基于相控阵雷达模型的液晶光束偏转波控方法研究

针对闪耀光栅模型光束偏转角度数量分布有限的缺点,提出一种基于相控阵雷达模型的液晶光束偏转波控方法。该方法控制液晶电极间相位差,通过改变液晶电极间相位差控制出射光波束方向。使用傅里叶光学方法推导该模型最大偏转角度、光束偏转角度与电极间调制相位关系以及衍射效率和偏转角度的关系。实验证明该方法可实现任意分辨角的光波束扫描, 在0.15°光束扫描范围内实现优于20 μrad的连续光束偏转。     

Direct current balancing algorithm for FLCOS binary phase holograms

The need for DC balancing phase pixels in ferroelectric liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulators leads to control schemes that limit their use in beam steering applications where a continuous display of a routing hologram is required. By analyzing the phase redundancy in binary phase holograms, a new DC balancing algorithm has been developed that allows more general beam splitting and multiple beam steering functions. The theoretical derivation of the algorithm and experimentally measured properties of the optical beams are presented and discussed.     

倾斜相差对激光相干合成影响的仿真分析

根据夫琅和费衍射理论,建立了四路激光相干合成模型,研究了不同占空比条件下倾斜相差对激光相干合成效果的影响。通过欧拉旋转变换,将各子光束的倾斜角度转换成相应的倾斜相差引入到光束合成模型中。仿真计算了不同占空比、不同倾斜角度情况下合成光束在远场的光强分布,分析了占空比、倾斜角度对远场光强分布的影响。仿真结果表明,随着子光束倾斜角度的增大,远场艾里斑内的光强逐渐减小,合成效果变差。仿真计算了不同占空比条件下桶中功率(PIB)和β因子随倾斜角度的变化关系。仿真结果表明,随着子光束倾斜角度的增大,PIB和β因子两个评价指标均逐渐变差。为了达到一定的评价指标要求,必须利用快反镜等校正器件将各子光束的倾斜角度减小到一定的范围之内。     

CMOS图像传感器在质子辐照下热像素的产生和变化规律

应用于空间的图像传感器在辐射影响下产生的热像素严重影响空间光电探测性能,本文通过质子辐照试验研究了热像素的产生和变化规律。首先,使用3 MeV和10 MeV两种能量的质子对图像传感器进行辐照,分析不同能量、不同注量的质子辐照产生热像素的性质;其次,再对辐照后的器件进行退火试验,分析热像素的退火规律。对于相同注量辐照,3 MeV质子辐照下热像素产生率大约是10 MeV质子辐照下的2.3倍,但是10 MeV质子辐照产生热像素的灰度值高于3 MeV质子;辐照过程中热像素的数量都是随着注量的增加线性增加。退火过程中,热像素数量都不断减少,而3 MeV质子辐照产生的热像素相比于10 MeV质子,退火更为显著。结果表明,质子辐照下每个质子与器件之间的作用过程及产生缺陷的机制是相对独立的,不同质子的作用过程之间没有相关性。不同能量的质子辐照产生缺陷的类型不同,导致热像素具有不同特性。     

基于可调石墨烯超表面的宽角度动态波束控制

可调控超表面可用于动态控制空间波束的方向,具有很高的应用价值.石墨烯是一种可调的二维材料,它的电导率可以通过外加电压控制,利用这一特性可设计基于石墨烯的可调控超表面.超表面控制反射波束时的理论依据是广义的斯涅耳反射定律.反射角度可通过沿超表面的相位梯度进行控制.但是这种方法有局限性,当超表面单元固定时,反射角度只能取有限个离散的值.本文设计了基于石墨烯的可调超表面,并采用一种基于卷积运算定理的波束控制方法,实现了反射波角度的大范围动态控制.在1.75 THz垂直入射平面波激励下,反射角度可以从5?变化到70?,间隔小于10?.数值模拟结果与理论计算结果一致.     

Nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam models and measurement models for phased array transducers

A nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam model is proposed in order to overcome the limitation that paraxial Gaussian beam models lose accuracy in simulating the beam steering behavior of phased array transducers. Using this nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam model, the focusing and steering sound fields generated by an ultrasonic linear phased array transducer are calculated and compared with the corresponding results obtained by paraxial multi-Gaussian beam model and more exact Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral model. In addition, with help of this novel nonparaxial method, an ultrasonic measurement model is provided to investigate the sensitivity of linear phased array transducers versus steering angles. Also the comparisons of model predictions with experimental results are presented to certify the accuracy of this provided measurement model.     

液晶光学相控阵可编程光束偏转研究

研究了一种一维透射式向列相液晶光学相控阵.建立了器件的数学模型,根据Frank-Oseen液晶连续体弹性形变理论计算了电场作用下液晶指向矢分布,定量分析了器件的相位延迟及衍射特性.研制了含1 024个驱动电极的实际器件,由FPGA对电极驱动电压进行可编程控制.经实验测试,该器件可以实现60个角度的准连续随机可编程电控偏转与扫描,最大偏转角度为2.001 4°.根据器件的理论模型,对光束偏转的衍射效率进行了定性讨论,发现电极之间形成的“相位凹陷”是形成衍射旁瓣的直接原因.     

Oblique incidence effect on steering efficiency of liquid crystal polarization gratings used for optical phased array beam steering amplification

A liquid crystal polarization grating (LCPG) is proposed that amplifies the steering angle of a liquid crystal optical phased array for non-mechanical beam steering, taking advantage of its high steering efficiency under normal incidence. However, oblique incidence may play an important role in the overall steering efficiency. The effect of oblique incidence on steering efficiency of a LCPG was analyzed by numerically solving the extended Jones matrix and considering propagation crosstalk. The results indicate that the outgoing laser beam is amplitude-modulated under the effect of oblique incidence and behaves as a sinusoidal-modulated amplitude grating, which diffracts certain energies to non-blazed orders. Over-oblique incidence may even eliminate the steering effect of the incident beam. The modulation depth of the induced amplitude grating was found to be proportional to the product of sinusoidal value of oblique incidence angle and the LC layer thickness, and inversely proportional to the periodic pitch length of the LCPG. Both in-plane incidence and out-of-plane incidence behave similarly to influence the steering efficiency. Finally, the overall steering efficiency for cascaded LCPGs was analyzed and a difference of up to 11 % steering efficiency can be induced between different LCPG configurations, even without considering the over-oblique incidence effect. Both the modulation depth and final steering efficiency can be optimized by varying the LC birefringence and layer thickness.     

Numerical analysis of coherent combination for fiber lasers and application to beam steering

A coherent combination model of fiber lasers has been established. The relative beam quality factor has been introduced and studied as a proper beam quality factor for the combined coherent beam. The disturbance of the phase shift, polarization degradation, distribution characteristic, the wave-front aberration and the tilt error has been numerically studied to investigate their effects on the beam quality. This model has been also used to analyze the control of beam steering. The results have shown that the impact of the phase shift on the combination is more serious than that caused by polarization degradation, and the coherence degradation caused by the phase grating is more severe than that caused by the phase shifter.     

A potential-well based formulation to calculate the quantized conductance of a one-atom constriction

We show that the quantized conductance of a quasi-one-dimensional atomic electrical conductor is approximately proportional to the number of conducting channels (which become quantized modes), when this number is large enough, by deriving firstly Fermi velocity within a quantum-box based approach. The essential aspects related to the quantized conductance are discussed in terms of longitudinal conduction modes.     

电寻址空间光调制器“黑栅”效应的消除方法

提出了两种消除电寻址空间光调制器由于低开口率所引起的"黑栅"效应的方法:利用衍射微透镜阵列的方法和利用纯相位型光束整形器件阵列的方法.分析了这两种方法的基本原理,给出了微透镜阵列和光束整形器件阵列的设计思想,并比较了这两种方法的异同点.采用杨一顾相位恢复算法得到了光束整形结果.理论分析及仿真计算表明:这种方法均能有效地消除电寻址空间光调制器相邻象素之间的黑带.     

Simulation of 3-D radiation beam patterns propagated through a planar interface from ultrasonic phased array transducers

Phased array transducers are quite often mounted on solid wedges with specific angles in many practical ultrasonic inspections of thin plates <10 mm in their thickness or welded joints with convex crowns. For the reliable application of phased array techniques with testing set-up, it is essential to have thorough understanding on the characteristics of radiation beam pattern produced in the interrogated medium. To address such a need, this paper proposes a systematic way to calculate full 3-D radiation beam patterns produced in the interrogated solid medium by phased array transducers mounted on a solid wedge. In order to investigate the characteristics of radiation beam patterns in steel, simulation is carried out for 7.5 MHz array transducers mounted on an acrylic wedge with the angle of 15.45 degrees with various of steering angles and/or focal planes.     

Optimized iterative quantization algorithm for phase-only beam shaping masks

In this work, we present a novel and improved method for designing a quantized phase-only beam shaping mask. The algorithm is based on iteratively quantizing the phase while forcing the phase error to produce energy outside the area of interest.The new approach performs well for binary phase-only masks even when a gray level output distribution is required. While comparing to other well-known methods, the proposed approach was found to have fast, simple and stable numerical convergence with low root mean square error as well as high efficiency and signal to noise ratio.     

Programmable agile beam steering based on a liquid crystal prism

To meet the application need for agile precision beam steering, a novel liquid crystal prism device with a simple structure, convenient control, low cost and applicable performance is presented, and analysed theoretically and experimentally. The relationships between the optical path and the thickness of the liquid crystal cell under different voltages are investigated quantitatively by using a theoretical model. Analysis results show that the optical path profile of the liquid crystal prism has a quasi-linear slope and the standard deviation of the linear slope is less than 16 nm. The slope ratio can be changed by a voltage, which achieves the programmable beam steering and control. Practical liquid crystal prism devices are fabricated. Their deflection angles and wavefront profiles with different voltages are experimentally tested. The results are in good agreement with the simulated results. The results imply that the agile beam steering in a scope of 100 μrad with a micro-rad resolution is substantiated in the device. The two-dimensional beam steering is also achieved by cascading two liquid crystal prism devices.     

Status of single-model optical fiber standardization in the electronic industries association (EIA)

This paper introduces and analyzes revolutionary laser system architecture capable of dramatically reducing the complexity of laser systems while simultaneously increasing capability. The architecture includes three major subsystems. The first is a phased array of laser sources. In this article, we discuss diode-pumped fiber lasers as the elements of the phased array, although other waveguide lasers can also be considered. The second provides wavefront control and electronics beam steering, as described in an IEEE Proceedings article on “Optical Phased Array Technology” [1]. The third is subaperture receiver technology. Combining these three technologies into a new laser systems architecture results in a system that has graceful degradation, can steer to as wide an angle as individual optical phased array subapertures, and can be scaled to high power and large apertures through phasing of a number of subapertures. Diode-pumped fiber lasers are appealing as laser sources because they are electrically pumped, efficient, relatively simple, and scalable to significant power levels (over 100 Watts has been demonstrated from a single diode-pumped fiber laser) [2]. The fiber laser design also lends itself to integration into a phased array. Fiber lasers have been phased. Initial phasing demonstrations have been at low power and were conducted by taking a single source, dividing it into multiple fibers, then phasing them together. To develop this technology further we need to use independent fiber lasers or fiber amplifiers, seeded by a common source, and to increase laser power. As we increase laser power, we will have to learn to cope with nonlinearities in the laser amplifiers. Optical Phased Array technology has demonstrated steering over a 90-degree field of regard [4], although this approach used additional optical components. If we use straightforward optical phased array beam steering without additional optics we can steer with high efficiency to about one-third λ/d, where d is the smallest individually addressable element. The one-third factor depends on the efficiency threshold. For example, if we use 1.5 μm light, and 5 μm center-to-center spacing, we can steer with high efficiency to about ±6 degrees, or a field of regard of 12 degrees. Last, we need to develop a subaperture receive technology. This can be a pupil plane receiver, an image plane receiver, or some combination of the approaches. When we have matured each individual technology and combined them into new laser systems architectures, we will have the ability to build simpler and more capable laser systems. The vision for an integrated, phased array laser concept is to enable a new class of laser systems with significant advantages, including high-efficiency, all-electric laser source; all waveguide beam transport; wavefront control at the sub-aperture level (enabling wavefront compensation, conformal apertures, and wide-angle electronic beam steering); random access beam pointing over wide angles; multiple simultaneous beam generation and control; and graceful degradation.     

瞬态波位移场计算方法在相控阵声场模拟中的实验验证

通过实验研究了声束偏转不同角度和声场半径变化时线性相控阵的声场特性,并与基于瞬态波位移解析解的相控阵声场计算方法得到的理论结果进行了对比。首先研究了基于半圆圆弧离面瞬态位移的声场计算方法,并进行了数值计算可靠性的优化。然后建立了一套相控阵瞬态波位移场的测量系统,以半圆形钢板为试件,纵波传感器为接收传感器,测量了偏转角度为-10°,-30°,-50°,-70°,及声场半径为50 mm,75 mm,100 mm和125 mm时线性超声相控阵的声束指向性;同时以基于瞬态波位移解析解的相控阵声场计算方法,计算了相同条件下该相控阵的声束指向性。最后将实验结果与理论结果进行了对比,取得了较好的一致。说明基于瞬态波位移的相控阵声场计算方法可以较好地计算线阵的声场,对于声束偏转较大角度和声场半径变化时也同样有效。      

利用光束整形器件阵列消除电寻址空间光调制器的"黑栅"效应

研究了电寻址空间光调制器中由于低开口率所引起的"黑栅"效应对图像质量的影响。提出了一种基于纯相位型光束整形器件阵列的"黑栅"消除方法,并分析了该方法的基本原理。介绍了用Gerchberg Saxton相位恢复算法来设计光束整形器件的基本思路,给出了光束整形的结果。理论分析及仿真计算表明,该方法能有效地消除电寻址空间光调制器相邻像素之间的黑带。     

Beam steering and deflecting device using step-based micro-blazed grating

The rapidly evolving demands of optical communications and optical switching systems have created a new market for high capacity all-optical beam steering and deflecting techniques. One technology potentially capable of realizing such systems uses the multistep micro-blazed grating optical beam deflectors based on binary and multiple-phase modulation methods. The micro-optical element has been fabricated by introducing very large scale integration (VLSI), stepping photolithography and reactive ion etching (RIE), which can realize beam steering, deflecting, splitting, and switching in free space, and its diffraction properties are determined by the blazed-grating parameters, such as the number of steps, grating depth, grating period, as well as blazed profile. The theoretical analysis and primarily experimental result show that this phase-type element has the advantages of high diffractive efficiency, low cross talk, small feature size, and high reliability due to nonmechanical beam steering without any moving parts. Hence it is ideally suited to applications in optical communication and optical interconnection network.     

Wavelength-Multiplexing Diffractive Phase Element with Quantized Phase Structure

We have reported on the design algorithm of the wavelength-multiplexing diffractive phase element (WMDPE) capable of generating independent spot patterns for more than two wavelengths. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18 (2001) 1082] In this paper, the stepwise quantization method proposed by F. Wyrowski [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7 (1990) 961] is built into the algorithm to design the WMDPE with quantized phase structure. Validity of the method is verified by the WMDPE for 7 wavelengths with 9 phase levels. The optical experiment demonstrates that the fabricated WMDPE generates correct patterns for different wavelengths. Performance dependence of the WMDPE on the number of quantized phase levels is discussed based on the simulation results.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Calculation of radiation acoustical fields from phased arrays with nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam model

A nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam model based on the rectangular aperture is proposed in order to overcome the limitation of paraxial Gaussian beam model which losing accuracy in off-axis beam fields. With the method, acoustical field generated by an ultrasonic linear phased array transducer is calculated and compared with the corresponding field obtained by Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral, paraxial multi-Gaussian beam model, and Fraunhoffer approximation method. Simulation examples show that nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam model is not limited by the paraxial approximation condition and can predict efficiently and accurately the acoustical field radiated by a linear phased array transducer over a wide range of steering angles.