旋转圆盘电极体系上的非稳态电极过程

本文用Laplace变换和正则摄动法求解旋转圆盘电极体系的对流扩散方程,得到精确的级数解,并拟合得到近似公式。从该公式出发,经Laplace变换运算,本文得到了大幅度电位阶跃过程的电流公式和脉冲电流过程的极限电流公式。     

计时电流的因子分析-法拉第电流与充电电流的分离

基于电化学理论电流公式,用迭代目标变换因子分析法对计时电路曲线进行处理,得到分离的法拉第电流和充电电流成分,对于简单的电极过程,分离效果很好,信噪比得到提高,法拉第电流分量可用于定量分析。     

铁在盐酸溶液中的腐蚀电化学之研究

本文提出了两个新方法用以测定腐蚀电极体系的电化学参数:(1)从单支物极化曲线测定的数据进行统计分析而得腐蚀电流I_corr,Tafel斜率b_a,b_c;(2)通过Laplace变换分析,得到了对电极施加方波动电流极化时相应的极化曲线方程式。     

小电流交流示波极谱E～t曲线理论公式的推导方法

本文用电极等效电路原理推导了小交流电流情况下的E～t曲线方程式,在近似应用于大电流的情况时,与Micka公式相似,当进一步近似时即可得Micka公式,但在纯充电时可得到与Heyovsky公式相一致的结果,弥补丁Micka公式的不足,能说明一些Micka公式不能说明的现象。     

自由基接枝共聚的动力学模拟与分析

考察了典型的接枝共聚过程 ,首先由变量相关函数的内涵规律出发 ,在Eu clid空间内拟Tchebycheff意义下的曲线模型 ,对共聚过程中的均聚部分作最佳逼近 ,由此可得到接枝单体浓度的变化规律 .其方法是以数据的回归模拟处理 ,而得到单体变化最切实的描绘 .在此基础上 ,处理了接枝引发过程 .继而在n维线性空间对链增长引为向量分析 ,利用Laplace变换进行递推处理 ,推出包括链转移的接枝链增长的动态过程表达式 ,由此可获得一系列接枝动力学的微观信息 .     

阶跃电流过渡时间法定量相分析的公式和应用

本文导出了在扩散控制和薄层浸蚀条件下阶跃电流过渡时间法的定量相分析的公式。在40％NaOH+0.5％酒石酸溶液中浸蚀模具钢中的M_(23)C_6相的实验规律,如过渡时间与电流的关系、与酒石酸浓度的关系、与温度的关系等,特别是由后者计算出的电极过程的激活能的大小,证实该条件下电报过程确由参与反应离子的扩散控制着,该公式比已有的公式与实验的结果吻合得更好,应用该公式测定的模具钢中的M_(23)C_6相的含量与萃取法所得结果是一致的。     

傅里叶变换用于快扫伏安法的电流分离

根据电化学池的电学模型，推导出相应的数学模型，和傅里变变换相结合，实现了扫描伏安数据的充电电流和法拉第电流的分离。模拟数据和实验数据的处理结果表明，所提出的方法均能实现充电电流和法拉第电流的分离，得到的结果与理论模型一致。     

液相色谱动力学过程的研究—液相色谱系统质量平衡模型的建立和矩的推导

]本文在前人建立的填充柱液相色谱质量平衡模型的基础上,考虑到柱外效应（包括进样系统,进样器与填充柱及检测器与填充柱间的连接管和检测池）的影响,建立了整个色谱系统的质量平衡模型。在此基础上,通过Laplace变换的方法,导出了色谱流出曲线的一级矩和二、三级中心矩的表达式,并对结果作了讨论。     

采用粉末微电极技术改善电流型酶电极的输出性能

由于酶反应的特异性，酶电极在检测生物底物的工作中得到了较广泛的应用，然后电流型酶电极有以下的缺点，包括响应电流低，活性组份流失电极使用寿命下降以及响应电流的非线性等。本文根据粉末酶电极模型进行了动力学分析，得出在两极极端情况下粉末酶电极的电流响应动力学公式，以及由响应电流估算表观米氏常数的方法。采用了两种粉末酶电极（Ｃ－ＰＵ－ＧＯＤ和Ｃ－ＡＱ－ＤＢＦ－ＧＯＤ）对理论分析进行了验证。实验结果与理论推     

双指示电极滴定法——Ⅰ.电流滴定曲线的理论分析

(1)本文讨论只指示电极电流滴定法(永停法)的理论,推导考虑线路电阻的且能适用於各滴定阶段的一般公式,根据这些公式可以算出不同实验条件下的理论滴定曲线。 (2)定量讨论决定终点附近电流突跃大小的各种因素,为选择永停法的最优实验条件提供一些根据。 (3)提出测定扩散电流常数的简便方法。     

定量的微扰晶体轨道法

我们将研究小分子的结构与性能关系的定量微扰分子轨道法(定量PMO法)推广到晶体(或高分子)中,在从头算自洽场晶体轨道(SCFCO)基础上,提出了一个定量的微扰晶体轨道法并编制了计算机程序对几个高分子进行了计算。这种方法按照问题的需要,把晶胞(或称单胞)分成两个片断晶胞。然后求出片断从头算自洽场晶体轨道;利用微扰理论,可求得片断晶体轨道间的相互作用能,并用这种相互作用定量地对晶体或高分子性能的影响进行解释。     

带双键侧链的二氧化碳三元共聚物的合成及性能研究

二氧化碳和环氧丙烷共聚物的玻璃化温度处于35～40℃,在低于20℃的环境下脆性很大.在稀土三元催化剂Y(CCl3COO)3ZnEt2甘油(glycerine)下实现了CO2、环氧丙烷(PO)和烯丙基缩水甘油醚(AGE)的三元共聚,合成了侧链带双键的二氧化碳共聚物,其玻璃化温度(Tg)为-15.4～36.1℃,大幅度拓展了二氧化碳共聚物的低温区使用范围.     

Über das polarographische Verhalten der syn- und anti-Isomeren der Ketoxime

Both the syn(α)- and the anti(β)-isomers of 4-chlorobenzophenoneoxime show two polarographic steps; the first is limited by diffusion kinetics, but the second solely by diffusion. As with aldoximes, the limiting current ratioi ₁/i ₂ decreases with increasing concentration of the organic solvent; at equal concentration one can write

$$\left( {\frac{{i_1 }}{{i_2 }}} \right)_\alpha< \left( {\frac{{i_1 }}{{i_2 }}} \right)_\beta $$     

Kinetic studies of the reactions of O2(b 1sigma(g)+) with several atmospheric molecules

Thermal rate coefficients for the removal (reaction + quenching) of O2(1sigma(g)+) by collision with several atmospheric molecules were determined to be as follows: O3, k3(210-370 K) = (3.63 +/- 0.86) x 10(-11) exp((-115 +/- 66)/T); H2O, k4(250-370 K) = (4.52 +/- 2.14) x 10(-12) exp((89 +/- 210)/T); N2, k5(210-370 K) = (2.03 +/- 0.30) x 10(-15) exp((37 +/- 40)/T); CO2, k6(298 K) = (3.39 +/- 0.36) x 10(-13); CH4, k7(298 K) = (1.08 +/- 0.11) x 10(-13); CO, k8(298 K) = (3.74 +/- 0.87) x 10(-15); all units in cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). O2(1sigma(g)+) was produced by directly exciting ground-state O2(3sigma(g)-) with a 762 nm pulsed dye laser. The reaction of O2(1sigma(g)+) with O3 was used to produce O(3P), and temporal profiles of O(3P) were measured using VUV atomic resonance fluorescence in the presence of the reactant to determine the rate coefficients for removal of O2(1sigma(g)+). Our results are compared with previous values, where available, and the overall trend in the O2(1sigma(g)+) removal rate coefficients and the atmospheric implications of these rate coefficients are discussed. Additionally, an upper limit for the branching ratio of O2(1sigma(g)+) + CO to give O(3P) + CO2 was determined to be < or = 0.2% and this reaction channel is shown to be of negligible importance in the atmosphere.     

Temperature dependence and kinetic isotope effects for the OH + HBr reaction and H/D isotopic variants at low temperatures (53-135 K) measured using a pulsed supersonic Laval nozzle flow reactor

The reactions of OH + HBr and all isotopic variants have been measured in a pulsed supersonic Laval nozzle flow reactor between 53 and 135 K, using a pulsed DC discharge to create the radical species and laser induced fluorescence on the A 2sigma <-- X 2pi (v' = 1 <-- v' = 0) transition. All reactions are found to possess an inverse temperature dependence, in accord with previous work, and are fit to the form k = A(T/298)(-n), with k1 (OH + HBr) = (10.84 +/- 0.31) x 10(-12) (T/298)(-0.67+/-0.02) cm3/s, k2 (OD + HBr) = (6.43 +/- 2.60) x 10(-12) (T/298)(-1.19+/-0.26) cm3/s, k3 (OH + DBr) = (5.89 +/- 1.93) x 10(-12) (T/298)(-0.76+/-0.22) cm3/s, and k4 (OD + DBr) = (4.71 +/- 1.56) x 10(-12) (T/298)(-1.09+/-0.21) cm3/s. A global fit of k vs T over the temperature range 23-360 K, including the new OH + HBr data, yields kT = (1.06 +/- 0.02) x 10(-11) (T/298)(-0.90+/-0.11) cm3/s, and (0.96 +/- 0.02) x 10(-11) (T/298)(-0.90+/-0.03) exp((-2.88+/-1.82 K)/T) cm3/s, in accord with previous fits. In addition, the primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects are found to be independent of temperature within experimental error over the range investigated and take on the value of (kH/kD)(AVG) = 1.64 for the primary effect and (kH/kD)(AVG) = 0.87 for the secondary effect. These results are discussed within the context of current experimental and theoretical work.     

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with dimethyl phosphonate over the temperature range of 278-351 K and for a series of other organophosphorus compounds at approximately 280 K

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with dimethyl phosphonate [DMHP; (CH3O)2P(O)H] were measured over the temperature range of 278-351 K at atmospheric pressure of air using a relative rate method with 4-methyl-2-pentanone as the reference compound. The Arrhenius expression obtained was 1.01 x 10(-12) e((474 +/- 159)/T) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), where the indicated error is two least-squares standard deviations and does not include uncertainties in the rate constants for the reference compound. Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with dimethyl methylphosphonate [DMMP, (CH3O)2P(O)CH3], dimethyl ethylphosphonate [DMEP, (CH3O)2P(O)C2H5], diethyl methylphosphonate [DEMP, (C2H5O)2P(O)CH3], diethyl ethylphosphonate [DEEP, (C2H5O)2P(O)C2H5], and triethyl phosphate [TEP, (C2H5O)3PO] were also measured at 278 and/or 283 K for comparison with a previous study (Aschmann, S. M.; Long, W. D.; Atkinson, R. J. Phys. Chem. A, 2006, 110, 7393). With the experimental procedures employed, experiments conducted at temperatures below the dew point where a water film was present on the outside of the Teflon reaction chamber resulted in measured rate constants which were significantly higher than those expected from the extrapolation of rate data obtained at temperatures (283-348 K) above the dew point. Using rate constants measured at > or = 283 K, the resulting Arrhenius expressions (in cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) units) are 6.25 x 10(-14) e((1538 +/- 112)/T) for DMMP (283-348 K), 9.03 x 10(-14) e((1539 +/- 27)/T) for DMEP (283-348 K), 4.35 x 10(-13) e((1444 +/- 148)/T) for DEMP (283-348 K), 4.08 x 10(-13) e((1485 +/- 328)/T) for DEEP (283-348 K), and 4.07 x 10(-13) e((1448 +/- 145)/T) for TEP (283-347 K), where the indicated errors are as above. Aerosol formation at 296 +/- 2 K from the reactions of OH radicals with these organophosphorus compounds was relatively minor, with aerosol yields of < or = 8% in all cases.     

n-C3H7I和i-C3H7I的激光裂解

Studies on the photofragmentation of n-C_3H_7I and i-C_3H_7I have been carried out by a photofragment spectrometer with rotatable pulsed molecular beam crossed with KrF excimer laser beam. TOF spectra of the iodine atom fragments (Fig.1, 2) which show the separation of the primary photodissociation channels n-C_3H_7I→n-C_3H_7+I~*(~2P_(1/2)) n-C_3H_7+I(~2p_(3/2)) i-C_3H_7I→i-C_3H_7+I~*(~2P_(1/2)) i-C_3H_7+I(~2P_(3/2)) are obtatned at 12 different angles. The distribution of total translational energy E_(CM) of recoiling photofragments are then determined. The ratios I~*/I of the photodissociation channels of n-C_3H_7I and i-C_3H_7I are measured to be 1.61 and 0.96 respectively (Table 1). The ratios I~*/I obtained by photofragment translational energy measurement in this Lab~[3]. are good in agreement with most of results abtained by IR emission~[5] and LIF~[4] measurement except the data of i-C_3H_7I, which is much different from I~*/I=0.35 reported by Bershon~[4] using LIF method.The extent of internal alkyl fragment excitation E_(int)~R is also determined (Table 2) by energy balance. The fraction of the available energy (E_(av1)=E_(CM)+E_(int)~R) which goes into internal exciatation of the alkyl fragment increases from 12.5% for I~* channe of CH_3I to 64% for both channels of i-C_3H_7I. The results are consistent with direct impulsive dynamic model of unimolecular decomposition based on “soft” alkyl radicals.The facts that the ratio I~*/I decreases with increasing carbon atoms and that the difference of the internal excitation of alkyl radicals between the I~* (~2P_(1/2)) and I (~2P_(3/2)) channelsincreases with increasing carbon atoms should be related and important for better understanding the origin of the I(~2P_(3/2)) channel caused by the potential energy surface crossing~[3]. The results of the internal excitation of the alkyl radicals in the photodissociation are also valuable for prediction of secondary products during the UV photolysis of those alkyl iodides in the gas cell.     

Pt@Pd(x)Cu(y)/C core-shell electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells

A series of carbon-supported core-shell nanoparticles with Pd(x)Cu(y)-rich cores and Pt-rich shells (Pt@Pd(x)Cu(y)/C) has been synthesized by a polyol reduction of the precursors followed by heat treatment to obtain the Pd(x)Cu(y)/C (1 ≤ x ≤ 3 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 5) cores and the galvanic displacement of Pd(x)Cu(y) with [PtCl(4)](2-) to form the Pt shell. The nanoparticles have also been investigated with respect to the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggests that the cores are highly alloyed and that the galvanic displacement results in a certain amount of alloying between Pt and the underlying Pd(x)Cu(y) alloy core. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the Pt@Pd(x)Cu(y)/C catalysts (where y > 0) have mean particle sizes of <8 nm. Compositional analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) clearly shows Pt enrichment in the near-surface region of the nanoparticles. Cyclic voltammograms show a positive shift of as much as 40 mV for the onset of Pt-OH formation in the Pt@Pd(x)Cu(y)/C electrocatalysts compared to that in Pt/C. Rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements of Pt@PdCu(5)/C show an increase in the Pt mass activity by 3.5-fold and noble metal activity by 2.5-fold compared to that of Pt/C. The activity enhancements in RDE and PEMFC measurements are believed to be a result of the delay in the onset of Pt-OH formation.     

Reaction of HO with hydroxyacetone (HOCH2C(O)CH3): rate coefficients (233-363 K) and mechanism

Absolute rate coefficients for the title reaction, HO + HOCH(2)C(O)CH(3)--> products (R1) were measured over the temperature range 233-363 K using the technique of pulsed laser photolytic generation of the HO radical coupled to detection by pulsed laser induced fluorescence. The rate coefficient displays a slight negative temperature dependence, which is described by: k(1)(233-363 K) = (2.15 +/- 0.30) x 10(-12) exp{(305 +/- 10)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), with a value of (5.95 +/- 0.50) x 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) at room temperature. The effects of the hydroxy-substituent and hydrogen bonding on the rate coefficient are discussed based on theoretical calculations. The present results, which extend the database on the title reaction to a range of temperatures, indicate that R1 is the dominant loss process for hydroxyacetone throughout the troposphere, resulting in formation of methylglyoxal at all atmospheric temperatures. As part of this work, the rate coefficient for reaction of O((3)P) with HOCH(2)C(O)CH(3) (R4) was measured at 358 K: k(4)(358 K) = (6.4 +/- 1.0) x 10(-14) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) and the absorption cross section of HOCH(2)C(O)CH(3) at 184.9 nm was determined to be (5.4 +/- 0.1) x 10(-18) cm(2) molecule(-1).     

A kinetic study of the reactions of Ca+ ions with O3, O2, N2, CO2 and H2O

The reactions between Ca(+)(4(2)S(1/2)) and O(3), O(2), N(2), CO(2) and H(2)O were studied using two techniques: the pulsed laser photo-dissociation at 193 nm of an organo-calcium vapour, followed by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of Ca(+) at 393.37 nm (Ca(+)(4(2)P(3/2)-4(2)S(1/2))); and the pulsed laser ablation at 532 nm of a calcite target in a fast flow tube, followed by mass spectrometric detection of Ca(+). The rate coefficient for the reaction with O(3) is essentially independent of temperature, k(189-312 K) = (3.9 +/- 1.2) x 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), and is about 35% of the Langevin capture frequency. One reason for this is that there is a lack of correlation between the reactant and product potential energy surfaces for near coplanar collisions. The recombination reactions of Ca(+) with O(2), CO(2) and H(2)O were found to be in the fall-off region over the experimental pressure range (1-80 Torr). The data were fitted by RRKM theory combined with quantum calculations on CaO(2)(+), Ca(+).CO(2) and Ca(+).H(2)O, yielding the following results with He as third body when extrapolated from 10(-3)-10(3) Torr and a temperature range of 100-1500 K. For Ca(+) + O(2): log(10)(k(rec,0)/cm(6) molecule(-2) s(-1)) = -26.16 - 1.113log(10)T- 0.056log(10)(2)T, k(rec,infinity) = 1.4 x 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), F(c) = 0.56. For Ca(+) + CO(2): log(10)(k(rec,0)/ cm(6) molecule(-2) s(-1)) = -27.94 + 2.204log(10)T- 1.124log(10)(2)T, k(rec,infinity) = 3.5 x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), F(c) = 0.60. For Ca(+) + H(2)O: log(10)(k(rec,0)/ cm(6) molecule(-2) s(-1)) = -23.88 - 1.823log(10)T- 0.063log(10)(2)T, k(rec,infinity) = 7.3 x 10(-11)exp(830 J mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), F(c) = 0.50 (F(c) is the broadening factor). A classical trajectory analysis of the Ca(+) + CO(2) reaction is then used to investigate the small high pressure limiting rate coefficient, which is significantly below the Langevin capture frequency. Finally, the implications of these results for calcium chemistry in the mesosphere are discussed.