新课程理念下元素化合物教学设计探微——以苏教版高中化学新课程"从铝土矿中提取铝"一节的教学为例

元素化合物知识是中学化学内容的重要组成部分,也是高中化学新课程化学1模块教学内容的主要组成部分,在新课程背景下如何设计和有效地开展元素化合物知识的教学活动,是当前面临的一个重要课题。本文以苏教版高中化学新课程化学1专题3"从铝土矿中提取铝"一节的教学为例,阐述新课程理念下元素化合物知识教学中"从生活走进化学,从实验研究化学,从化学走向社会"的基本教学思路。     

从新课程理念看"物质用途"的教学

反思元素及其化合物知识特别是物质用途教学的现状,用新课程理念审视物质用途的教学价值,尝试从物质用途的角度探讨元素及其化合物知识教学的几种策略。     

中学化学中“铝及铝合金”的衔接教学

分析了初、高中化学对"铝及铝合金"的相关教学要求,以"Al与O2反应"及"铝热反应"为例,阐述高中元素化合物衔接教学要承前启后,要了解学生已有知识基础,要为化学反应原理和物质结构的教学提供事实性的经验,在选修教学中加深学生对元素化合物知识的理解。     

元素化合物教学的定位与设计——以高中《化学1》为例

元素化合物知识在高中化学教学中主要有2种功能:(1)作为学生建立化学概念,认识化学理论,体验化学方法的知识载体;(2)让学生认识常见物质的性质,了解典型物质与生产生活的密切关系,体验化学学习的价值。教学功能决定教学设计,以"硫的转化"为例,分析教学设计中存在的主要问题。以高中《化学 1》(山东科技版)为例,分析元素化合物教学的定位与设计思路。     

元素化合物知识在不同阶段层级发展的实践研究

高中化学新教材在内容的编排上体现了“螺旋式”上升的特点,教学中如何体现这个特点？需要教师整体把握同一内容在不断阶段的层级发展,分层落实知识。本文提出了高中学习元素化合物知识的4个阶段,每个阶段的知识和认识的层级是不同的,并结合氨气的教学实例进行了阐述。     

“铝及铝的化合物”教学设计

1指导思想及理论依据物质是化学学科的研究对象,元素化合物知识是化学学习的重要内容。新课程中元素化合物知识的编排较以往有了很大的改变,在必修1的阶段,主要是让学生建立以单一元素为核心的知识网络,为学生建立关于物质性质的感性认识,建立元素观、分类观和转化观等基本学科观念,为学生学习元素周期律及物质结构的相关知识奠定基础。     

谈课程标准对元素化合物知识的教学要求——以“钠及其化合物”为例

对元素化合物知识在课程标准和考试大纲中的要求进行分析,认为这2份文件对元素化合物知识的要求是“简约而不简单”。通过对现行的3套课程标准实验教科书中“钠及其化合物”知识的整理分析,认为现行高中化学课程并没有降低对元素化合物知识的要求,而是采取“化整为零”的教材组织策略,提出将元素化合物知识作为化学学习的对象、目标和工具的设想,并对元素化合物知识的教学提出了建议。     

无机化学元素化合物教学中的兴趣培养

针对无机化学元素化合物知识多而杂、难以掌握的特点,沿教学过程的顺序从5个方面探讨了如何激发、培养、强化、增添、发展学生学习兴趣,以期改善元素化合物知识的教学状况,使学生在愉快的氛围中掌握繁琐的知识。     

例谈新课程元素复习课中的整合性教学设计

高中化学新课程是分模块教学的,而元素化合物知识主要在必修1中呈现,高三复习时怎么处理?以硫酸和硝酸的复习为例,研讨了在复习课中通过问题的设置,实验的安排,整合性地进行教学设计,尤其是通过巧妙地问题设计,让学生认识到化学现象后面的一般性规律及认识这些规律的途径和方法。     

元素化合物复习教学的定位与设计

在以能力立意为价值取向的高考命题中,元素化合物知识成为考查化学概念与理论、化学方法与能力的载体。高考复习教学中,对元素化合物内容的科学定位是进行有效教学设计的前提,根据当前较为流行的2轮次或3轮次高考复习教学实际,第1轮次复习根据物质类别、按照通性与特性组织教学,第2轮次复习根据高考要求和高考试题特点、按照元素化合物与STS、元素化合物与氧化还原、离子反应,元素化合物与物质的制备、检验等3个专题组织教学,具体介绍复习教学设计的思路。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.