基于等离子体粒子模拟的喷气Z箍缩过程物理研究

给出了喷气Z箍缩动力学过程在二维柱坐标系下的等离子体粒子模拟物理模型,编写了相应的程序.对低电流驱动下的稀薄喷气Z箍缩动力学过程进行了验证性的等离子体粒子模拟,得到了许多微观的Z箍缩物理信息,如负载中的电流(密度)、电磁场、粒子位置和密度的时空演化,以及总的z箍缩拖尾质量和拖尾电流等信息.发现在Z箍缩过程中,模拟得到的等离子体电流随时间的变化反映出了等离子体箍缩到心和反弹的过程特征,磁场随径向的变化与长直导线电流给出的磁场很接近;电子所受到的电场力和磁场力(洛伦兹力)是相当的,而离子所受到的力主要是电场力;电子首先在z方向加速,然后在自身运动产生电流的磁场的作用下向轴心箍缩,而离子是在电子和离子电荷分离所产生的电场力的作用下向轴心运动;在压缩到轴心附近时,电子首先因静电排斥而飞散,而离子则在惯性的作用下继续向轴心箍缩,而后滞止飞散.Z箍缩等离子体的拖尾质量在20%左右,拖尾电流最大时在7%左右.     

Modeling of physical processes at the waist of a Z-pinch

The role of various physical processes governing the dynamics of the evolution of MHD instabilities at the waist of a Z-pinch is analyzed. The role of diffusion of the magnetic field and plasma radiation is investigated in the stopping approximation. Numerical modeling is performed using the MAG two-dimensional MHD program. The study is primarily concerned with the shock wave dynamics, its arrival at the axis of the system, and the formation of a hot spot. The subsequent evolution of the hot spot shows that shock waves begin to propagate away from it in the axial direction along the Z axis. RFYaTs-VNIITF. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 23–27, December, 1995.     

MHD-to-PIC transition for modeling of conduction and opening in aplasma opening switch

The plasma opening switch (POS) is a critical element of some inductive-energy-storage pulsed-power generators. Detailed understanding of plasma redistribution and thinning during the POS conduction phase can be gained through magnetohydrodynamic fluid (MHD) simulations. As space-charge separation and kinetic effects become important late in the conduction phase (beginning of the opening phase), MHD methods become invalid and particle-in-cell (PIC) methods should be used. In this paper, the applicability of MHD techniques is extended into PIC-like regimes by including nonideal MHD phenomena such as the Hall effect and resistivity. The feasibility of the PIC technique is, likewise, extended into high-density, low-temperature-MHD-like regimes by using a novel numerical cooling algorithm. At an appropriate time, an MHD-to-PIC transition must be accomplished in order to accurately simulate the POS opening phase. The mechanics for converting MHD output into PIC input are introduced, as are the transition criteria determining when to perform this conversion. To establish these transition criteria, side-by-side MHD and PIC simulations are presented and compared. These separate simulations are then complemented by a proof-of-principle MHD-to-PIC transition, thereby demonstrating this MHD-to-PIC technique as a potentially viable tool for the simulation of POS plasmas. Practical limitations of the MHD-to-PIC transition method and applicability of the transition criteria to hybrid fluid-kinetic simulations are discussed     

Jet deflection by very weak guide fields during magnetic reconnection

Previous 2D simulations of reconnection using a standard model of initially antiparallel magnetic fields have detected electron jets outflowing from the x point into the ion outflow exhausts. Associated with these jets are extended "outer electron diffusion regions." New PIC simulations with an ion to electron mass ratio as large as 1836 (an H(+) plasma) now show that the jets are strongly deflected and the outer electron diffusion region is broken up by a very weak out-of-plane magnetic guide field, even though the diffusion rate itself is unchanged. Jet outflow and deflection are interpreted in terms of electron dynamics and are compared to recent measurements of jets in the presence of a small guide field in Earth's magnetosheath.     

Multi-scale plasma simulation by the interlocking of magnetohydrodynamic model and particle-in-cell kinetic model

Many kinds of simulation models have been developed to understand the complex plasma systems. However, these simulation models have been separately performed because the fundamental assumption of each model is different and restricts the physical processes in each spatial and temporal scales. On the other hand, it is well known that the interactions among the multiple scales may play crucial roles in the plasma phenomena (e.g. magnetic reconnection, collisionless shock), where the kinetic processes in the micro-scale may interact with the global structure in the fluid dynamics. To take self-consistently into account such multi-scale phenomena, we have developed a new simulation model by directly interlocking the fluid simulation of the magnetohyrdodynamics (MHD) model and the kinetic simulation of the particle-in-cell (PIC) model. The PIC domain is embedded in a small part of MHD domain. The both simulations are performed simultaneously in each domain and the bounded data are frequently exchanged each other to keep the consistency between the models. We have applied our new interlocked simulation to Alfvén wave propagation problem as a benchmark test and confirmed that the waves can propagate smoothly through the boundaries of each domain.     

Hyperbolic Divergence Cleaning for the MHD Equations

In simulations of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) processes the violation of the divergence constraint causes severe stability problems. In this paper we develop and test a new approach to the stabilization of numerical schemes. Our technique can be easily implemented in any existing code since there is no need to modify the solver for the MHD equations. It is based on a modified system in which the divergence constraint is coupled with the conservation laws by introducing a generalized Lagrange multiplier. We suggest a formulation in which the divergence errors are transported to the domain boundaries with the maximal admissible speed and are damped at the same time. This corrected system is hyperbolic and the density, momentum, magnetic induction, and total energy density are still conserved. In comparison to results obtained without correction or with the standard “divergence source terms,” our approach seems to yield more robust schemes with significantly smaller divergence errors.     

Multi-scale plasma simulation by the interlocking of magnetohydrodynamic model and particle-in-cell kinetic model

Many kinds of simulation models have been developed to understand the complex plasma systems. However, these simulation models have been separately performed because the fundamental assumption of each model is different and restricts the physical processes in each spatial and temporal scales. On the other hand, it is well known that the interactions among the multiple scales may play crucial roles in the plasma phenomena (e.g. magnetic reconnection, collisionless shock), where the kinetic processes in the micro-scale may interact with the global structure in the fluid dynamics. To take self-consistently into account such multi-scale phenomena, we have developed a new simulation model by directly interlocking the fluid simulation of the magnetohyrdodynamics (MHD) model and the kinetic simulation of the particle-in-cell (PIC) model. The PIC domain is embedded in a small part of MHD domain. The both simulations are performed simultaneously in each domain and the bounded data are frequently exchanged each other to keep the consistency between the models. We have applied our new interlocked simulation to Alfvén wave propagation problem as a benchmark test and confirmed that the waves can propagate smoothly through the boundaries of each domain.     

高超声速飞行器磁控热防护系统建模分析

针对高超声速飞行器防热, 搭建了螺线管磁控热防护系统的物理模型. 采用低磁雷诺数磁流体数学模型, 分析了外加磁场强度及磁场形态对磁控热防护效果的影响. 对比了三种磁场类型(磁偶极子、螺线管、均布磁场)下磁控热防护效果的差异, 分析了螺线管几何参数对磁控热防护效果的影响. 研究表明, 磁场降低表面热流作用存在“饱和现象”; 三种磁场形态的磁控热防护能力从小到大依次为磁偶极子、螺线管、均布磁场; 相同驻点磁感应强度条件下, 增大螺线管半径有利于提高磁控热防护效果, 缩短螺线管与驻点距离不利于驻点和肩部防热, 螺线管长度对磁控热防护效果影响相对较小.     

基于MULTI2D-Z程序的Z箍缩动态黑腔形成过程模拟

对辐射流体力学程序MULTI-2D进行改造,增加磁场演化方程程序模块,自洽地在运动方程模块中增加洛伦兹力,在能量方程模块中增加欧姆加热,将它改造成辐射磁流体力学程序MULTI2D-Z.验证了新增磁场程序模块的可靠性,并发现温度和密度的增大会抑制磁场的扩散,负径向速度梯度的流体对流也会抑制磁场的扩散.利用改造好的MULTI2D-Z程序模拟了峰值为8 MA的脉冲电流驱动的钨丝阵Z箍缩动态黑腔形成过程.得到了X光功率(约30 TW)和能量(约300 k J)、泡沫辐射温度(约120 eV)、箍缩轨迹等模拟结果.在动态黑腔形成过程中,磁场主要分布在钨主体等离子体中;辐射向内传播,烧蚀泡沫柱而使它膨胀;辐射热波在被撞击的泡沫柱中传播,其传播速度比物质温度传播得快,当辐射热波传播到中心轴时泡沫柱中的辐射场变得比较均匀,并且除了冲击波处外辐射温度与物质温度基本上没有分离.这些模拟结果可增强人们对磁场扩散和对流规律以及动态黑腔形成机制的理解,同时表明了MULTI2D-Z程序可成为Z箍缩及其应用的新的程序模拟工具.     

丝阵Z箍缩早期消融等离子体动力学的二维数值模拟研究

采用理想磁流体力学模型,给出合理的二维(r, θ)质量注入边界条件,对丝阵Z箍缩早期消融等离子体的动力学过程进行了二维(r, θ)数值模拟研究,得到消融等离子体各参量以及磁场的二维时空分布.模拟结果表明,消融等离子体的运动包括四个主要阶段:首先向轴漂移,然后在轴线处滞止并形成先驱等离子体柱,随后先驱等离子体柱被压缩,最后缓慢膨胀.计算了不同丝阵半径和丝间距情况下消融等离子体到轴速度以及消融质量占丝阵总质量的份额,它们的变化规律与实验结果基本符合.通过 关键词： 丝阵Z箍缩 理想磁流体 消融等离子体     

Z箍缩装置外磁绝缘传输线全尺寸粒子模拟研究

采用电路模拟得到的柱孔结构处向外磁绝缘传输线传输的电压反射波来等效Z箍缩装置中的柱孔结构至丝阵负载部分,实现了Z箍缩装置四层外磁绝缘传输线的全尺寸粒子模拟.为了进一步提高柱孔结构和丝阵负载等效电路模型的精度,通过粒子模拟,对电路模拟得到的电压反射波进行了修正.PBFA Z装置四层外磁绝缘传输线部分的全尺寸粒子模拟结果表明,修正电压反射波后得到的绝缘堆处电压波形和电流波形比原有电路模拟结果更接近实验结果.另外,利用粒子模拟结果分析和解释了丝阵负载内爆对外磁绝缘传输线脉冲功率传输物理过程的影响. 关键词： Z箍缩 外磁绝缘传输线 粒子模拟 等效电路模型     

二维磁驱动数值模拟程序MDSC2的验证与确认

为了对磁驱动实验提供高置信度的数值模拟,需要开展磁流体力学程序的验证与确认。采用人为解比较法、网格收敛性研究和与成熟程序比较等方法,对二维磁驱动数值模拟程序MDSC2进行了程序验证。数值模拟表明:MDSC2程序正确地表示了磁流体力学模型,其中热扩散、磁扩散的离散格式具有二阶收敛精度。采用与磁驱动实验相比较的方法,进行了MDSC2程序的确认。对聚龙一号装置上的PTS-061发次磁驱动单侧飞片发射和PTS-122发次磁驱动双侧飞片发射实验进行了模拟,模拟的飞片自由面速度与实验测量的飞片自由面速度相一致;对FP-1装置上的固体套筒实验进行了模拟,模拟的套筒内外半径与实验测量结果相一致。MDSC2程序能正确模拟磁驱动单侧飞片发射、磁驱动双侧飞片发射和磁驱动固体套筒等磁驱动实验。     

不可压缩等离子体的2维磁场重联模型

提出了一种2维磁场重联模型。磁场重联过程中的电荷分离在等离子体中产生静电场,等离子体在电场中的漂移运动可以解释阿尔芬速度量级的出流。该磁场重联模型给出如下结论:Sweet-Parker模型描述的重联率强烈地依赖于电子质量与离子质量之比;反常电阻率正比于离子惯性长度和电流片宽度比值的平方; 相对论效应和高温等离子体中电子-正电子对的产生可以提高重联率; 电磁波的激发对于磁能的损耗是必要的。     

脉冲驱动磁化等离子体内爆升温点火的数值模拟北大核心CSCD

通过建立物理模型,用一维三温拉氏磁流体力学程序分析了由强电流(MA)脉冲驱动的金属套筒内爆压缩磁化等离子体的升温点火及能量增益过程。分析了脉冲驱动的金属套筒内爆、不同驱动源对金属套筒内爆升温的影响、Z箍缩过程中内嵌磁场和预加热温度对磁化等离子体升温的影响,以及点火需要的初态参数和点火后的能量输出。此外,对该过程中磁场增加α粒子能量沉积、降低电子离子热传导能量损失的物理机制做了介绍和分析。磁流体数值模拟结果显示:当初始的内嵌磁场和燃料的预加热温度分别取5T和250eV时,即可获得超过4keV的升温,初始参数包括内嵌磁场、预加热温度、燃料密度、套筒尺度、驱动脉冲幅值、加载时间等。在一定的条件下,点火成功,可产生kT量级的强磁场,并获得百kJ/mm量级的能量输出。     

Simulation of Z-Pinch Processes of Nested Tungsten Wire-Array on Angara-5-1 Facility

Based on the hydrodynamic shell-on-shell collision model, the Z-pinch processes of nested tungsten wire-array in Sino-Russian joint experiments on Angara-5-1 facility are simulated by means of our one-dimensional three-temperature radiation magneto-hydrodynamic code. The results show the evolutions of x-ray radiation burst, implosion trajectories of interfaces, current transfer in inner and outer wire-array plasmas, and the temporal and spatial changes of magnetic field and current density in the process. About 20% of the total driven current is transferred into the inner wire-array plasma by convection and diffusion of magnetic field when the two shells are pinched closest. Compared to the measured x-ray power, the simulated full width at half maximum and time at the strongest radiation agree approximately with the measured values. It is also demonstrated in our simulation that the radiation of nested wire-array Z-pinch is enhanced. The effects of fluctuations of driven current on yields of x-ray are also investigated.     

X-ray imaging measurements of capsule implosions driven by a Z-pinch dynamic hohlraum

The radiation and shock generated by impact of an annular tungsten Z-pinch plasma on a 10-mm diam 5-mg/cc CH(2) foam are diagnosed with x-ray imaging and power measurements. The radiative shock was virtually unaffected by Z-pinch plasma instabilities. The 5-ns-duration approximately 135-eV radiation field imploded a 2.1-mm-diam CH capsule. The measured radiation temperature, shock radius, and capsule radius agreed well with computer simulations, indicating understanding of the main features of a Z-pinch dynamic-hohlraum-driven capsule implosion.     

SSS程序在电磁内爆中的数值模拟

 对SSS程序的边界条件进行修改,将修改后的SSS程序用于固体套筒内爆实验的数值模拟,并与现有的一维磁流体力学程序的计算结果进行比较,对比结果表明,对SSS程序的改造是成功的,也可以预见将SSS程序改造成一维磁流体力学计算程序是可行的。     

双等离子体团相互作用的磁流体力学模拟

利用商用磁流体力学模拟程序USIM对双等离子体团相互作用过程进行了数值模拟,分别考察和比较了双对流等离子体团在外加磁场和无外加磁场情况下,相互作用的物理过程.发现在外加磁场情况下等离子体团相互作用会伴随着磁重联(反向磁场)、磁排斥(同向磁场)以及一些不稳定过程.针对激光产生等离子体团错位相互作用实验,进行了标度模拟,发现外加磁场起着重要作用,进一步表明激光等离子体的磁化特征.研究结果为下一步在神光Ⅱ激光装置进行强磁环境下等离子体实验提供理论指导.     

Measurements of electron heating in a reversed-field current layer

Measurements on a reverse biased transverse MHD shock wave show that very high electron temperature and density are produced in the current layer where the magnetic field reverses direction.     

Observation and analysis of whistler-mode wave and electrostatic solitary waves within density depletion near magnetic reconnection X-line

The PWI/WFC data onboard Geotail during one burst time interval when Geotail is skimming a magnetic reconnection diffusion region in the near-Earth magnetotail is carefully analyzed.Both the whistler-mode wave and the electrostatic solitary wave are found within the region with density depletion on the boundary layer near the magnetic reconnection X-line.The whistler-mode wave is electromagnetic whistler wave propagating quasi-parallel to the ambient field with a small angle between the wave vector and the ambient magnetic field.The whistler-mode wave associated with ESWs suggests that enhanced electromagnetic whistler-mode fluctuations can also be generated after the decay of the ESWs,which is different from the 2-D PIC simulation results.