硅氮烷的合成与应用研究进展

硅氮烷根据原料以及合成方法的不同可分为链硅氮烷、环硅氮烷、聚硅氮烷等. 有机硅氮化合物由于其含有的硅氮键、氮氢键的独特性质, 在陶瓷前驱体制备、耐热材料的制备、辉光放电反应、高效液相色谱等方面有了越来越重要的应用.介绍了硅氮烷的一些最新合成与应用研究进展.     

主链含环三硅氮烷的聚硅氧烷的合成——环硅氮阴离子引发环硅氧烷开环聚合

在极性溶剂中合成了六苯基环三硅氮烷锂盐（Ｐ３ＮＬｉ） ．在促进剂的作用下,此锂盐成功地引发了环硅氧烷的开环聚合．通过对聚合物的含氮量、１Ｈ ＮＭＲ、２９Ｓｉ ＮＭＲ 谱的测试,结果证明所得到的聚合物中含有六苯基环三硅氮烷,并研究了聚合物的分子量（ＧＰＣ） 与特性粘数的关系．     

聚硼硅氮烷陶瓷前驱体分子结构设计和合成*

聚硼硅氮烷是制备高性能硅硼 碳氮（SiBCN）复相陶瓷的主要聚合物前驱体,在耐高温、抗氧化高性能陶瓷领域中具有重要的研究价值。本文分4个方面,即基于硼吖嗪的聚硼硅氮烷、侧基含有环硼氮烷或单硼烷的聚硼硅氮烷、基于多官能硼烷构筑的聚硅氮烷和含硼聚硅基碳化二亚胺,从聚硼硅氮烷分子结构设计、改性、合成及在多维尺寸材料中初步应用的角度综述了该领域国内外研究的新进展,指出了聚硼硅氮烷陶瓷前驱体设计合成研究发展中值得关注的新方向。     

含环三硅氮烷的星形聚硅氧烷的合成——环硅氮阴离子引发环硅氧烷开环聚合

以环三硅氮锂盐（ＤＮＬｉ３）为引发剂，成功地引发了环硅氧烷开环聚合．通过含氮量测定，利用１Ｈ、２９ＳｉＮＭＲ和ＩＲ谱以及分子量测定（ＧＰＣ）和特性粘度测试，并与模型化合物进行比较，证明所得聚合物是含环三硅氮烷的星形聚硅氧烷．研究了六甲基环三硅氮锂盐引发八甲基环四硅氧烷（Ｄ４）开环聚合的动力学，结果表明该聚合反应相对于Ｄ４为一级反应，同时也比较了不同促进剂对聚合速率的影响，ＤＭＦ对聚合速率的促进作用比ｄｉｇｌｙｍｅ大     

主链含环二硅氮烷硅橡胶的热稳定性

本文采用TGA、IGA、GC和 GC-MS比较了主链含环二硅氮烷硅橡胶与一般硅橡胶的热稳定性,发现硅氮橡胶在升温失重时,起始失重温度比甲基硅橡胶高150—200℃,在350℃氮气下恒温热失重要比甲基和苯基硅橡胶低十多倍。环二硅氮烷的存在是硅氮橡胶主链热稳定性好的原因。另外硅氮橡胶主链中的硅氧链节数目,对其热稳定性几乎无影响,硅氮橡胶主链热降解机理与甲基硅橡胶不同,它的降解是先经过链之间的重排。     

紫外光引发硅氢加成反应制备超支化聚碳硅氮烷

在二乙酰丙酮铂存在下, 以紫外光引发AB4型单体双(N,N-二烯丙基胺基)甲基硅烷发生硅氢加成反应, 制备了超支化聚碳硅氮烷. 聚合产物通过FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR和29Si NMR谱和体积排除色谱/激光光散射联用技术进行表征. 与常规加热条件下Karstedt's催化剂催化的硅氢加成聚合相比, 光引发聚合的反应速度快. 波谱分析表明, 聚合过程中以α位硅氢加成反应为主. 光引发聚合制备的超支化聚碳硅氮烷支化度(DB)和平均支化数(ANB)分别为0.46和0.53, 与理论值相近. 其重均分子量为12500 g/mol, 分子量分布系数为2.1, Mark-Houwink方程指数α为0.44, 与热聚合制备的超支化聚碳硅氮烷的参数相近.     

三氯环硼氮烷和聚硼氮烷的合成与表征

以三氯化硼和氯化铵为原料,甲苯为溶剂,高产率(98%)地合成了具有硼和氮的六元环结构的三氯环硼氮烷(1);1分别与正丙胺(Ⅰ)和异丙胺(Ⅱ)反应制得正丙胺基环硼氮烷(1~Ⅰ)和异丙胺基环硼氮烷(1~Ⅱ);1~Ⅰ和1~Ⅱ经过脱胺和热聚合反应制得聚硼氮烷先驱体(2和3).用IR,NMR和XRD等对2和3的组成与结构进行了分析,探讨了聚硼氮烷的胺基取代基对聚硼氮烷聚合反应性及产物结构的影响.研究结果表明,3具有更强的热聚合特性.     

八苯基环二硅氮烷的新合成方法

本文报告了制备1,3－二氯－1,1,3,3－四苯基二硅氮烷（DCTPS）的新方法,此法不仅产率较高,而且产物易于分离纯化。此外,首次采用DCTPS与BuLi反应制备了N,N′－双（二苯基氯硅基）四苯基环二硅氮烷（BCPTPC）,并对其水解反应进行了详细研究,对水解产物进行了表征。     

新型氮化硼陶瓷纤维先驱体——含硅聚硼氮烷的合成与表征

以三氯化硼、六甲基二硅氮烷为起始原料, 采用一步法合成了一种新型含硅氮化硼陶瓷纤维先驱体——含硅聚硼氮烷. 该法合成工艺简单, 且合成收率约为87%(质量分数). 采用元素分析、傅立叶红外光谱、核磁共振波谱、热机械分析、动态流变分析等对含硅聚硼氮烷的组成、结构和性能进行了表征. 结果表明, N—B为含硅聚硼氮烷先驱体的骨架结构, 其中, B, N主要以硼氮六环形式存在, 而Si则以Si—CH₃, Si—N形式存在. 该先驱体软化点为110 ℃, 具有优良的成型性, 在190 ℃的N₂气氛中可纺丝得到20～25 μm的有机纤维.     

胺源对“一锅法”合成聚硼硅氮烷结构及性能的影响

以六甲基二硅氮烷(MM^N)、四甲基二乙烯基二硅氮烷(MM^NVi)和四甲基二硅氮烷(MM^NH) 3种不同结构的二硅氮烷为胺源,通过与氯硅烷和三氯化硼反应,制备出具有不同封端结构的聚硼硅氮烷.其中,以MM^N、MM^NVi为胺源可获得液态产物;以MM^NH为胺源时,因合成过程中发生活性基团间的过度交联导致产物凝胶.采用核磁共振波谱仪、红外光谱仪对液态前驱体聚合物及其热解产物的结构进行了表征.研究结果表明：通过“一锅法”制备的液态聚硼硅氮烷主链具有较多的支化和环状结构,随着封端结构中乙烯基含量的增加,所得前驱体的固化温度降低,固化反应活化能降低.与以MM^N为胺源和封端剂合成的聚硼硅氮烷相比,以MM^NVi为胺源所得前驱体固化前后陶瓷产率分别提高了14.9%及8.1%.并且,通过改变胺源的种类和比例可以调节热解产物的元素组成,合成的液态前驱体聚合物热解所得SiBCN陶瓷结晶温度高于1700℃.     

Beiträge zur Chemie der Si-N-Bindung,XVIII [1]. Über lineare,cyclodisilazan-modifizierte Oligosiloxane

Linear oligosiloxanes with cyclodisilazane rings built into the siloxane chain were prepared by the reaction of hydroxysilyl substituted cyclodisilazanes in the form of their lithiumsilanolates with dimethyldichlorosilane, α,ω-chlorosiloxanes or dimethylchlorosilyl substituted cyclodisilazanes.     

Nitroxides: applications in synthesis and in polymer chemistry

This Review describes the application of nitroxides to synthesis and polymer chemistry. The synthesis and physical properties of nitroxides are discussed first. The largest section focuses on their application as stoichiometric and catalytic oxidants in organic synthesis. The oxidation of alcohols and carbanions, as well as oxidative C-C bond-forming reactions are presented along with other typical oxidative transformations. A section is also dedicated to the extensive use of nitroxides as trapping reagents for C-centered radicals in radical chemistry. Alkoxyamines derived from nitroxides are shown to be highly useful precursors of C-centered radicals in synthesis and also in polymer chemistry. The last section discusses the basics of nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) and also highlights new developments in the synthesis of complex polymer architectures.     

有机化学知识在高分子材料合成创新实验中的运用——分享几个实例

针对目前教学中存在的理论课程之间、实验课程与理论课程之间关联不够紧密等问题,探索了通过"知识关联"将有机化学基本知识运用到高分子材料合成创新实验中的教学思路。以新试剂合成及应用、荧光聚酯合成、聚酰胺合成、聚酯水解等为例,介绍了如何将有机化学新理论、新方法、新试剂应用于本科高分子化学和高分子材料实验教学,以及如何将有机化学的理论知识和实验手段应用于高分子材料合成教学中。实践表明:通过"知识关联",将有机化学基础理论知识和实验技能应用于高分子合成实验中可以提高学生对所学知识的理解和运用能力,增强学生的实验探索兴趣,有效改进了高分子材料合成实验教学的课堂气氛。     

The combination of living radical polymerization and click chemistry for the synthesis of advanced macromolecular architectures

Since its introduction, click chemistry has received a considerable amount of interest. In this contribution, the term click chemistry and the reactions that fall under this term are briefly explained. The main focus of this review is on the application of click chemistry in conjunction with living radical polymerization for the synthesis of advanced macromolecular architectures. Therefore the most powerful living radical polymerization (LRP) techniques are discussed and an overview of click chemistry in the different synthetic schemes is given. A large number of examples are shown that include the synthesis of block copolymers, star-shaped polymers, surface modified particles, and polymer-protein conjugates. The enormous potential of LRP/click chemistry is probably best exemplified by the synthesis of different miktoarm star copolymers, to which a separate section is dedicated.     

Polymer-supported reagents and catalysts: recent advances in synthetic applications

The current surge in parallel array synthesis for the production of small molecule libraries has generated keen interest in the application of solid-supported reagents and catalysts in solution-phase chemistry. The strategy assimilates the advantages of product isolation and purification of solid-phase organic synthesis with the flexible choice of chemistry from the vast repertoire of solution-phase organic reactions. This review summarizes the significant recent advances in the application of polymer-bound reagents and catalysts in solution-phase synthesis of organic molecules. Multi-step reaction sequences employing sequential use of polymer-supported reagents are also discussed. In view of the earlier review publications on this topic, only the recent literature covering 1998 and 1999 is included.     

可见光促进的偕二氟烯烃制备与应用研究进展

偕二氟烯烃化合物在医药、材料、精细化工等领域具有广泛的应用,同时也是一类非常重要的用于制备各类复杂的有机氟化合物的有机合成中间体.可见光催化反应具有条件温和、绿色清洁等特点,已经成为有机化学中非常重要的合成手段之一.本文综述了近年来可见光促进的偕二氟烯烃化合物的制备及其在有机合成化学中的应用.     

Synthesis, Chemistry, and Applications of Heterocyclic Cage Compounds (V)

The synthesis and chemistry of polycyclic of cage compounds have attracted considerable attention in recent years. The vast majority of the work reported in this area has dealt with carbocylic cage compounds. On the other hand, the synthesis and chemistry of heterocyclic cage compounds have received less attention. Recently, we envisioned that studies on the synthesis and chemistry of heterocyclic cage compounds can greatly expand the scopes and utilities of cage compounds.1 As part of a program that involves the synthesis, chemistry, and application of heterocyclic cage compounds, we report here the synthesis of new thia-oxa-cage compounds and the chemical nature of these thia-cages.     

微波有机合成反应的新进展

综述了近来微波辐射技术在有机合成应用中的新进展。着重介绍了微波有机合 成反应技术及其在重要有机合成反应中的应用。     

功能化离子液体的制备及其在合成中的应用

功能化离子液体;手性离子液体;酸性离子液体     

Plasma chemistry for development of novel materials

The possibilities of plasma chemistry as a novel synthetic method in the reaction fields of material science are discussed, stressing the fundamental aspect. The characteristics of the chemical process using nonequilibrium plasmas are described and some typical examples of the application of plasma techniques to organic chemistry are reviewed. The current approaches to improve the selectivity in plasma synthesis are also mentioned.