Insight into the thermionic emission regimes under gold film thermal relaxation excited by a femtosecond pulse

We theoretically investigated different thermal relaxation participating in the ultrafast thermionic emission processes on gold film surface with a femtosecond pulse excitation. The thermionic emission regimes under the two temperature relaxation and the thermal diffusion relaxation were demonstrated. The simulations showed that the thermionic emission properties can be defined in the regime under two temperature relaxation by reducing the laser fluence, or widening the pulse duration or increasing the laser wavelength. It was also found that there exists a transition between the two distinct thermionic emission regimes under peculiar laser parameters of laser fluence, pulse duration and laser wavelength. The results were explained as significant intervene of laser irradiation parameters into gold film thermal relaxation processes.     

The effect of thermionic emission on the absorption of ultrashort laser pulses in semiconductors

The interaction between high-power ultrashort laser pulses and the semiconductor surface is considered with allowance for the effect of thermionic emission on the temperature dynamics of the electron and ion subsystems in a semiconductor medium. The parameters of the pulses for which thermionic emission must be taken into account are determined. A computational scheme that makes it possible to solve the problem in the three-dimensional formulation is obtained.     

Simulation of thermionic emission optimization in femtosecond laser irradiation metal film by two-layer structure

The thermionic emission of the single-layer gold thin film and the two-layer film was assembled by gold padded with other metals (Ag, Cu, and Ni) and irradiated by the femtosecond laser pulse. Additionally, the emission was simulated by a two-temperature model combined with the Richardson–Dushman equation. It was found that the two-layer metal structure can change the electron temperature of the gold surface and control the thermionic emission compared with the single-layer gold film. With the same laser fluence, the two-layer film structure may shorten the duration of thermionic emission, and the duration of the thermionic emission can be further optimized by changing the proportion of thin film thickness with gold layer in the two-layer structure. The result can be especially beneficial in the context of ultrafast electron emission induced by femtosecond laser.     

热阴极微波电子枪模拟计算

用模拟计算方法,研究了热阴极微波电子枪的束流动力学行为,采用笛卡尔坐标,编制了准三维模拟计算程序──HOTGUN.计算中除考虑了射频场外,还充分考虑了空间电荷效应(空间电荷场为轴对称场)、肖特基效应及稳态负载效应等.文中给出了HOTGUN程序与PARMELA部分模拟结果及中科院高能所自由电子激光室微波电子枪热测实验台部分实验结果的比较,最后以用于北京自由电子激光器的多腔热阴极微波电子枪为例,给出了详细的HOTGUN程序模拟计算结果.     

等离子体中热阴极鞘层的结构

结合热阴极电子发射理论和等离子体鞘层流体方程研究了热阴极附近存在虚阴极结构时的等离子体鞘层问题,采用Sagdeev势的方法讨论了鞘层解和广义Bohm判据.结果表明,不同于普通的Bohm鞘,由于热阴极附近存在大量发射电子,影响整个等离子体鞘层结构,使得进入鞘层的离子临界Mach数不是独立的常数,而是与鞘层电位降等参数有关的物理量.临界Mach数随着鞘层电位降（从鞘边缘到虚阴极）先增大后降低,并且随着热阴极温度的升高单调增大.此外,在平板模型下有相当可观的残余热发射电子越过虚阴极鞘层进入等离子体. 关键词： 鞘层 热阴极发射 Bohm判据     

新型注铯镁金属光阴极的实验研究

报道了用于激光驱动高亮度注入器的新型光阴极的实验研究.用铯离子注入的方法得到了在镁基底上的掺铯合金光阴极,研究了注入、溅射及光电发射的机制和参数.用此阴极得到了比纯金属镁阴极高约一个量级的量子效率和绿光下的单光子发射效应,为用于强流短脉冲电子束的光阴极研究提供了新的途径. 关键词：     

Ultrafast dynamics of thermionic emission on Au film under femtosecond laser excitation

A high-fidelity numerical model for investigations of the ultrafast heating is highly desirable for simulating the pulsed laser damage and the ultrafast electron emission characteristics. However, realization of accurate predictions of thermal dynamics and thermionic electron emission remains challenging due to the high non-equilibrium state, in which the equilibrium heating parameters are invalid. Here, we report an axisymmetric two-dimensional (2-D) high-fidelity numerical model for predictions of the thermionic emission with respect to the temperature-dependent dynamics parameters. The spatio-temporal temperature evolution dynamics and the thermionic emission rate characteristics on Au film target are demonstrated, whose credibility is approved by the Au film ablation threshold experiments.     

共面线多阳极大面积光电倍增管的研制

提出了一种新型的基于共面线结构的多阳极光电倍增管(CPWMA-PMT),可实现大的工作面积、反射式光电阴极和近贴式聚焦方式。阐述了CPWMA-PMT的工作原理,分析了设计与研制中的关键问题。对所研制的CPLMA-PMT进行了参量测试,验证了在近贴聚焦工作条件下采用共面线多阳极结构的可行性,并提出了进一步的改进方向。     

A new type of intense CO2 laser induced electron emission from a gold surface

We describe the first experimental demonstration of a strong, short duration electron emission from a gold surface irradiated by an intense nanosecond CO₂ laser pulse (λ = 10.6 μm). The emission can neither be explained by multiphoton photoeffect, nor by pure thermionic emission. We interpret it as a dynamic optical field emission process.     

Temporal response of laminated graded-bandgap GaAs-based photocathode with distributed Bragg reflection structure: Model and simulation

To describe the dynamic response characteristics of the laminated graded-bandgap GaAs-based photocathode with distributed Bragg reflection structure, a general theoretical temporal response model is deduced by combining the unsteady continuity equation and numerical calculation method. Through the model, the contribution of the distribution Bragg reflection structure and graded-bandgap emission layer to the temporal response are investigated. Meanwhile, the relationships between the temporal response characteristics of the laminated GaAs-based photocathode and different structural parameters are also analyzed, including average electron decay time, emission layer thickness, and incident light wavelength. It is found that the introduction of distribution Bragg reflection (DBR) layer solves the discrepancy between the absorption capability of the emission layer and the temporal response. Moreover, the distributed Bragg reflection layer can improve the time response by optimizing the initial photoelectron distribution. The improvement effect of the DBR layer on the temporal response is enhanced with the emission layer thickness decreasing or the incident light wavelength increasing. These results explain the effect of the DBR layer of the photocathode on the dynamic characteristics, which can offer a new insight into the dynamic research of GaAs-based photocathode.     

Thermally assisted multiphoton photoelectric emission from tungsten

The dependence of photocurrent on laser intensity has been studied up to the damage threshold of tungsten using 30 ps pulses from a Nd:YAG laser. For intensities below ～1 GW/cm², four-photon photoelectric emission is observed. For higher intensities three-photon assisted thermionic emission dominates. A generalized Fowler-DuBridge theory accounts quantitatively for our observations. A polycrystal surface cleaned by picosecond laser pulses has a work function different from surfaces cleaned by ordinary heating methods.     

A THEORETICAL SIMULATION FOR ACHIEVING HIGH SPATIAL COHERENCE OF LABORATORY X-RAY LASERS

An efficient method to achieve high spatial coherence of laboratory soft-X-ray laser is presented, in which a pinhole can be used in "four-target series coupling" experiment to obtain a fully coherent X-ray laser. The model of amplified spontaneous emission is used to describe the characteristics and spatial coherence properties of a soft-X-ray laser beam. The simulation results show that the method is feasible.     

Opto-thermionic refrigeration in semiconductor heterostructures.

Combining the ideas of laser cooling and thermionic cooling, we have proposed an opto-thermionic cooling process, and investigated its cooling effect caused by the light emission from a quantum well embedded into a semiconductor pn junction. For a GaAs/AlGaAs opto-thermionic refrigerator in which the Auger recombination is the major nonradiative process, cooling can be achieved in a finite range of bias voltage. Using the measured values of the Auger coefficient, our calculated cooling rate is at least several watts/cm(2).     

Transmission confocal laser scanning microscopy with a virtual pinhole based on nonlinear detection

We present a transmission-mode confocal laser scanning microscope system based on the use of second-harmonic generation (SHG) for signal detection. Our method exploits the quadratic intensity dependence of SHG to preferentially reveal unscattered signal light and reject out-of-focus scattered background. The SHG crystal acts as a virtual pinhole that remains self-aligned without the need for descanning.     

直线感应加速器用光阴极实验研究

通过适当地改造2 MeV注入器实验平台,使系统具备了开展光阴极研究的能力,主要的改动有:将观察窗材料改为石英,增加266 nm固体激光器,对原有的时序控制方式进行修改以满足同步触发方面的要求。研究的阴极材料为含钪储备式热阴极,实验中最高加热到了740℃,观测到了光电发射和光致等离子体发射现象,最大的激光功率密度为1.3 MW/cm2,最大发射电流密度约为16 A/cm2,光电发射的量子效率约为0.05‰。     

Enhanced two temperature modeling of ultrashort laser ablation for the investigation of thermionic emission characteristics

Characteristics of thermionic electron emission during femtosecond laser ablation of gold film are studied numerically. For the rigorous calculation of electron and lattice temperatures, an enhanced two-temperature model with transient thermal and optical properties is developed and it is demonstrated that the model predicts the damage threshold fluences closely matching experimental data. From the calculated electron emission characteristics, quantum efficiency and electron current density are estimated.     

铝合金中铬元素的时间分辨激光诱导击穿光谱高灵敏检测

为了消除在激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)信号检测时等离子体中强的轫致电子辐射对光电倍增管和前置信号放大器造成的不良影响,提高信号检测灵敏度,设计了一种基于CR110的门控端窗光电倍增管并用于LIBS中的微弱信号检测。该门控光电倍增管与前置信号放大器组合运用既可以成功抑制激光等离子体中强的轫致电子辐射的背景干扰,又可以进一步放大微弱的原子辐射信号,提高光谱分析的灵敏度。用LIBS分析铝合金标样中的微量铬元素,采用该门控光电倍增管时其检出限可以达到5.55 ppm,与采用普通光电倍增管的相比改善了近6倍,显示出该门控光电倍增管在时间分辨信号检测领域良好的应用效果。     

激光共聚焦近红外荧光扫描系统光学设计

为了实现对近红外荧光的高分辨率扫描,设计了工作在近红外光谱区的激光共聚焦光学系统。采用结构简单的凹凸双透镜物镜实现了照明光路和发射光路的设计,并采用Zemax软件进行了光学设计和仿真。实验表明:照明光路的聚焦弥散斑小于1 m,照明针孔处的聚焦光斑小于40 m,满足照明针孔的尺寸要求;发射针孔处的聚焦光斑小于10 m,满足探测针孔尺寸要求;同时照明光路和发射光路的MTF曲线的截止频率都分别满足其衍射极限分辨率的要求,照明光路在全视场空间分辨率420 lp/mm处MTF0.08,发射光路在全视场空间频率400 lp/mm处MTF0.07。     

光发射模块的实现及直线感应加速器注入器的模拟

本文研究开发直线感应加速器的光发射模块,并验证该模块的正确性.首先建立光发射模型,该模型确立阴极参数和入射激光与宏粒子初始值间的关系,并将该模型实现到代码中;其次,根据实验参数建立注入器模型,模拟光阴极的发射过程;最后,将模拟结果与实验结果比较,发现模拟的发射电流与实验电流吻合,发射度与理论分析一致,验证了模拟的正确性.