A Family of Maximum Entropy Densities Matching Call Option Prices

Abstract

We investigate the position of the Buchen–Kelly density (Peter W. Buchen and Michael Kelly. The maximum entropy distribution of an asset inferred from option prices. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 31(1), 143–159, March 1996.) in the family of entropy maximizing densities from Neri and Schneider (Maximum entropy distributions inferred from option portfolios on an asset. Finance and Stochastics, 16(2), 293–318, April 2012.), which all match European call option prices for a given maturity observed in the market. Using the Legendre transform, which links the entropy function and the cumulant generating function, we show that it is both the unique continuous density in this family and the one with the greatest entropy. We present a fast root-finding algorithm that can be used to calculate the Buchen–Kelly density and give upper boundaries for three different discrepancies that can be used as convergence criteria. Given the call prices, arbitrage-free digital prices at the same strikes can only move within upper and lower boundaries given by left and right call spreads. As the number of call prices increases, these bounds become tighter, and we give two examples where the densities converge to the Buchen–Kelly density in the sense of relative entropy. The method presented here can also be used to interpolate between call option prices, and we compare it to a method proposed by Kahalé (An arbitrage-free interpolation of volatilities. Risk, 17(5), 102–106, May 2004). Orozco Rodriguez and Santosa (Estimation of asset distributions from option prices: Analysis and regularization. SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics, 3(1), 374–401, 2012.) have produced examples in which the Buchen–Kelly algorithm becomes numerically unstable, and we use these as test cases to show that the algorithm given here remains stable and leads to good results.     

具限制投资组合和交易费用的博弈未定权益的保值

博弈期权是由kifer(2000)提出的,但就其本质而言,仍是美式期权的一种,只是增加了卖方中止合约的权利.本文主要对连续市场模型中具交易费用和限制投资组合的博弈未定权益的保值问题进行了研究,给出了买卖双方的保值价格和一个无套利区间.     

Exercisability Randomization of the American Option

Abstract

The valuation of American options is an optimal stopping time problem which typically leads to a free boundary problem. We introduce here the randomization of the exercisability of the option. This method considerably simplifies the problematic by transforming the free boundary problem into an evolution equation. This evolution equation can be transformed in a way that decomposes the value of the randomized option into a European option and the present value of continuously paid benefits. This yields a new binomial approximation for American options. We prove that the method is accurate and numerical results illustrate that it is computationally efficient.     

The British Put Option

Abstract

We present a new put option where the holder enjoys the early exercise feature of American options whereupon his payoff (deliverable immediately) is the ‘best prediction’ of the European payoff under the hypothesis that the true drift of the stock price equals a contract drift. Inherent in this is a protection feature which is key to the British put option. Should the option holder believe the true drift of the stock price to be unfavourable (based upon the observed price movements) he can substitute the true drift with the contract drift and minimize his losses. The practical implications of this protection feature are most remarkable as not only can the option holder exercise at or above the strike price to a substantial reimbursement of the original option price (covering the ability to sell in a liquid option market completely endogenously) but also when the stock price movements are favourable he will generally receive higher returns at a lesser price. We derive a closed form expression for the arbitrage-free price in terms of the rational exercise boundary and show that the rational exercise boundary itself can be characterized as the unique solution to a nonlinear integral equation. Using these results we perform a financial analysis of the British put option that leads to the conclusions above and shows that with the contract drift properly selected the British put option becomes a very attractive alternative to the classic American put.     

Correction: Exchange Option under Jump-diffusion Dynamics

Abstract

In this note, we provide the correct formula for the price of the European exchange option given in Cheang, G. H. L., & Chiarella, C. (2011. Exchange options under jump-diffusion dynamics. Applied Mathematical Finance, 18, 245–276) in a bi-dimensional jump diffusion model.     

Option pricing for large agents

This paper considers arbitrage-free option pricing in the presence of large agents. These large agents have a significant market power, and their trading strategies influence the dynamics of the financial asset prices. First, a simple asset pricing model in the presence of large agents is presented. Then a nonlinear partial differential equation is found for the prices of European options in the model. The unit option price depends on the large agent's asset holdings. Finally, a game model is introduced for the interaction between different market players. In this game, the outstanding number of options, as well as the option price, is found as a Nash equilibrium.     

Option Pricing by Mean Correcting Method for Non-Gaussian Lvy Processes

For a non-Gaussian Lévy model,it is shown that if the model exists a trivial arbitrage-free interval,option pricing by mean correcting method is always arbitrage-free,and if the arbitrage-free interval is non-trivial,this pricing method may lead to arbitrage in some cases.In the latter case,some necessary and sufficient conditions under which option price is arbitrage-free are obtained.     

An efficient algorithm for Bermudan barrier option pricing

An efficient option pricing method based on Fourier-cosine expansions was presented by Fang and Oosterlee for European options in 2008,and later,this method was also used by them to price early-exercis...     

Pricing Options Under a Generalized Markov-Modulated Jump-Diffusion Model

Abstract

We consider the pricing of options when the dynamics of the risky underlying asset are driven by a Markov-modulated jump-diffusion model. We suppose that the market interest rate, the drift and the volatility of the underlying risky asset switch over time according to the state of an economy, which is modelled by a continuous-time Markov chain. The measure process is defined to be a generalized mixture of Poisson random measure and encompasses a general class of processes, for example, a generalized gamma process, which includes the weighted gamma process and the inverse Gaussian process. Another interesting feature of the measure process is that jump times and jump sizes can be correlated in general. The model considered here can provide market practitioners with flexibility in modelling the dynamics of the underlying risky asset. We employ the generalized regime-switching Esscher transform to determine an equivalent martingale measure in the incomplete market setting. A system of coupled partial-differential-integral equations satisfied by the European option prices is derived. We also derive a decomposition result for an American put option into its European counterpart and early exercise premium. Simulation results of the model have been presented and discussed.     

Optimal stopping, free boundary, and American option in a jump-diffusion model

This paper considers the American put option valuation in a jump-diffusion model and relates this optimal-stopping problem to a parabolic integro-differential free-boundary problem, with special attention to the behavior of the optimal-stopping boundary. We study the regularity of the American option value and obtain in particular a decomposition of the American put option price as the sum of its counterpart European price and the early exercise premium. Compared with the Black-Scholes (BS) [5] model, this premium has an additional term due to the presence of jumps. We prove the continuity of the free boundary and also give one estimate near maturity, generalizing a recent result of Barleset al. [3] for the BS model. Finally, we study the effect of the market price of jump risk and the intensity of jumps on the American put option price and its critical stock price.     

双重看涨期权定价的估计

在市场无套利、无摩擦和无风险利率为常数假定下,分别讨论了无红利配发和有红利配发情形时,一种新型期权—双重看涨期权的定价问题,主要利用套期保值策略对期权定价进行了若干估计,给出了上下界.     

A Delayed Black and Scholes Formula

Abstract

In this article we develop an explicit formula for pricing European options when the underlying stock price follows nonlinear stochastic functional differential equations with fixed and variable delays. We believe that the proposed models are sufficiently flexible to fit real market data, and yet simple enough to allow for a closed-form representation of the option price. Furthermore, the models maintain the no-arbitrage property and the completeness of the market. The derivation of the option-pricing formula is based on an equivalent local martingale measure.     

Pricing and Hedging of Lookback Options in Hyper-exponential Jump Diffusion Models

ABSTRACT

In this article, we consider the problem of pricing lookback options in certain exponential Lévy market models. While in the classic Black-Scholes models the price of such options can be calculated in closed form, for more general asset price model, one typically has to rely on (rather time-intense) Monte-Carlo or partial (integro)-differential equation (P(I)DE) methods. However, for Lévy processes with double exponentially distributed jumps, the lookback option price can be expressed as one-dimensional Laplace transform (cf. Kou, S. G., Petrella, G., & Wang, H. (2005). Pricing path-dependent options with jump risk via Laplace transforms. The Kyoto Economic Review, 74(9), 1–23.). The key ingredient to derive this representation is the explicit availability of the first passage time distribution for this particular Lévy process, which is well-known also for the more general class of hyper-exponential jump diffusions (HEJDs). In fact, Jeannin and Pistorius (Jeannin, M., & Pistorius, M. (2010). A transform approach to calculate prices and Greeks of barrier options driven by a class of Lévy processes. Quntitative Finance, 10(6), 629–644.) were able to derive formulae for the Laplace transformed price of certain barrier options in market models described by HEJD processes. Here, we similarly derive the Laplace transforms of floating and fixed strike lookback option prices and propose a numerical inversion scheme, which allows, like Fourier inversion methods for European vanilla options, the calculation of lookback options with different strikes in one shot. Additionally, we give semi-analytical formulae for several Greeks of the option price and discuss a method of extending the proposed method to generalized hyper-exponential (as e.g. NIG or CGMY) models by fitting a suitable HEJD process. Finally, we illustrate the theoretical findings by some numerical experiments.     

求解美式回望期权的有限元方法

期权作为一种金融衍生产品,在欧美国家一直很受欢迎.由于其规避风险的特性,期权也吸引了中国投资者的兴趣.基于市场的需求,2015年初,上海证券交易所推出了中国首批期权产品,期权定价问题的研究热潮正席卷全球.本文研究的美式回望期权,是一种路径相关的期权,其支付函数不仅依赖于标的资产的现值,也依赖其历史最值.分析回望期权的特点,不难发现:1)这类期权空间变量的变化范围为二维无界不规则区域,难以应用数值方法直接求解;2)最佳实施边界未知,使得该问题变得高度非线性.本文的主要工作就是解决这两个困难,得到回望期权和最佳实施边界的数值逼近结果.现有的处理问题1)的有效方法是采用标准变量替换、计价单位变换以及Landau变换将定价模型化为一个[0,1]区间上的非线性抛物问题,本文也将沿用这些技巧处理问题1).进一步,采用有限元方法离散简化后的定价模型,并论证了数值解的非负性,提出了利用Newton法求解离散化的非线性系统.最后,通过数值模拟,验证了本文所提算法的高效性和准确性.     

Pricing vulnerable European options with stochastic default barriers

CF Lo and KC Ku Institute of Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China Email: cho-hoi_hui{at}hkma.gov.hk Received on 31 July 2006. Accepted on 15 March 2007. This paper develops a valuation model of European options incorporatinga stochastic default barrier, which extends a constant defaultbarrier proposed in the Hull–White model. The defaultbarrier is considered as an option writer's liability. Closed-formsolutions of vulnerable European option values based on themodel are derived to study the impact of the stochastic defaultbarriers on option values. The numerical results show that negativecorrelation between the firm values and the stochastic defaultbarriers of option writers gives material reductions in optionvalues where the options are written by firms with leverageratios corresponding to BBB or BB ratings.     

混合分数布朗运动下欧式期权模糊定价研究

本文采用混合分数布朗运动来刻画标的股票价格的动态变化,以此体现金融市场的长记忆性特征。在混合分数Black-Scholes模型的基础上, 基于标的股票价格、无风险利率和波动率均是模糊数的假定下,构建了欧式期权模糊定价模型。其次,分析了金融市场长记忆性的度量指标 Hurst指数H对欧式期权模糊定价模型的影响。最后,数值实验表明:考虑长记忆性特征得到的欧式期权模糊定价模型更符合实际。     

A BLACK-SCHOLES FORMULA FOR OPTION PRICING WITH DIVIDENDS

Abstract. We obtain a Black-Scholes formula for the arbitrage-free pricing of Eu-ropean Call options with constant coefficients when the underlylng stock generatesdividends. To hedge the Call option, we will always borrow money from bank. We seethe influence of the dividend term on the option pricing via the comparison theoremof BSDE(backward stochastic di~erential equation [5], [7]). We also consider the option pricing problem in terms of the borrowing rate R whichis not equal to the interest rate r. The corresponding Black-Sdxoles formula is given.We notice that it is in fact the borrowing rate that plays the role in the pricing formula.     

Pricing of perpetual American and Bermudan options by binomial tree method

In this paper, we consider the binomial tree method for pricing perpetual American and perpetual Bermudan options. The closed form solutions of these discrete models are solved. Explicit formulas for the optimal exercise boundary of the perpetual American option is obtained. A nonlinear equation that is satisfied by the optimal exercise boundaries of the perpetual Bermudan option is found.      

连续支付红利及有交易成本的领子期权定价模型

在无风险利率r(t)和波动率σ(t)均为时间t的函数及市场无套利假设下,分别考虑了连续红利率q(t)和有交易成本情况下的领子期权定价,通过建立相应定价模型,得到了领子期权不同的定价公式.