tested, and used for the collection and accurate determination of elemental Hg in ambient air. Linear calibration curves were obtained for Hg sampling by NT when mass spectrometry (MS) was used for detection; they spanned over 4 orders of magnitude. MS offered excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Selected ion monitor (SIM) mode was used for the linear calibration curves. The selected quantitation ion was m/z 202, since m/z 202 was the strongest isotope of mercury mass spectrum. The method was verified with HgCl(2) spiked solution samples. An excellent agreement was found between the results obtained for the Hg-saturated air samples and HgCl(2) spiked solution samples. The use of the Au-amalgamation gas-sampling needle trap method, for the measurement of Hg in air and Hg(2+) water samples, is described herein.     

Determination of Cd,Hg, Pb and Se in sediments slurries by isotopic dilution calibration ICP-MS after chemical vapor generation using an on-line system or retention in an electrothermal vaporizer treated with iridium

A method for the determination of Cd, Hg, Pb and Se in sediments reference materials by slurry sampling chemical vapor generation (CVG) using isotopic dilution (ID) calibration and detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is proposed. Two different systems were used for the investigation: an on-line flow injection system (FI-CVG-ICP-MS) and an off-line system with in situ trapping electrothermal vaporization (CVG-ETV-ICP-MS). About 100 mg of the reference material, ground to a particle size ≤50 μm, was mixed with acid solutions (aqua regia, HF and HCl) in an ultrasonic bath. The enriched isotopes ¹¹¹Cd, ¹⁹⁸Hg, ²⁰⁶Pb and ⁷⁷Se were then added to the slurry in an adequate amount in order to produce an altered isotopic ratio close to 1. For the on-line system, a standing time for the slurry of 12 h before measurement was required, while for the batch system, no standing time is needed to obtain accurate results. The conditions for the formation of the analyte vapor were optimized for the evaluated systems. The following altered isotope ratios were measured: ¹¹¹Cd/¹¹⁴Cd, ¹⁹⁸Hg/¹⁹⁹Hg, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁸Pb e ⁷⁷Se/⁸²Se. The obtained detection limits in the on-line system, in μg g⁻¹, were: Cd: 0.15; Hg: 0.09; Pb: 6.0 and Se: 0.03. Similar detection limits were obtained with the system that uses the ETV: 0.21 for Hg, 6.0 for Pb and 0.06 μg g⁻¹ for Se. No signal for Cd was obtained in this system. One estuarine, two marine and two river certified sediments were analyzed to check the accuracy. The obtained values by both systems were generally in agreement with the certified concentrations, according to the t-test for a confidence level of 95%, demonstrating that isotope equilibration was attained in the slurries submitted to a chemical vapor generation procedure and detection by ICP-MS. The relative standard deviations were lower than 10%, adequate for slurry analysis. The almost quantitative analytes extractions to the aqueous phase of the slurry must favor equilibration of the added enriched isotope with the isotope in the sample, allowing the use of isotopic dilution calibration for slurry analysis.     

Measurement of lead isotope ratios in wine by ICP-MS and its applications to the determination of lead concentration by isotope dilution

 Methods are described for the accurate and precise determination of lead concentrations and the isotopic composition of lead in wine samples using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). This method needs little sample preparation. A comparison with lead isotope ratios measured by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) in three wine samples reveals a good agreement between the two techniques. The lead concentration in three certified wine samples were measured by isotope dilution (ID) and the results are compared with those obtained by external calibration ICP-MS. Received: 10 June 1996/Revised: 23 September 1996/Accepted: 30 September 1996     

Environmental application of elemental speciation analysis based on liquid or gas chromatography hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry—A review

In recent years the number of environmental applications of elemental speciation analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as detector has increased significantly. The analytical characteristics, such as extremely low detection limits (LOD) for almost all elements, the wide linear range, the possibility for multi-elemental analysis and the possibility to apply isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) make ICP-MS an attractive tool for elemental speciation analysis. Two methodological approaches, i.e. the combination of ICP-MS with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), dominate the field. Besides the investigation of metals and metalloids and their species (e.g. Sn, Hg, As), representing “classic” elements in environmental science, more recently other elements (e.g. P, S, Br, I) amenable to ICP-MS determination were addressed. In addition, the introduction of isotope dilution analysis and the development of isotopically labeled species-specific standards have contributed to the success of ICP-MS in the field. The aim of this review is to summarize these developments and to highlight recent trends in the environmental application of ICP-MS coupled to GC and HPLC.