Competition and cooperation on a toy Autobahn model

Traffic on an one-lane freeway is simulated using a continuous space-discrete time probabilistic cellular automata model.The effet of different individual driving patterns is estimated by monitoring the traffic flow, the velocity and acceleration distributions, the aver-age number of accidents, and the distribution of density-waves (traffic jams) as a function of traffic density. The number of accidents, traffic jams, and the fuel consumption are drastically reduced by driving strategies adapting to local traffic conditions. At high traffic densities this leads, however, to a decrease in the global traffic throughout.     

Disordered cellular automaton traffic flow model: phase separated state, density waves and self organized criticality

We suggest a disordered traffic flow model that captures many features of traffic flow. It is an extension of the Nagel-Schreckenberg (NaSch) stochastic cellular automata for single line vehicular traffic model. It incorporates random acceleration and deceleration terms that may be greater than one unit. Our model leads under its intrinsic dynamics, for high values of braking probability p_r, to a constant flow at intermediate densities without introducing any spatial inhomogeneities. For a system of fast drivers p_r→0, the model exhibits a density wave behavior that was observed in car following models with optimal velocity. The gap of the disordered model we present exhibits, for high values of p_r and random deceleration, at a critical density, a power law distribution which is a hall mark of a self organized criticality phenomena.     

考虑动态车间距的一维元胞自动机交通流模型

基于NaSch元胞自动机交通流模型, 考虑司机复杂的性格特征和驾驶行为差异, 引入相邻车辆的动态车间距, 提出了一个改进的单车道元胞自动机交通流模型. 通过数值模拟得到了流量-密度关系, 在中高密度区域呈现出一种弥散分布的状态而非惟一确定的关系, 再现了交通系统中的自由流、同步流及宽幅运动阻塞, 表明道路上即使没有交通瓶颈也会出现同步流和拥挤交通, 同时揭示了在同步流中存在的车辆高速跟驰现象, 高速跟驰率与交通实测结果较为符合.     

高速跟驰交通流动力学模型研究

为研究道路交通中的高速跟驰物理现象,针对高速跟驰车辆特点,综合考虑了驾驶员换道决策行为以及随机慢化等因素,结合前景理论等方法,提出了一种用于模拟道路交通流中高速跟驰物理现象的动力学模型(简称HCCA模型).通过计算机数值模拟,研究了高速跟驰交通流物理现象演化机理及高速跟驰特性.结果表明:与对称的双车道元胞自动机动力学模型相比,本文建立的HCCA动力学模型能够再现道路高速跟驰物理现象,并得到了道路小间距高速跟驰率超过7%的结果与实测结果相符合,最后模拟得到了丰富的交通物理现象,再现了自由流、同步流及运动阻塞等复杂交通物理现象.     

提高道路交通系统的驾驶安全

道路交通系统是一个复杂的系统，其中包含了人的直接参与。在该系统中，人的因素起了重要的作用。本文中，在道路系统路面的某一点设计了一种类型控制信号，该点被称为信号点。在控制信号的作用下，当车辆经过信号点的时候，车辆需要降低速度。其目的在于能够通过控制信号控制交通流的状态，使其由无序变为有序，从而提高道路系统的交通安全。应用双车道的确定性NaSch模型进行仿真模拟，结果表明不仅交通流的状态能够由无序变为有序，而且交通流的状态是安全的。     

考虑车与车互联通讯技术的交通流跟驰模型

基于Newell跟驰模型,建立考虑车与车互联(vehicle-to-vehicle,V2V)通讯技术的单车道跟驰模型.根据V2V技术的特征,引入参数α以表征驾驶员在收到V2V技术所提供的实时交通信息后的提前反应程度.根据线性稳定分析方法,得到V2V跟驰模型的中性稳定条件.通过计算机的模拟,研究V2V技术对交通流运行的影响,分析小扰动下V2V跟驰模型对参数变化的敏感性,研究不同α取值下交通流密度波及迟滞回环的变化.研究发现:1)与全速度差跟驰模型相比,在引入V2V后,交通流在加速起步、减速刹车及遇到突发事件时,车辆运行的安全性和舒适性均得到不同程度的提升;2)V2V跟驰模型对参数α及T的变化较为敏感,且在交通流较为拥堵时,V2V技术的引入可以提升交通流的平均速度;3)参数α的增大、T的减小可以有效提升V2V跟驰模型在不同交通环境下的运行稳定性.由于可以实时地获取交通流运行的状态并针对性地改变车辆自身的运行,V2V交通流跟驰模型提升了交通流运行的稳定性.     

The effect of restricted velocity in the two-lane on-ramp system

Usually there are multi-lane on the main road of the on-ramp system. The drivers may decelerate for more safety when they are near the on-ramp. In addition, the car velocity may be restricted according to the traffic regulation. In this paper, we study phenomenon using the cellular automata traffic flow model. We find that: (i) the phase diagram of the two-lane on-ramp system appears a new region, in which the traffic of the on-ramp reaches maximum flow. (ii) The introduction of restricted velocity region will decrease capacity of the on-ramp, but reduce the drastic velocity fluctuation near the on-ramp.     

Heterogeneous traffic flow modeling with drivers' timid and aggressive characteristics

The driver's characteristics(e.g., timid and aggressive) has been proven to greatly affect the traffic flow performance,whereas the underlying assumption in most of the existing studies is that all drivers are homogeneous. In the real traffic environment, the drivers are distinct due to a variety of factors such as personality characteristics. To better reflect the reality,we introduce the penetration rate to describe the degree of drivers' heterogeneity(i.e., timid and aggressive), and proceed to propose a generalized heterogeneous car-following model with different driver's characteristics. Through the linear stability analysis, the stability conditions of the proposed heterogeneous traffic flow model are obtained based on the perturbation method. The impacts of the penetration rate of drivers with low intensity, the average value and standard deviation of intensity parameters characterizing two types of drivers on the stability of traffic flow are analyzed by simulation. Results show that higher penetration of aggressive drivers contributes to traffic flow stability. The average value has a great impact on the stability of traffic flow, whereas the impact of the standard deviation is trivial.     

A new traffic model with a lane-changing viscosity term

In this paper, a new continuum traffic flow model is proposed, with a lane-changing source term in the continuity equation and a lane-changing viscosity term in the acceleration equation. Based on previous literature, the source term addresses the impact of speed difference and density difference between adjacent lanes, which provides better precision for free lane-changing simulation; the viscosity term turns lane-changing behavior to a "force" that may influence speed distribution. Using a flux-splitting scheme for the model discretization, two cases are investigated numerically. The case under a homogeneous initial condition shows that the numerical results by our model agree well with the analytical ones; the case with a small initial disturbance shows that our model can simulate the evolution of perturbation, including propagation,dissipation, cluster effect and stop-and-go phenomenon.     

A new cellular automaton model accounting for stochasticity in traffic flow induced by heterogeneity in driving behavior

A new reliable cellular automaon(CA) model designed to account for stochasticity in traffic flow induced by heterogeneity in driving behavior is presented.The proposed model differs from most existing CA models in that this new model focuses on describing traffic phenomena by coding into its rules the key idea that a vehicle's moving state is directly determined by a driver stepping on the accelerator or on the brake(the vehicle's acceleration).Acceleration obeys a deformed continuous distribution function when considering the heterogeneity in driving behavior and the safe distance, rather than equaling a fixed acceleration value with a probability, as is the rule in many existing CA models.Simulation results show that the new proposed model is capable of reproducing empirical findings in real traffic system.Moreover, this new model makes it possible to implement in-depth analysis of correlations between a vehicle's state parameters.     

考虑驾驶员特性的一维元胞自动机交通流模型

在一维元胞自动机交通流WWH模型和SDNaSch模型的基础上,建立了一种考虑驾驶员特性的元胞自动机交通流模型(Driver-SDNaSch模型).该模型将驾驶员分为激进型、保守型和中立型三类,根据其不同的驾驶特性制定了各自的演化规则,并以此对其进行状态更新;同时考虑了前车速度为0的情况,引入安全减速概率.通过计算机对Driver-SDNaSch模型进行模拟,给出了由三类驾驶员按不同比例组成的混合交通流的速度-密度图和流量-密度图,并对此类混合交通流的特性进行了分析和讨论.与NaSch模型和SDNaSch模 关键词： 交通流 元胞自动机 驾驶员特性 计算机数值模拟     

A new traffic model on compulsive lane-changing caused by off-ramp

In the field of traffic flow studies, compulsive lane-changing refers to lane-changing(LC) behaviors due to traffic rules or bad road conditions, while free LC happens when drivers change lanes to drive on a faster or less crowded lane. LC studies based on differential equation models accurately reveal LC influence on traffic environment. This paper presents a second-order partial differential equation(PDE) model that simulates both compulsive LC behavior and free LC behavior,with lane-changing source terms in the continuity equation and a lane-changing viscosity term in the momentum equation.A specific form of this model focusing on a typical compulsive LC behavior, the ‘off-ramp problem', is derived. Numerical simulations are given in several cases, which are consistent with real traffic phenomenon.     

A modified weighted probabilistic cellular automaton traffic flow model

This paper modifies the weighted probabilistic cellular automaton model (Li X L, Kuang H, Song T, et al 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 2366) which considered a diversity of traffic behaviors under real traffic situations induced by various driving characters and habits. In the new model, the effects of the velocity at the last time step and drivers' desire for acceleration are taken into account. The fundamental diagram, spatial-temporal diagram, and the time series of one-minute data are analyzed. The results show that this model reproduces synchronized flow. Finally, it simulates the on-ramp system with the proposed model. Some characteristics including the phase diagram are studied.     

A Stochastic LWR Model with Consideration of the Driver's Individual Property

In this paper,we develop a stochastic LWR model based on the influences of the driver's individual property on his/her perceived density and speed deviation.The numerical results show that the driver's individual property has great effects on traffic flow only when the initial density is moderate,i.e.,at this time,oscillating traffic flow will occur and the oscillating phenomena in the traffic system consisting of the conservative and aggressive drivers is more serious than that in the traffic system consisting of the conservative (aggressive) drivers.     

Evolution of Traffic Flow with Scale-Free Topology

We investigate the emergence of scale-free behaviour in a traffic system by using the NaSch model to simulate the evolution of traffic flow. A kind of evolution networks has been proposed, which is based on the evolution of the traffic flow. The network growth does not take into account preferential attachment, and the attachment of new node is independent of degree. The simulation results demonstrate that the output distribution of links is well described by a scale-free distribution.     

决定论性逐步加速交通流模型的渐近稳态行为

研究Nagel-Schreckenberg(NS)交通流元胞自动机模型在不考虑车辆随机延迟情况下的决定论性模型的基本图,即渐近稳态的车流平均速度作为车辆密度的函数关系．证明决定论性NS模型,在车流的自组织作用下,其渐近稳态的基本图,与决定论性Fukui-Ishibashi(FI)交通流模型的基本图完全相同．这个结果表明,若把FI交通流模型中的车辆突然加速方式（即车辆速度可以在仅仅一个时步内加速到其最高速限M或前方空距所允许的最大速度）,改变为车辆逐步加速方式（车辆速度在每一时步中最多仅能增加一个速度单位）,则车辆的自组织相互作用,并不会改变其车流的长时间渐近稳态行为． 关键词：     

The stability analysis of the full velocity and acceleration velocity model

The stability analysis is one of the important problems in the traffic flow theory, since the congestion phenomena can be regarded as the instability and the phase transition of a dynamical system. Theoretically, we analyze the stable conditions of the full velocity and acceleration difference model (FVADM), which is proposed by introducing the acceleration difference term based on the previous car-following models (the optimal velocity model and the full velocity difference model, OVM and FVDM). By numerical simulations, it is found that when the traffic flow is unstable, the traffic jam in the FVADM is weaker than that in the FVDM. Also it is observed that the spreading speed of the jam is slower in the FVADM than that in the FVDM and the fluctuations of vehicles in the FVADM are smaller than those in the FVDM. Therefore, the acceleration difference term has strong effects on traffic dynamics and plays an important role in stabilizing the traffic flow.     

Mechanical restriction versus human overreaction triggering congested traffic states

A new cellular automaton traffic model is presented. The focus is on mechanical restrictions of vehicles realized by limited acceleration and deceleration capabilities. These features are incorporated into the model in order to construct the condition of collision-free movement. The strict collision-free criterion imposed by the mechanical restrictions is softened in certain traffic situations, reflecting human overreaction. It is shown that the present model reliably reproduces most empirical findings including synchronized flow, the so-called pinch effect, and the time-headway distribution of free flow. The findings suggest that many free flow phenomena can be attributed to the platoon formation of vehicles (platoon effect).     

Effect of real-time information upon traffic flows on crossing roads

The effect of real-time information on the traffic flows of the crossing roads is studied by simulations based on a cellular automaton model. At the intersection, drivers have to enter a road of a shorter trip-time, by making a turn if necessary, as indicated on the information board. Dynamics of the traffic are expressed as a return map in the density-flow space. The traffic flow is classified into six phases, as a function of the car density. It is found that such a behavior of drivers induces too much concentration of cars on one road and, as a result, causes oscillation of the flow and the density of cars on both roads. The oscillation usually results in a reduced total flow, except for the cases of high car density.     

The effect of stochastic accelerating and delay probability with the velocity and the gap between vehicles on traffic flow

This paper proposes a new combined cellular automaton (CA) model considering the driver behavior of stochastic acceleration and delay with the velocity of the preceding vehicle and the gap between the successive vehicles based on the WWH model and the noise-first NaSch model. It introduces the delay probability varying with the gap, adds the anticipation headway and increases the acceleration with a certain probability. Through these simulations, not only can the metastable state and start--stop wave be obtained but also the synchronized flow which the wide moving jam results in. Moreover, the effect of stochastic acceleration and delay on traffic flow is discussed by analyzing the correlation of traffic data. This indicates that synchronized flow easily emerges in the critical area between free flow and synchronized flow when acceleration and delay are synchronized or their probability is close to 0.5.