共沉淀法制备Ag/AgCl-TiO2空心复合纳米微球及其光催化性能

通过甲基丙烯酸与苯乙烯聚合制备了表面负电性的聚苯乙烯(PSt)纳米乳胶粒. 在乙醇与水的混合溶剂中, 用硅烷偶联剂乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷对其进行表面改性后加入钛酸四丁酯、 氯化钠和硝酸银, 以PSt乳胶粒为模板采用共沉淀法制备了PSt-AgCl-TiO₂复合微球. 在180 ℃对其进行液相预处理及煅烧去除PSt模板后制备了Ag/AgCl-TiO₂空心复合粒子. 对各阶段产物的形貌、 晶体结构和比表面积等进行了表征. 结果表明, 所得产物为Ag/AgCl与锐钛矿型TiO₂复合的空心粒子, 其比表面远大于商品TiO₂(P25). 考察了Ag/AgCl-TiO₂复合粒子在紫外光与可见光下对罗丹明B(RhB)降解的催化活性. 结果表明, 在紫外光下n(Ag)/n(Ti)=0.1%的Ag/AgCl-TiO₂复合粒子活性最高, 30 min时对RhB的降解率比不含Ag/AgCl的TiO₂空心微球提高了13%; 虽然Ag/AgCl-TiO₂在可见光下的催化活性远比紫外光下低, 但与纯TiO₂空心纳米微球相比其催化活性仍明显增强. n(Ag)/n(Ti)=2.0%的Ag/AgCl-TiO₂复合粒子催化活性最高, 120 min时对RhB的降解率比不含Ag/AgCl的TiO₂空心微球提高了38%.     

铋掺杂介孔二氧化钛的制备及光催化动力学

以介孔分子筛(KIT-6)为载体,采用溶液浸渍法合成了铋(Bi)掺杂的介孔二氧化钛(TiO₂)光催化剂。利用XRD、TEM、SEM、XPS、N₂吸附-脱附法和拉曼光谱法等技术手段对材料的结构和形貌进行表征。通过紫外-可见吸收光谱法考察了催化剂对罗丹明B光催化降解效率,进一步考察了Bi的掺杂量对光催化反应速率的影响,并对光催化降解动力学进行了初步研究。结果表明,Bi掺杂的介孔TiO₂具有较窄的孔径分布(3~4 nm),而且吸收范围扩展到可见光区,其光催化活性明显高于商品TiO₂(P25)。随之Bi掺杂量的提高,反应速率常数也增大,其光催化降解罗丹明B的反应均符合准一级动力学方程。     

Ti-MOF Derived N-Doped TiO2 Nanostructure as Visible-light-driven Photocatalyst

Nanostructured N-doped TiO₂ photocatalyst has been prepared via a new approach from Ti-based MOF[NH₂-MIL-125(Ti)] precursor. The success of N doping enhances light absorption and narrows the bandgap. Moreover, the as-prepared nanostructure is constructed with tiny nanoparticles and resembles a pie-like morphology inherited from the MOF, which accelerates electron transfer. Hence, as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue(MB) under visible light irradiation, the N-doped TiO₂(N-TiO₂) nanostructure shows higher photocatalytic activity with a reaction rate constant of 0.018 min^-1 than that of the TiO₂-P25 and TiO₂ under the visible light.     

Si掺杂TiO2催化剂的结构与可见光催化活性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出Si⁴⁺离子掺杂的TiO₂可见光催化剂 (TiO₂-xSi),该催化剂的可见光催化活性高于纯TiO₂和N掺杂的TiO₂(TiO₂-N).利用XRD、XPS、FT-IR和UV-Vis DRS等表征技术,研究了TiO₂-xSi催化剂的晶体结构、能带结构和表面性质.研究发现:掺入Si⁴⁺离子在TiO₂粒子表面主要形成Ti-O-Si结构,并在导带下0.2-0.6 eV区域形成表面态能级,该表面态能级的存在是催化剂产生可见光响应、实现可见光催化的根本原因.另外,讨论了Si⁴⁺离子的掺杂对金红石相和晶粒的生长抑制作用,以及催化剂的比表面积和表面羟基物种增加对可见光催化活性的影响.     

LaNiO3/TiO2纳米管阵列的电化学制备及其光催化性能

利用脉冲电沉积与高温退火相结合的方法制备了镍酸镧(LaNiO₃)纳米颗粒负载的二氧化钛(TiO₂)纳米管阵列. 修饰于TiO₂纳米管阵列上的LaNiO₃纳米颗粒粒径小（< 10 nm）、分布均匀、负载量可控,一些LaNiO₃纳米颗粒沉积于TiO₂纳米管内. 紫外可见吸收光谱显示,LaNiO₃/TiO₂纳米管阵列的吸收带边较TiO₂纳米管阵列明显红移,可见光吸收明显增强. 可见光下光催化降解罗丹明B（RhB）的结果表明,脉冲循环沉积500次制得的LaNiO₃/TiO₂纳米管阵列的光催化活性最佳,其对RhB光催化降解速率是TiO₂纳米管阵列的3.5倍,并且表现出极好的光催化稳定性.     

掺杂WO3的SiO2/TiO2的溶胶热液合成及光催化性能

采用溶胶-热液合成法制备了掺杂WO₃的SiO₂/TiO₂复合光催化剂,用X射线衍射、红外光谱、Zeta电位分析、BET和透射电镜对样品进行了表征,并以甲基橙降解评价了其光催化性能.结果表明:改性后的光催化剂表现出较高的光催化性能,WO₃和SiO₂不仅增加了锐钛矿TiO₂的稳定性,并阻止了TiO₂晶粒的聚集生长.     

RE-B共掺杂片层TiO2的合成及其光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法,利用钛酸四丁酯、硝酸镧、硝酸铈和硼酸为原料,对TiO₂光催化剂进行稀土-B(RE-B)的共掺杂改性制备和性能研究。采用X-射线衍射法(XRD)、冷场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见吸收(UV-Vis)光谱和荧光(PL)光谱对制得样品的相组成、表面形貌结构、表面元素组成、光响应范围及带隙能和电子-空穴的复合情况进行了初步分析。结果表明,所制掺杂TiO₂的组成均为锐钛矿型,掺杂使晶格发生了较大畸变,且细晶粒由未掺杂的27 nm减小到RE-B-TiO₂的10 nm,形貌为片层状不规则堆放状态存在。XPS结果表明掺杂元素有效进入二氧化钛, PL谱显示共掺杂可有效延长光催化剂的载流子寿命。掺杂后吸收边均红移, La-B-TiO₂由TiO₂的405 nm移动到466 nm,相应地禁带宽度减小了0.4 eV。光催化实验表明:2 h内降解亚甲基蓝(MB)时掺杂能够同时提高紫外和可见光下二氧化钛的光催化效率,而共掺杂的降解效果又优于单掺杂, La-B-TiO₂紫外光下的降解率达到80.67%,为同等条件下纯TiO₂的2.7倍,可见光下的降解率为74.78%。     

Enhanced Visible-light Photocatalytic Activity of g-C3N4/Nitrogen-doped Graphene Quantum Dots/TiO2 Ternary Heterojunctions for Ciprofloxacin Degradation with Narrow Band Gap and High Charge Carrier Mobility

Limited visible-light absorption and high recombination rate of photogenerated charges are two main drawbacks in g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts. To solve these problems, g-C₃N₄/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs)/TiO₂ ternary heterojunctions were facilely prepared via a one-step calcining method. The morphology, structure, optical and electrochemical properties of g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ were characterized and explored. The optimal g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ composite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance of ciprofloxacin (CIP) compared with the as-prepared g-C₃N₄, TiO₂(P25) and g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ heterojunction under visible light irradiation. The apparent rate constant of the composite is around 6.43, 4.03 and 2.30 times higher than those of g-C₃N₄, TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄/TiO₂, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency should be mainly attributed to the improvement of light absorption and charge separation and transfer efficiency, originating from the narrow band gap and high charge carrier mobility. The active species trapping experiments results showed that the h⁺ and ^·O₂^- were the main active species in the degradation process. A possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of the g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ composite for the enhanced degradation of CIP under visible light irradiation was also proposed.     

一步火焰辅助热解法制备Fe掺杂嵌碳TiO2及其光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯、无水乙醇和无水氯化铁为前驱体,通过一步火焰辅助热解法制备了Fe掺杂嵌碳TiO₂,并研究了样品的光催化活性. 利用扫描电子显微镜及能谱、X射线光电子能谱、X射线粉末衍射和紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱等对样品的形貌、组分、晶型和光吸收进行了表征,并研究了样品在紫外和可见光下的光催化活性. 结果表明,无需后续热处理可直接得到主要是锐钛矿相TiO₂的样品,Fe³⁺以替位掺杂形式进入TiO₂晶格,随掺杂量增加,样品在可见光区域的吸光度提高,吸收带边红移. Fe掺杂量（摩尔分数）小于0.2%可改善样品的光催化活性,当Fe掺杂量为0.1%时,样品在可见光和紫外-可见光照射下均显示出最高的降解亚甲基蓝速率.     

LaCoO_3-TiO_2纳米管阵列的构筑及可见光光催化性能

TiO_2纳米管阵列具有较高的光催化活性,但可见光吸收弱,限制了其太阳能利用和环境应用。窄带隙的钙钛矿(ABO3)型氧化物能够吸收大范围波段的可见光,且稳定性高,但光催化活性低。本文首先采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了LaCoO_3纳米颗粒,然后利用电泳沉积技术将LaCoO_3纳米颗粒修饰于TiO_2纳米管阵列表面,构筑了LaCoO_3-TiO_2纳米管阵列。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的表征结果显示溶胶-凝胶法合成的纳米颗粒为LaCoO_3,其尺寸均匀,结晶度高,平均粒径约为100nm。LaCoO_3纳米颗粒与TiO_2纳米管阵列之间的结合力好。紫外可见吸收光谱(DRS)显示,随着电泳沉积时间的延长,LaCoO_3-TiO_2纳米管阵列的吸收带边逐渐红移700nm。可见光下光催化降解甲基橙(MO)的结果表明,电泳沉积15 min制得的LaCoO_3-TiO_2纳米管阵列对MO的光催化效率最高,其降解速率是相同条件下TiO_2纳米管阵列的4倍。光致发光光谱和电化学阻抗谱证实LaCoO_3纳米颗粒的负载有效地促进了光生电荷的分离和传输,可见光光催化活性明显增强。     

Ag掺杂型空心TiO2纳米微球的制备与表征及其光催化性能

通过甲基丙烯酸与苯乙烯的乳液聚合制备了表面载有阴离子的聚苯乙烯(PSt)纳米乳胶粒. 在乙醇与水的混合溶剂中, 用硅烷偶联剂乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷对其进行表面改性. 以此乳胶粒为模板, 加入钛酸四丁酯和硝酸银制备了Ag₂O掺杂型聚苯乙烯/二氧化钛(PSt/TiO₂)复合微球. 对该微球在180 °C进行液相预处理、干燥、500 °C煅烧等步骤制备了Ag 掺杂型Ag-TiO₂复合粒子. 通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对PSt/TiO₂复合粒子及Ag-TiO₂空心粒子的形貌及晶体结构等进行了表征. 考察了Ag-TiO₂复合粒子在紫外光(365 nm)与紫外-可见光(370-760 nm)下对罗丹明B (RhB)降解的催化活性. 结果表明, 与不含银的TiO₂空心微球相比, 在紫外光照射下, 银含量(n_Ag/n_Ti)为0.1%的Ag-TiO₂复合粒子对RhB的降解率提高了11%左右; 在紫外-可见光照射下, n_Ag/n_Ti为1.0%和2.0% 的Ag-TiO₂复合粒子对RhB的降解率提高了30%左右.     

Preparation and Photocatalysis of Mesoporous TiO2 Nanofibers via an Electrospinning Technique

Mesoporous TiO₂ nanofibers have been synthesized by a new method that combines sol-gel chemistry and electrospinning technique. The obtained mesoporous TiO₂ nanofibers were characterized with scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under UV light irradiation. The results show that mesoporous TiO₂ nanofibers exhibit higher photocatalytic activity compared with nonporous TiO₂ nanofibers.     

Heterostructured Nitrogen and Sulfur co-Doped Black TiO2/g-C3N4 Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

Conventional titanium dioxide(TiO₂) photocatalyst could absorb only ultraviolet light due to its wide bandgap. In this paper, black TiO₂ with narrow bandgap was prepared by introducing oxygen vacancies. Meanwhile, nitrogen(N) and sulfur(S) elements were doped to further broaden the visible light response range of TiO₂(NS-BT), and then heterostructured N,S-doped black TiO₂/g-C₃N₄(CN/NS-BT) was successfully constructed by easily accessible route. The formation of CN/NS-BT heterojunction structure increased the generation and separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, as well as accelerated the transfer rate of the carriers. The as-prepared CN/NS-BT exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance towards the degradation of Rhodamine B(RhB) under visible light irradiation with satisfactory stability. The apparent reaction rate constant of CN/NS-BT(0.0079) was 15.8-fold higher than that of commercial P25(0.0005). The structure, morphology, chemical composition and optical properties of the as-prepared CN/NS-BT were characterized by various analytical methods, and possible photocatalytic enhancement mechanism was proposed. Overall, CN/NS-BT composites look promising as photocatalytic material for future environmental treatment.     

Keggin型铬取代的磷钨杂多阴离子/二氧化钛纳米膜光催化剂的制备及可见光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯Ti(OC₄H₉)₄为TiO₂前驱体,Keggin型铬取代的杂多阴离子PW₁₁Cr为可见光活性组分,采用溶胶-凝胶提拉法在玻片表面制备了PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂纳米膜光催化剂,并用UV-Vis DRS、IR、XRD、SEM和TEM等技术手段对催化剂的光吸收性质、化学组成、晶相和表面结构形貌等进行了表征;讨论了膜中PW₁₁Cr和TiO₂相互作用的方式;以染料模型污染物RhB的可见光催化降解为探针,评估了PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂光催化剂的可见光催化活性,讨论了光催化反应机理,并与TiO₂的光催化反应机理进行了比较;考察了焙烧温度、PW₁₁Cr剂量和溶液pH值对光催化活性的影响;最后用RhB的循环降解实验评估了催化剂的光催化稳定性。 实验结果表明,PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂光催化剂对可见光有明显吸收,较低焙烧温度(100 ℃)下得到的膜为无定形结构,而较高焙烧温度(500 ℃)为纳晶结构;前者的光催化活性较高,在200 W金卤灯照射下降解10 μmol/L RhB,120 min的降解率为95%,4 h的COD去除率为72%;羟基自由基是导致RhB降解的主要氧活性物质;低的膜处理温度,高的PW₁₁Cr负载量和溶液酸性有利于提高PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂膜的光催化活性;经循环重复使用10次,PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂膜的光催化活性仅有较少损失。     

ZnO/Ag微米球的合成与光催化性能

用微波辅助多元醇法对预先制备的ZnO微米球进行修饰,合成了载银氧化锌微米球（ZnO/Ag）. 利用X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱仪、紫外-可见双光束分光光度计和光致发光光谱仪等对样品的结构、形貌和光学性能进行了表征. 在紫外光照射下,通过亚甲基蓝的降解反应研究了样品的光催化活性. 结果表明,所制备的ZnO/Ag微米球是由面心立方的Ag纳米颗粒附着在纤锌矿结构的ZnO球表面形成;与ZnO相比,ZnO/Ag的紫外-可见光吸收光谱发生明显红移,在紫外和可见光范围均有较强的吸收;随着Ag含量的增加,ZnO/Ag荧光光谱强度先减弱后增强;与ZnO相比,ZnO/Ag的光催化活性明显提高,AgNO₃ 浓度为0.05 mol/L时制得的ZnO/Ag光催化活性最高.     

MoS_2/TiO_2复合催化剂的制备及其在紫外光下的光催化制氢活性

为了研究复合光催化剂在光催化中的制氢效率,采用水热法制备了Mo S2纳米片,然后通过水热法在Mo S2纳米片上负载了TiO_2纳米颗粒,形成了Mo S2/TiO_2异质结复合催化剂。采用冷场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、拉曼光谱(Raman),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对材料的结构和光学性能表征并进行分析。通过光催化制氢测试对光催化剂进行评价,实验结果表明,在波长为365 nm的紫外光照射下,最高光催化制氢速率为1004μmol·h-1·g-1,对应的催化剂的Mo S2含量为30%,其催化速率远大于单一的Mo S2和TiO_2,表明Mo S2/TiO_2复合催化剂在紫外光照下能显著提高光催化产氢性能。基于Mo S2/TiO_2复合光催化剂优越的光催化产氢性能,本文对复合光催化剂的产氢机理做了研究和分析。     

氮铋共掺杂TiO2的合成及其可见光催化性能研究

以纳米管钛酸为钛的前驱体,Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O为N源和Bi源,采用水热法制备了N、Bi共掺杂的TiO₂;并以甲基橙为目标降解物考察了所制备样品的可见光催化性能(λ≥420 nm).利用XRD、XPS、UV-Vis DRS、TEM等技术对不同条件下制备的产物进行了表征.结果表明,所得样品主要为锐钛矿型,粒径20 nm左右,掺杂的Bi主要以Bi₂O₃和BiONO₃两种形式存在.N元素除了以NO₃^-的形式存在于BiONO₃中,还有少量N以间隙氮掺杂于TiO₂中形成Ti-O-N键.N、Bi共掺杂的TiO₂在可见光下表现出了优越的光催化性能,其中水热温度为130 ℃,Bi/Ti摩尔比为1%时,催化活性最高.催化活性的提高源于N和Bi的掺杂增加了样品对可见光的利用效率,降低了光生电子空穴的复合速率.     

Synthesis of V5+‐doped Ag/AgCl photocatalysts with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity

V⁵⁺‐doped Ag/AgCl photocatalysts were prepared via the ion exchange method. The catalysts were characterized using X‐ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray, X‐ray photoelectron, Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopies. The V⁵⁺‐doped Ag/AgCl photocatalysts show much higher photocatalytic activities than Ag/AgCl under visible light irradiation for methyl orange (MO) decomposition. Especially, the 2.0 wt% V⁵⁺‐doped Ag/AgCl photocatalyst shows the highest photocatalytic activity and also high stability after five cycles. The MO degradation rate during each cycle is almost maintained at 97%. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy and radical trapping experiments reveal that holes play an important role in the photocatalytic process.     

SnO_2/TiO_2纳米管复合光催化剂的性能及失活再生

基于微波水热法和微乳液法合成SnO2/TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、配有能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)的透射电镜(TEM)和电化学手段对光催化剂进行表征.以甲苯为模型污染物,考察光催化剂在紫外光(UV)和真空远紫外光(VUV)下的性能及失活再生.结果表明,SnO2/TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂形成三元异质结(锐钛矿相TiO2(A-TiO2)/金红石相TiO2(R-TiO2)、A-TiO2/SnO2和R-TiO2/SnO2异质结),促使光生电子-空穴对的有效分离,提高光催化活性.SnO2/TiO2表现出最佳的光催化性能,UV和VUV条件下的甲苯降解率均达100%,CO2生成速率(k2)均为P25的3倍左右.但由于UV光照矿化能力不足,中间产物易在催化剂表面累积.随着UV光照时间的增加,SnO2/TiO2逐渐失活,20 h后k2由138.5 mg·m-3·h-1下降到76.1 mg·m-3·h-1.利用VUV再生失活的SnO2/TiO2,过程中产生的·OH、O2-·、O(1D)、O(3P)、O3等活性物质可氧化吸附于催化剂活性位的难降解中间产物,使催化剂得以再生,12 h后k2恢复到143.6 mg·m-3·h-1.UV和VUV的协同效应使UV降解耦合VUV再生成为一种可持续的光催化降解污染物模式.