(H_2O)_n(n=0～2)催化HS和HOCl反应机理的理论研究

在CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p)//M06-2X/6-311+G(3df,2p)水平上研究了(H_2O)n(n=0~2)催化HS和HOCl的反应机理.结果表明,HS与HOCl反应中HS夺取HOCl上的H原子形成产物H_2S和ClO.在无水催化时,该反应存在2种不同的路径(分别经过过渡态TS1和TS2,二者互为顺反结构),对应的能垒分别为100.28和100.91kJ/mol,到达产物(H_2S+ClO)需吸收18.99kJ/mol能量,反应不易发生;在单个水分子参与时,水分子可通过形成弱相互作用或者作为H原子转移桥梁影响反应机理,获得了4种水催化路径,能垒(间于53.97~92.39kJ/mol之间)均低于无水催化过程.同时发现,在反应到达产物前,水分子可以与产物形成中间体IM,IM相对能仅为0.46kJ/mol,有利于产物形成;有2个水分子参与反应时,找到了3条催化路径,最优反应路径过渡态TS7的能垒为45.05kJ/mol,低于无水催化过程,相比单个水分子最优路径能垒(53.97kJ/mol)并无显著降低.     

铂催化2-烯炔苯甲醛水合环化反应的机理及化学选择性的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的计算方法, 研究了铂催化2-烯炔基苯甲醛水合环化反应的微观机理及化学选择性的根源. 计算结果表明, 首先炔基被催化活化而发生亲核环化生成吡喃铂中间体; 接着吡喃铂中间体与烯烃双键发生[3+2]环加成生成铂-碳卡宾复合物; 之后, 反应将沿2条路径进行, 得到产物3a或4a, 其中4a的生成需经两步水分子辅助的质子转移过程. 生成产物3a需要克服的活化能垒为146.5 kJ/mol; 对4a的生成, 烯醇式和酮式互变异构是决速步聚, 当一个水分子参与反应时, 对应的能垒为185.8 kJ/mol, 当2个和3个水分子参与反应时, 能垒分别降低到128.1和64.9 kJ/mol. 因此, 水分子参与催化得到产物4a的路径是有利的. 另外, 反应的选择性与在异构化过程中水的共催化作用有关. 以上结果很好地解释了实验现象, 并为铂催化水环化反应提供新的见解.     

铑(Ⅰ)催化烯烃碳酰化反应机理:手性聚稠环过程的对映选择性

采用密度泛函理论方法研究了[Rh(R,R-DIOP)]+[DIOP=(1R,2R)-1,2-O-异丙叉-1,2-二醚氧基-1,2-双(二苯基磷基)乙烷]催化下苯并环丁酮手性聚稠环过程在气相、四氢乙呋喃(THF)及水中的反应机理.计算结果表明,在气相中反应容易进行,经TS2形成六元环的过程为决速步骤,但产物无明显的对映选择性.在THF中,S-和R-通道的C—C键活化能垒仅由79.5和69.3 kJ/mol提高到80.2和88.8 kJ/mol,未改变反应的实质;Rh与2个C原子的配位明显弱于气相,相对于催化剂和反应物自由能之和,S-和R-通道的反应总能垒分别提高到63.8和68.1 kJ/mol.对于S-通道,溶剂THF使经TS2的能垒升至112.0 kJ/mol,仍为整个过程的决速步骤;然而对R-通道,溶剂使经TS1形成五元环过程的能垒升至91.5 kJ/mol,但使经TS2的能垒由78.9 kJ/mol降至77.7 kJ/mol,IM1→TS1成为决速步骤.在以水为溶剂时,经TS1形成五元环的过程成为2个通道的决速步骤,其在S-和R-通道中的能垒分别为102.5和94.9 kJ/mol.因此,溶剂改变了反应的决速步骤及能垒.3种方法均预测R-通道为主反应路径,但THF能明显增加产物的对映选择性.采用自然键轨道(NBO)电荷分析了反应过程中电荷的变化.     

四氯化硅催化氢化合成三氯氢硅机理研究

针对四氯化硅催化氢化过程采用第一性原理机理对其进行模拟研究,结果表明:没有催化剂时,SiCl4与H2反应能垒为464.45 kJ/mol,反应能量为74.94 kJ/mol,与热力学计算结果 71.85 kJ/mol一致.负载在HZSM-5分子筛上的氯化钡可催化四氯化硅氢化反应,其最具催化活性表面为(111)面;H2在BaCl2(111)面上表现排斥性;SiCl4表现为吸附性,可在BaCl2(111)表面稳定吸附并生成.SiCl3自由基,过程吸附能为448.33 kJ/mol;在催化剂BaCl2存在条件下,SiCl4与H2反应为自由基反应,反应步骤能垒为400.23 kJ/mol;氢化过程能垒降为184.97kJ/mol;催化氢化反应过程所需能量为64.20 kJ/mol.催化氢化过程反应条件相对无催化剂过程更为温和.     

铂催化2-烯炔苯甲醛水合环化反应的机理及化学选择性的理论研究（英文）

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的计算方法,研究了铂催化2-烯炔基苯甲醛水合环化反应的微观机理及化学选择性的根源.计算结果表明,首先炔基被催化活化而发生亲核环化生成吡喃铂中间体;接着吡喃铂中间体与烯烃双键发生[3+2]环加成生成铂-碳卡宾复合物;之后,反应将沿2条路径进行,得到产物3a或4a,其中4a的生成需经两步水分子辅助的质子转移过程.生成产物3a需要克服的活化能垒为146.5 k J/mol;对4a的生成,烯醇式和酮式互变异构是决速步聚,当一个水分子参与反应时,对应的能垒为185.8 k J/mol,当2个和3个水分子参与反应时,能垒分别降低到128.1和64.9 k J/mol.因此,水分子参与催化得到产物4a的路径是有利的.另外,反应的选择性与在异构化过程中水的共催化作用有关.以上结果很好地解释了实验现象,并为铂催化水环化反应提供新的见解.     

木质素模化物紫丁香酚热解机理的量子化学研究

采用密度泛函理论方法B3LYP/6-31G++(d,p),对木质素模化物紫丁香酚的热解反应机理进行了量子化学理论研究。提出了三种可能的热解反应途径,对各种反应的反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的结构进行了能量梯度全优化。计算了各热解反应途径的标准动力学参数,分析了各种主要热解产物的形成演化机理。键离解能计算结果表明,紫丁香酚中CH₃-O键的键离解能最小,各种键离解能的大小顺序为CH₃-O < O-H < CH₃O-C_aromatic < CH₂-H < HO-C_aromatic < C_aromatic-H。在反应路径(1)中,主要热解产物是3-甲氧基邻苯二酚,其形成反应的总能垒为366.6 kJ/mol;在反应路径(2)中主要热解产物是2-甲氧基-6-甲基苯酚,其形成反应的总能垒为474.8 kJ/mol;在反应路径(3)中形成邻甲氧基苯酚的总能垒很低,为21.4 kJ/mol,这表明,在连接甲氧基的碳原子上加氢后能够有效地降低木质素芳环模化物紫丁香酚去甲氧基反应的反应能垒。     

镍配合物催化N-烯丙基酰胺异构化反应机理

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法,对镍配合物Ni(PPh3)2催化N-烯丙基酰胺异构化生成N-丙烯基酰胺的微观反应机理进行了计算.反应涉及了C—H键活化、异构化及还原消除生成新的C—H键等步骤.对C—H键活化和异构化步骤,分别考虑了Ni(PPh_3)_2和Ni(PPh_3)的催化活性,发现均为前者对应的能垒更低;对异构化步骤,分别考虑了π-烯丙基和σ-烯丙基机理,发现前者能垒更低.在整个反应路径中,生成产物E异构体的决速能垒为141.8 kJ/mol,与生成Z异构体的决速能垒(141.1 kJ/mol)仅差0.7 kJ/mol,与实验上E/Z选择性不高(56/44)一致.Pd(PPh_3)_2催化的决速中间体和过渡态的计算表明,生成E和Z异构体的决速能垒较高,均超过175 kJ/mol,与实验上Pd(PPh_3)_4没有催化活性一致.Ni(PPh_3)_2和Pd(PPh_3)_2催化活性不同,可由Ni的d电子对烯丙基阴离子π*反键的反馈作用较Pd更强来解释.此外,通过反应物中不同取代基对产物E/Z选择性影响的分析,发现E/Z选择性不同是由各取代基在生成E和Z异构体的决速过渡态中所受空间位阻不同所导致.     

阿拉伯呋喃糖热解机理的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛涵理论(DFT)方法M062X/6-311++G(d,p)对阿拉伯呋喃糖的热解过程进行了理论研究.对其可能发生的化学反应共设计了6条热解路径,一种热解方式是呋喃糖通过H原子转移发生开环而得到中间体2,这一步反应的热裂解反应能垒是181.5 kJ/mol,并对该中间体2设计了3条反应路径分别为1-3,或开环后得到中间体26,其热解路径为6;另一种热解方式是先脱水后进行开环反应设计了2条可能的热解路径分别为4和5.对各反应路径中所有化合物的结构进行了能量梯度全优化,并计算了各热解反应途径的热力学和动力学参数.通过对计算结果分析得到呋喃热解的主反应通道为2,3和5,其热解速控步反应能垒分别为321.5,300.2和339.9 kJ/mol.乙醇醛、乙醛、CO、糠醛和丙酮等小分子是热解的主要产物.这与相关实验结果一致.     

左旋葡聚糖热解机理的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)方法,对纤维素热解的主要产物左旋葡聚糖的热解反应机理进行了理论计算分析,设计了四种可能的热解反应途径, 对各种反应的反应物、产物和过渡态的结构进行了能量梯度全优化。计算结果表明,左旋葡聚糖开环成链状中间体时,首先,左旋葡聚糖中的两个半缩醛键C(1)-O(7)和C(6)-O(8)断裂,经过渡态TS₁形成中间体IM₁,同时,C(6)-O(7)结合成键使C(5)-C(6)-O(7)形成环状结构,该反应的能垒较高,为296.53 kJ/mol,然后IM₁经过渡态TS₂转变为中间体IM₂,该反应的能垒为234.09 kJ/mol;对IM₂设计了四条可能的反应路径,反应路径2和3能垒较低,是IM₂最可能的热解反应途径;在反应路径1和4中都包含了脱羰基反应,其反应能垒较高,不易发生。     

重质有机资源热解过程中自由基诱导反应的密度泛函理论研究

以重质有机资源热解过程中的自由基反应为背景,为了探究自由基对共价键的诱导作用及其对共价键解离能的影响,采用基于密度泛函理论的研究方法,选择ωB97XD/6-31G**级别在Gaussian 09程序上对·CH3、·OH和·H分别诱导七类共价键反应过程的能量进行了理论计算。结果表明,空间位阻效应对自由基诱导反应能垒的影响占主要地位,共价键种类的影响相对次要;不存在·OH和·H的同基团诱导交换反应时,·OH诱导能垒比·H的高约40 kJ/mol,·CH3比·OH、·H的诱导能垒分别高约为50、90 kJ/mol;存在·OH或·H的同基团诱导交换反应时,会导致能垒约有70 kJ/mol的提高,在计算时应判断诱导反应的具体情况并加以修正。可以利用上述值估算不同共价键诱导反应的能垒。     

Active role of hydrogen bond and ambient water in Meyer–Schuster rearrangements in high‐temperature water

Meyer–Schuster rearrangements of 2‐phenyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol with H₃O⁺ and (H₂O)₆ model in high‐temperature water (HTW) have been investigated by the use of density functional theory calculations. In the substrate 2‐phenyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol catalyzed by H₃O⁺ and (H₂O)₆, the Meyer–Schuster rearrangements were predicted by the frontier molecular orbital theory. The results show that the rearrangement does not involve the carbonium ion intermediates, but the first transition state is carboniumion like. Dehydration and hydration may occur via the intermolecular proton relay along the hydrogen‐bond chains and the second step of reaction path is a total acid–base catalytic process. Based on the results, a model considered both HTW ambient and water molecules are proposed to represent mechanisms of other reactions in HTW. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

Kinetics and mechanism of tetrahydrofuran synthesis via 1,4-butanediol dehydration in high-temperature water

We conducted an experimental investigation into the kinetics and mechanism of tetrahydrofuran synthesis from 1,4-butanediol via dehydration in high-temperature liquid water (HTW) without added catalyst at 200-350 degrees C. The reaction was reversible, with tetrahydrofuran being produced at an equilibrium yield of 84% (at 200 degrees C) to 94% (at 350 degrees C). The addition of CO2 to the reaction mixture increased the reaction rate by a factor of 1.9-2.9, because of the increase in acidity resulting from the formation and dissociation of carbonic acid. This increase was much less than that expected (factor of 37-60) from a previously suggested acid-catalyzed mechanism. This disagreement prompted experiments with added acid (HCl) and base (NaOH) to investigate the influence of pH on the reaction rate. These experiments revealed three distinct regions of pH dependence. At high and low pH, the dehydration rate increased with increasing acidity. At near-neutral pH, however, the rate was essentially insensitive to changes in pH. This behavior is consistent with a mechanism where H2O, in addition to H+, serves as a proton donor. This work indicates that the relatively high native concentration of + (large KW), which has commonly been thought to lead to the occurrence of acid-catalyzed reactions in HTW without added catalyst, does not explain the dehydration of 1,4-butanediol in HTW without catalyst. Rather, H2O serves directly as the proton donor for the reaction.     

Kinetics and mechanism of p-isopropenylphenol synthesis via hydrothermal cleavage of bisphenol A

Although bishydroxyarylalkanes are known to be reactive in high-temperature (T > 200 degrees C) liquid water (HTW), no mechanistic insight has been given to explain the reactivity of methylene bridge-containing diaryls under hydrothermal conditions. We examined the kinetics and mechanism of p-isopropenylphenol (IPP) synthesis via bisphenol A (BPA) cleavage in HTW. The cleavage reaction is first order in BPA. Cleavage of BPA in HTW occurs by specific acid catalysis, by specific base catalysis, and by general water catalysis. Under neutral conditions, the dominant mechanism is general base catalysis with water serving as the proton acceptor. We generated a detailed chemical kinetics model for the decomposition reaction based on a base-catalyzed mechanism in the literature. This three-parameter model fit the experimental data for BPA disappearance and formation of IPP and phenol and accurately predicted the yield of the IPP hydrolysis product acetone. Using acid- and base-catalyzed mechanisms, we explain the reactivity in HTW reported for other diaryl groups linked by methylene bridges and propose criteria for assessing the reactivity of methylene bridges under hydrothermal conditions.     

DFT study of the active intermediate in the Fenton reaction

Density functional theory has been used to investigate the nature of the oxidizing agent in the Fenton reaction. Starting from the primary intermediate [FeII(H2O)5H2O2]2+, we show that the oxygen-oxygen bond breaking mechanism has a small activation energy and could therefore demonstrate the catalytic effect of the metal complex. The O-O bond cleavage of the coordinated H2O2, however, does not lead to a free hydroxyl radical. Instead, the leaving hydroxyl radical abstracts a hydrogen from an adjacent coordinated water leading to the formation of a second Fe-OH bond and of a water molecule. Along this reaction path the primary intermediate transforms into the [FeIV(H2O)4(OH)2]2+ complex and in a second step into a more stable high valent ferryl-oxo complex [FeIV(H2O)5O]2+. We show that the energy profile along the reaction path is strongly affected by the presence of an extra water molecule located near the iron complex. The alternative intermediate [FeII(H2O)4(OOH-)(H3O+)]2+ suggested in the literature has been also investigated, but it is found to be unstable against the primary intermediate. Our results support a picture in which an FeIV-oxo complex is the most likely candidate as the active intermediate in the Fenton reaction, as indeed first proposed by Bray and Gorin already in 1932.     

两类药渣的水热提质效果及其燃烧特性研究

以中药药渣（HTW）与抗生素药渣（PMW）为对象，采用X射线光电子能谱、热重分析仪、量热仪与傅里叶红外分光光度计等技术分析两类药渣的差异并探究水热处理对药渣的提质效果与作用机理。结果表明，HTW含有大量木质纤维类成分，而PMW则以蛋白质与多糖为主；尽管这两类组分在水热提质中的转化途径有所区别，但均能提高药渣的热值（HTW：从19.4到26.2 MJ/kg；PMW：从19.1到29.3 MJ/kg）。同时，药渣的煤化程度随温度的上升而增加，甚至能接近烟煤水平。此外，由于水热过程中的脱挥发分与芳构化作用使得药渣中低能量的碳氢键转变为高能量的碳碳双键，不仅改善了药渣的燃烧性能，还使药渣在燃烧过程更为稳定且充分。     

不同前驱体制备的Mn-H4SiW12O40/SiO2 催化剂对二甲醚催化氧化制取甲缩醛反应性能的影响

采用浸渍法分别用硫酸锰、醋酸锰、氯化锰和硝酸锰为原料制备了Mn-H4SiW12O40/SiO2 杂多酸催化剂。在常压连续流动固定床反应器中，考察了二甲醚选择氧化制取甲缩醛的反应活性。实验结果表明，催化剂的催化活性顺序为Mn-Cl2H4SiW12O40/SiO2>Mn(NO3)2H4SiW12O40/SiO2>MnSO4H4SiW12O40/SiO2>Mn(AC)2H4SiW12O40/SiO2。并进一步考察了反应温度对不同锰盐前驱体催化剂性能的影响。结果表明，随温度的升高，硫酸锰修饰的H4SiW12O40/SiO2 催化剂催化氧化比较剧烈，在613K时二甲醚转化率高达42.4%，但此时甲缩醛选择性仅为0.9%。采用氯化锰修饰的H4SiW12O40/SiO2催化剂，二甲醚催化氧化反应较缓和，并且甲缩醛的选择性明显高于分别采用硫酸锰、醋酸锰和硝酸锰改性的催化剂，在593K反应1h时，二甲醚转化率为8.6%，甲缩醛选择性达到37.5%。H2-TPR结果显示，硫酸锰改性的催化剂高温氧化性能明显强于另外三种催化剂，氯化锰的修饰使得催化剂的低温氧化性能变强。XRD结果表明，MnCl2 H4SiW12O40/SiO2催化剂的衍射特征峰明显强于其他三种催化剂，并且发现了MnO2衍射特征峰。     

Effects of a single water molecule on the OH + H2O2 reaction

The effect of a single water molecule on the reaction between H(2)O(2) and HO has been investigated by employing MP2 and CCSD(T) theoretical approaches in connection with the aug-cc-PVDZ, aug-cc-PVTZ, and aug-cc-PVQZ basis sets and extrapolation to an ∞ basis set. The reaction without water has two elementary reaction paths that differ from each other in the orientation of the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl radical moiety. Our computed rate constant, at 298 K, is 1.56 × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), in excellent agreement with the suggested value by the NASA/JPL evaluation. The influence of water vapor has been investigated by considering either that H(2)O(2) first forms a complex with water that reacts with hydroxyl radical or that H(2)O(2) reacts with a previously formed H(2)O·OH complex. With the addition of water, the reaction mechanism becomes much more complex, yielding four different reaction paths. Two pathways do not undergo the oxidation reaction but an exchange reaction where there is an interchange between H(2)O(2)·H(2)O and H(2)O·OH complexes. The other two pathways oxidize H(2)O(2), with a computed total rate constant of 4.09 × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) at 298 K, 2.6 times the value of the rate constant of the unassisted reaction. However, the true effect of water vapor requires taking into account the concentration of the prereactive bimolecular complex, namely, H(2)O(2)·H(2)O. With this consideration, water can actually slow down the oxidation of H(2)O(2) by OH between 1840 and 20.5 times in the 240-425 K temperature range. This is an example that demonstrates how water could be a catalyst in an atmospheric reaction in the laboratory but is slow under atmospheric conditions.     

规整Mn-Zn-Mg-Al-CO3四元LDHs层状材料的水热合成、结构及性能

以Mn(NO3)2.6H2O、Zn(NO3)2.6H2O、Mg(NO3)2.6H2O和Al(NO3)3.9H2O为原料,采用水热合成法,一步合成了Mn-Zn-Mg-Al-CO3四元LDHs层状材料。采用ICP、元素分析仪、XRD、FTIR、TG-DSC、SEM、低温氮吸附-脱附等对样品进行了表征。探讨了pH值、反应温度、反应时间和原料配比对Mn-Zn-Mg-Al-CO3四元LDHs层状材料合成的影响。结果表明,在pH=10、反应温度控制在140℃、反应时间为24 h的条件下,可以合成出结构规整、晶形良好、各层间排列紧密有序的含不同比例金属阳离子的Mn-Zn-Mg-Al-CO3四元LDHs层状材料。其吸附等温线符合V型吸附,H3滞后环,晶体内层间存在2 nm以上的孔,晶体内部结构的有序性高,层间碳酸根离子的排列整齐,通道内孔密度大、孔径小、比表面积大。     

有机废弃物在水热-热解耦合过程中NOx前驱物的释放机制研究

以城市污泥(SS)、中药药渣(HTW)和硅藻(DT)为对象,在水平管式反应器上对比研究了水热处理前后样品在热解过程中NO_x前驱物的生成特征,并结合热重(TGA)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征分析了该耦合过程对NO_x前驱物的影响机制。结果表明,在240℃下进行水热预处理能直接或间接地影响样品燃料N在不同热解阶段时的转化路径,从而在整体层面上降低NO_x前驱物的释放量,例如当热解温度为900℃时,源于水热焦燃料N的NO_x前驱物为55.0%(SS_(240))、48.1%(HTW_(240))和51.2%(DT_(240)),比未经处理样品的NO_x前驱物释放量分别少9.5%(SS)、6.0%(HTW)和15.4%(DT),但若以原料燃料N为基准,源于水热焦的NO_x前驱物则比未经处理样品的NO_x前驱物释放量分别少90.1%(SS)、41.9%(HTW)和59.8%(DT),并且对NH_3的抑制效果高于HCN。进一步根据热失重曲线及其半焦N官能团的演变规律可以推测,水热预处理对NO_x前驱物的两条影响机制,即含N官能团的脱除(对于初次反应的NH_3释放)与含N官能团的稳定化(对于二次反应的HCN释放),可为废弃物的清洁利用提供理论参考。     

系统研究溶剂和温度对形成三种钴簇基金属-有机框架化合物的影响：结构和气体吸附性质

通过调控DMSO/DMF/H2O混合溶剂中溶剂成分的物质的量比和反应温度,合成出3种基于1,3,5-三(4′-羧甲基苯基)苯(H3BTB)和氯化钴的钴簇基金属-有机框架化合物(NH2Me2)2[Co3O(BTB)2(H2O)].2H2O.4.5DMF.7.5DMSO(1),(NH2Me2)2[Co4O(BTB)8/3].6H2O.13DMSO(2)和(NH2Me2)2[Co6O3(BTB)8/3(H2O)4].5H2O.5DMF.13DMSO(3),它们分别含有三核Co3O簇、四核Co4O簇和六核Co6O3簇。这种六核簇为我们首次发现。研究表明,相对中等的温度105℃和较多DMF的使用有利于三核簇的形成;125℃高温和溶剂DMSO有利于四核簇的构建;与形成1的条件相比,较低的温度95℃和更多水的存在则有利于六核簇的生成。2和3虽然由不同的金属簇构成,但具有相同的框架结构,Schlfli符号为(43)8(48.64.812.104)3。此外,还研究了2和3抽出溶剂后产物的气体吸附性质,它们均具有较高的氢气吸附焓。