月季花红色素的提取及稳定性的研究

一．引言月季，别名月月红，月季花（ＲｏＳａＣｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＪａｃｑ），属蔷薇科，蔷薇属，从每年的３月到１０月蓓蕾续放，开花不绝，现广泛栽培，主要分布于河北、陕西、山西等地。月季花主要成分为萜醇类化合物［１］，花、根及叶均可入药，内服可治妇女病，外用...     

硅胶中微量元素的光谱测定

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了硅胶中微量元素Cu、Fe、K、Na、Mg的含量，对硅胶中的微量元素Cu、Fe、K、Na、Mg进行了溶出研究。结果表明，硅胶中微量元素的含量由高到低依次为Na，K，Fe，Mg，Cu；硅胶中微量元素的溶出率由高到低Cu，Fe，Mg，Na，K，硅胶吸附剂中的Cu最易溶出，K最难溶出；测定方法的回收率在93．3％～99．6％之间，相对标准偏差（RSD）小于1．0％。方法简便易行，重现性好，具有较高的精确度和精密度，适用于硅胶吸附剂中微量元素Cu、Fe、K、Na、Mg的测定。     

雷公滕的药效及毒性与微量元素的研究

雷公藤是一种药效大、毒性也大的中药。研究了雷公藤的２８种无机元素，发现其有益元素铁、锰、锌、硒含量较高，其有害元素铅、砷、镉含量我高，与其药效和毒性一一相对应，雷公藤对风湿性关节炎、肾病、肝脏病、皮肤病的疗效，与铁、锰、锌、硒在人体中生物机理一致。雷公藤对消化道、心血管、肝脏、泌尿系统、造血系统的毒害作用，与铅、砷、镉在人体中的生物学效应一致。所以在使用雷公藤时，应考虑到微量元素作用，可提高雷公藤     

磷光寿命的研究及生物体内色氨酸的测定

研究了磷光寿命的特性及ｐＨ、溶剂极性、碘、铅、钡、铊等重原子对磷光寿命的影响。应用磷光寿命变化法，分析生物样品中色氨酸含量。小鼠体内，血、脑、心、肺、肝、脾、肾中游离色氨酸分别为８．９μｇ／ｍＬ，１７．３，５１．８，２９．１，２９．９，４６，６８．８μｇ／ｇ。其中，组织血脑中色氨酸含量与文献报道一致。     

世界性的铁营养缺乏

表面看来，缺铁性贫血病患者只是少数，如果进行普查就会发现，人群中缺铁的发生率是很高的，特别是早产儿、青年妇女、怀孕妇女中更是如此。在那些食物不足、生活水平低的落后地区，缺铁现象更为普遍。例如非洲国家喀麦隆，贫血病发病率达３８％，其中山区达５８％，平原...     

咔唑的合成

咔唑的合成毛素春，郑寿荣（南京医科大学化学教研室，２１００２９）（南京大学环境科学系，２１０００８）咔唑是染料、颜料、医药等产品的中间体。到目前为止，我国所使用的咔唑都是从煤焦油中提取的，收率低、纯度差，三废污染严重，远远不能满足日益发展的市场需求，...     

链烷的物理化学性质及其分子参数的相关性研究

用N，N'，P，q,n等分子参数表征链烷的分子大小、取代参量和相邻取代基的 相互作用，并以其为独立参量，通过回归方法建立模型来预测链烷的某些物理化学 性质，对1-9个碳原子链烷的原子化焓、标准生成焓、汽化焓等理化性质的预测表 明该模型的原理简单、方法实用、结果可靠。其预测值民实验值吻合良好，且置信 度高达99.5%。     

表面活性剂科学的一些进展

表面活性剂在实际应用上的重要性是众所周知的，除了在日用化学工业中（主要是洗涤剂、化妆品）的大量应用外，也广泛应用于其它生产实际，诸如石油、煤炭、矿冶、机械、纺织、医药等工业及农业生产中，起着关键作用．表面活性剂科学与许多重要学科，如生命科学、能源科学、材料科学、环境科学以及信息科学等，有着密切联系，对这些学科的发展有重要作用[1]．此外，应该注意到，表面活性剂是在各种界面过程中起重要作用的物质，表面活性剂分子有序组合体溶液又是一类极有特色的胶体，即缔合胶体（亲液胶体之一）．因此，表面活性剂科学成为…     

基于新课程的四川省普通高中化学教师培训需求的调查

以问卷的形式调查了四川省普通高中化学教师的培训需求。结果表明，其培训需求既有共性，即课程标准、微课制作、教学研究方法等；也有差异性，即教学行为、教学设计、评价方式等。因此，建议构建培训方案时，在充分考虑共性和差异性的基础上，选择培训内容，确定培训形式，安排具体的培训时间、频率，以达到增强培训针对性和有效性的目的。     

不同涤纶纤维的晶粒体积的比较

收集国内外不同厂家生产的九种工业用涤纶长丝，用Ｘ射线衍射法、透射技术，测定纤维赤道线０１０、．Ｔ１０、１００三个晶面，子午线１０５晶面衍射线形。通过分峰处理，计算涤纶纤维内晶粒横截面积、长度和晶粒体积，结果发现国内外纤维的明显差别．初步了解晶粒体积与纤维的热收缩率有关。     

Thermal signature of hydrophobic hydration dynamics

Hydrophobic hydration, the perturbation of the aqueous solvent near an apolar solute or interface, is a fundamental ingredient in many chemical and biological processes. Both bulk water and aqueous solutions of apolar solutes behave anomalously at low temperatures for reasons that are not fully understood. Here, we use (2)H NMR relaxation to characterize the rotational dynamics in hydrophobic hydration shells over a wide temperature range, extending down to 243 K. We examine four partly hydrophobic solutes: the peptides N-acetyl-glycine-N'-methylamide and N-acetyl-leucine-N'-methylamide, and the osmolytes trimethylamine N-oxide and tetramethylurea. For all four solutes, we find that water rotates with lower activation energy in the hydration shell than in bulk water below 255 +/- 2 K. At still lower temperatures, water rotation is predicted to be faster in the shell than in bulk. We rationalize this behavior in terms of the geometric constraints imposed by the solute. These findings reverse the classical "iceberg" view of hydrophobic hydration by indicating that hydrophobic hydration water is less ice-like than bulk water. Our results also challenge the "structural temperature" concept. The two investigated osmolytes have opposite effects on protein stability but have virtually the same effect on water dynamics, suggesting that they do not act indirectly via solvent perturbations. The NMR-derived picture of hydrophobic hydration dynamics differs substantially from views emerging from recent quasielastic neutron scattering and pump-probe infrared spectroscopy studies of the same solutes. We discuss the possible reasons for these discrepancies.     

Dynamics and Mechanisms of Changes in the Properties of Disperse Structures in Water Body Floors

Chemical, colloidal, and geochemical transformations in an open dissipative ecosystem atmosphere–water basin–water body floor composed of clay carbonate metamorphosed sedimentary rocks were considered using both model, natural, and technogenic objects. Based on the model of interactions of the acidic components with mineralized water and clay carbonate water body floors, it was shown that the process of carbonate karst at the reservoir bottom can be one of the reasons for the plastic flow in benthic part of ground dam. The role of oscillation processes in carbonate dissolution at a nanolevel and in their metamorphic and technogenic transformations was clarified. It was established that, at low external stresses, plasticized clay carbonate structures decrease their viscosity by several times and are deformed in an oscillating regime which is especially pronounced at the initial period of stress loading.     

Water Molecules in Hydrotalcite‐like Layered Double Hydroxides: Interplay between the Hydration of the Anions and the Metal Hydroxide Layer

Layered double hydroxides comprise positively charged metal hydroxide layers and intercalated anions. These materials are obtained from aqueous medium both in nature and in the laboratory. Consequently the layered double hydroxides include a considerable amount of water. The presented study was designed to determine the proportion of water associated with the hydration sphere of the anion as opposed to that of the metal hydroxide slab. Among the two differently bound water species observed in all layered double hydroxides, the weakly bound water is associated with the metal hydroxide layer and is lost at 100 °C, whereas the strongly bound water is in the hydration sphere of the anion and is lost at higher temperatures (100 °C ≤ T ≤ 250 °C). This is in contrast to the better known cationic clays, wherein all the intercalated water is generally found to be in the hydration sphere of the cations. Further the water molecules in layered double hydroxides also bond to each other, leading to the incorporation of water in excess of what is predicted by the Miyata formula (Miyata, 1975) based on crystal chemical considerations. The excess water is one of the reasons for the poor crystallinity of layered hydroxides.     

水分子对磺酰脲类分子构效关系影响的研究

磺酰脲超高效除草剂是进入到植物体内抑制 ALS酶而起作用的 .其结构通式见 Scheme1 .　　人们发现 ,在基本结构不变的前提下 ,Li 为 N或 C原子 ,R2 ,R4等的取代基不同将导致除草活性的差异 .而药物分子的构象与其生物活性密切相关 .大多数药物分子进入到植物体内后是在水相体系中与受体结合的 .探讨构效关系时 ,必须考虑水分子对药物分子构象的影响 [1] .本文首次报道在磺酰脲类分子中的有关研究 .1　研究对象及计算方法和过程1 .1　研究对象　对合成并进行生物测定的 35个磺酰脲类化合物 [2 ] 进行研究 ,其活性范围比较宽 ,p I5 0值 (…     

Synthesis and properties of water-soluble asterisk molecules

An asterisk is comprised of six semirigid arms projecting from a benzene nucleus. In the case at hand, asterisks were synthesized with one, two, or three aromatic rings (connected by sulfur atoms) in each of the six arms. A phosphomonoester at the termini of each arm solubilized the asterisks in water. The colloidal properties of these amphiphilic molecules were investigated by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, calorimetry, light scattering, surface tensiometry, and pulse-gradient spin-echo NMR. Solubility, solubilization, metal binding, and micelle "seeding" experiments were also carried out. Chain-conformation and supramolecular assembly into remarkable molecular "scrolls" were investigated by X-ray analysis and electron microscopy, respectively. One of the more interesting properties of the asterisks is that they remain monomeric in water despite having as many as 19 hydrophobic aromatic rings exposed to the water. The reasons for this behavior, and the possibility of exploiting it for constructing enzyme models free from aggregation equilibria, are discussed.     

Trace analysis of halocarbons in water; Direct aqueous injection with electron capture detection

Interest in monitoring halogenated organics in drinking water and natural surface and ground water in the low ppb range continues to grow. There is a tendency to include still more volatile halocarbons, the trace determination of which is known to be rather demanding. This prompted us to re-examine the feasibility of large-volume direct aqueous injection onto capillary columns, coupled with ECD. A primary problem was to avoid simultaneous elution of water with halocarbons, since water suppresses the ground current of the ECD. The following measures contributed to the solution of this problem. Apolar, extremely inert, columns are required to elute water completely, and even before very light halocarbons. Their coatings have to be far thicker (≈? 5 mUm) than commonly employed thick films since they must permit isothermal analysis at a column temperature around 100°C in order to ensure rapid and complete elution of water. Finally, it is essential that sampling be carried out on-column for two reasons: diffusion of water vapor in the injector, resulting in delayed elution, is then eliminated, and peak distortion during splitless injection is avoided. Although we now know that persilylated columns with immobilized coatings withstand routine water injections, more longterm experience is needed to provide detailed recommendations for the handling of these columns.     

The solubility of oxygen in sea water and solutions of electrolytes according to the pulse proton NMR data

The possibility of determining the content of dissolved oxygen (O₂) in distilled water, sea water, and aqueous solutions of electrolytes with errors of ～2% without preliminary instrument calibration was demonstrated. The reasons for different relaxation efficiency coefficients reported by various authors were analyzed. The results of the determination of the content of O₂ from the rate of spin-lattice relaxation in sea water and separate solutions of sea water components at 25°C depending on water salinity (S) up to 180‰ inclusive are presented. Noticeable changes in the steepness of the dependence of the content of O₂ on S at 80–90‰ were observed; these changes were related to the attainment of the boundaries of the complete solvation of the main sea water ions. The main reasons for the discrepancies between the oxygen salting out coefficients K _S found by various authors were explained, and the interrelation between the solubility of O₂ and ion hydration characteristics was revealed. The O₂ salting out constants for sea water and solutions of slats contained in sea water obtained from relaxation measurement data are given. The filling of “ice-like formation” voids was shown to be the main mechanism of the solution of O₂ in water and aqueous solutions of electrolytes.     

用深部处理剂JY-8提高注聚区残余聚合物的利用率

针对目前各油田聚合物驱转为水驱后,一般出现含水上升快,产油量大幅度下降的情况,以及油层内残余的大量聚合物未得到利用,而目前开发的残余聚合物再利用技术存在一些缺点,未得到推广应用,研制出新型复合处理剂JY-8。新型复合处理剂JY-8可与聚合物形成强度较高的凝胶体,将地层内残余聚合物有效地固定和絮凝,是很好的固定剂和絮凝剂,实现了“二剂合一”,达到对地层进行深部调剖、驱油的目的;同时,通过调整复合处理剂JY-8的加量等可调节成胶时间和凝胶强度。室内评价和现场应用表明,与以前的技术相比,复合处理剂JY-8可使油层内的残余聚合物利用率从原来的8％提高到15.65％,使聚合物驱后续水驱的采收率增加值从原来的10.33％提高到18.1％,在油井上起到了很好的增油、控水效果。     

A first principles simulation of rigid water

We present the results of Car-Parrinello (CP) simulations of water at ambient conditions and under pressure, using a rigid molecule approximation. Throughout our calculations, water molecules were maintained at a fixed intramolecular geometry corresponding to the average structure obtained in fully unconstrained simulations. This allows us to use larger time steps than those adopted in ordinary CP simulations of water, and thus to access longer time scales. In the absence of chemical reactions or dissociation effects, these calculations open the way to ab initio simulations of aqueous solutions that require time scales substantially longer than presently feasible (e.g., simulations of hydrophobic solvation). Our results show that structural properties and diffusion coefficients obtained with a rigid model are in better agreement with experiment than those determined with fully flexible simulations. Possible reasons responsible for this improved agreement are discussed.     

Multivariate statistical analysis approach to assess groundwater quality in two selected mandals of Vizianagaram district,Andhra Pradesh,India

Groundwater quality is the major concern all over the world. Natural processes and manmade activities are the prime reasons for the contamination of available water resources. It is crucial to assess the quality of groundwater in areas surrounded by various industries. The present study was carried out to assess the groundwater quality during pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons of 2016, in two mandals of Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh via multivariate statistical analysis and water quality index method. The present work gains importance in light of the construction of proposed international airport at Bhohapuram and the existence of various industries in Pusapatirega mandal. A total of thirty-seven villages, eighteen from Bhogapuram mandal and seventeen from Pusapatirega mandal were selected for the present study. Factor analysis, linear regression analysis, correlation matrix analysis and cluster analysis tools were used to emphasize the parameters influencing quality of water in the chosen study area. From the analysis reports, it was found that the groundwater of the two mandals under investigation was strongly influenced by EC, TDS, total hardness(TH), Ca⁺², Mg⁺² and K⁺. During the two seasons under study, the water quality index value was found to be greater than 100 indicating that the water is unfit for human consumption. Concentration of Ca⁺², Mg⁺² and K⁺ were found to be beyond the permissible limits prescribed by BIS (2012). Dissolution of calcium and magnesium bearing minerals, mixing of industrial and household wastes may be the reasons for elevated concentration levels of these parameters.