Gradient-Field Sorting of Microparticles

The method of spatial sorting of different types of microparticles in a liquid with the aid of a gradient laser field has been proposed and implemented. The method is based on linear scanning of the interference fringes of the field imposed on a suspension. It is shown theoretically that at given parameters of the particles and field it is possible to select such a rate of scanning of interference fringes at which only the particles of one species will be captured and carried in the wake of the field, while others are left in place. The efficiency of the proposed method of selection of particles is confirmed experimentally with an example of a water suspension of polymeric small balls of diameter 5.8 and 10 m illuminated by interference fringes of He–Ne laser radiation ( = 632.8 nm). The implemented method of control of microparticles can find application in physics, biology, medicine, microtechnology, and also in a number of other fields.     

Synthesis of nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation of consolidated metal microparticles

This paper describes a novel process of nanoparticle synthesis by pulsed laser ablation of consolidated microparticles. Metal microparticles, including Cu, Al and Ag, are consolidated by a cold isobaric press with pressures up to a few hundred MPa before laser irradiation. Nanoparticles are then synthesized in air by high-power pulsed laser ablation of the microparticles using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. It is shown that the degree of compaction plays a significant role in determining the size of the produced nanoparticles. The effect of laser fluence and collector position on the distribution of particle size is examined. Photoacoustic deflection probing and nanosecond time-resolved visualization indicate that the novel process attains increased efficiency of laser-energy coupling with the target. PACS 81.07.-b; 81.07.Wx; 42.62.Cf     

On the fundamental possibility of creating a laser reference for a local acoustic pressure in a fluid

The possibility of establishing an unambiguous relation between the amplitude of a local acoustic pressure in a fluid and the parameter laser radiation scattered on microparticles located in this region has been studied. The fundamental difficulty of the problem, which has not been overcome in preceding works, is due to the uncontrollable phase taper of probe laser beams even in the simplest case of a harmonic acoustic wave. It has been shown that the inclusion of nonlinear components of the phase taper makes it possible to unambiguously express the amplitude of the local excess pressure in the region of interference of two crossing laser beams in terms of the parameters of the medium and the parameters of scattered radiation. This indicates the fundamental possibility of creating a laser reference for acoustic pressure in fluids.     

氢负离子在少周期激光场中解离时的干涉效应

本文利用强场近似理论研究了氢负离子在少周期激光场中的解离过程. 在计算中采用了数值积分和鞍点近似两种计算方法并得到了一致的结果. 更为重要的是, 利用鞍点法对激光脉冲中不同时刻解离产生的电子波包之间的干涉效应进行了研究, 发现光电子动量谱的主要结构是电子波包间的周期间干涉和周期内干涉共同作用的结果, 并分析了周期内和周期间干涉效应对光电子能量谱的影响. 最后, 讨论了激光脉宽对周期内和周期间干涉效应的影响. 本文的工作对进一步了解负离子光解离过程中的量子干涉效应和利用光场对其进行调控方面的研究具有意义.     

Dynamics of the Trapping of Microparticles by an Interference Field on Exposure to Continuous and Pulsed Radiation

The dynamics of motion of microparticles in a gradient light field depending on the acting radiation time sequences has been studied theoretically and experimentally. A water suspension of small polymeric balls illuminated by interference fringes of the radiation from a cw He–Ne laser ( = 632.8 nm) and also pulse-periodic YAG:Nd³⁺ laser ( = 532.1 nm; _p 17 nsec; f 50 Hz) was used. It has been established that the gradient field generated by continuous radiation ensures a higher velocity for transporting particles and, consequently, a more effective change in their local concentration and acceleration of their diffusion. In contrast to this, interference irradiation of particles by short repetitive pulses is not very effective for their transportation in space but ensures much higher instantaneous velocities and a higher kinetic energy. As applied to biological objects, this regime has a slight effect on the local concentration and diffusion of particles, but can cause conformational changes in biological structures.     

On the possibility of transmitting signals by means of the Aharonov-Bohm effect

A mental experiment on the possible effect of an alternating current flowing along generating lines of an infinitely long cylinder on the interference diffraction pattern of microparticles has been considered. The possibility of exciting and detecting electromagnetic waves, which correspond to a zero electromagnetic field, and transmitting signals by means of the Aharonov-Bohm effect changing the phase of the electron wave function has been discussed. The results can be used in the design of a detector of an electromagnetic field that does not absorb photons of the detected radiation.     

高速微粒子场的全息诊断技术

本文用全息摄影方法研究了爆炸产物阵面上微粒子场。据高速摄影测试结果表明,产物阵面微粒子约以5000米/秒的速度飞散。着重讨论了全息摄影允许的微粒子运动速度与其它参数关系的计算公式,同轴全息和离轴全息的特点和适应范围以及如何用空间滤波技术获得高分辨率的微粒子图象。     

Laser ablation of microparticles for nanostructure generation

The process of laser ablation of microparticles has been shown to generate nanoparticles from microparticles; but the generation of nanoparticle networks from microparticles has never been reported before. We report a unique approach for the generation of nanoparticle networks through ablation of microparticles. Using this approach, two samples containing microparticles of lead oxide (Pb₃O₄) and nickel oxide (NiO), respectively, were ablated under ambient conditions using a femtosecond laser operating in the MHz repetition rate regime. Nanoparticle networks with particle diameter ranging from 60 to 90 nm were obtained by ablation of microparticles without use of any specialized equipment, catalysts or external stimulants. The formation of finer nanoparticle networks has been explained by considering the low pressure region created by the shockwave, causing rapid condensation of microparticles into finer nanoparticles. A comparison between the nanostructures generated by ablating microparticle and those by ablating bulk substrate was carried out; and a considerable reduction in size and narrowed size distribution was observed. Our nanostructure fabrication technique will be a unique process for nanoparticle network generation from a vast array of materials.     

Interference effects in the theory of multiphoton laser-simulated bremsstrahlung for electron wave packets that are broad in their momentum representation

The interference peculiarities of absorption and emission of external laser field quanta by a spatially narrow electron wave packet during its scattering at a potential center are considered. The angular and energy distributions for an electron due to scattering in a laser field are obtained and analyzed within the framework of the perturbation theory based on interaction with the potential center. A new mechanism of effective heating of plasma produced in a cluster under the effect of intense external laser field is found. Drastic changes in angular distribution due to the interference of incident and scattered parts of an electron wave packet are revealed.     

Light-Induced Dynamic Backscattering of Laser Pulses in a Randomly Inhomogeneous Media

Backscattering of high-power laser pulses in a randomly inhomogeneous media containing microparticles suspended in a liquid is treated theoretically. Relationships for the temporal correlation function of multiply scattered radiation, which account for acceleration of particles in the field of optical radiation, sure derived for the first time. A new method for determination of particle velocities based on correlation properties of scattered light is proposed.     

Two-center interference in high-harmonic generation of H_2~+ in a combination of a mid-infrared laser field and a terahertz field

We theoretically investigate the two-center interference in high-order harmonics generated from the H_2~+ in a combination of a mid-infrared laser and a terahertz field by numerically solving the time-dependent Schr ¨odinger equation(TDSE).The interference minima in high-order harmonic generation(HHG) are effectively suppressed when a THz field is added.The contribution to HHG from the two separate nuclei is used to demonstrate the locating order of the harmonic minima.Furthermore, we also investigate the emission time of harmonics. The results show that the intensity of the short path around 60 thorder after adding a THz field is stronger than that in the mid-infrared laser field, which further illustrates the suppression of the interference minima in HHG.     

Theoretical study of micro-optical structure fabrication based on sample rotation and two-laser-beam interference

A method for fabricating a micro-optical structure based on sample rotation and two-laser-beam interference is proposed. The rotation process is analyzed using the coordinate transformation in matrix presentation and the theoretical expressions of the optical field distributions corresponding to different sample rotations. By rotating the samples and changing the laser wavelength, various special micro-optical structures can be obtained, such as equally spaced concentric rings and irregular trapezoidal lattices; these structures are demonstrated by simulating the corresponding optical field distributions. The proposed approach may be developed into a low-cost laser interference lithography technology for the fabrication of various micro-optical structures.     

Parallel Raman microspectroscopy using programmable multipoint illumination

We present a novel parallel Raman microspectroscopy scheme for simultaneously collecting Raman spectra from multiple points. This scheme is realized by projectinga multiple-point laser illumination pattern using a spatial light modulator (SLM) and wide-field Raman imaging collection. We demonstrate the performance of this scheme using uniform samples, trapped polymer microparticles and fixed polymer microparticles with mixed molecular composition within a 50×50 μm(2) field of view. This scheme enables the acquisition of Raman spectra from as many as 40 points simultaneously using a single illumination pattern and detector recording frame without scanning.     

Optical trapping of nanoparticles and microparticles by a Gaussian standing wave

The optical trapping of nanoparticles and microparticles by a Gaussian standing wave is experimentally demonstrated for the first time to the authors' knowledge. The standing wave is obtained under a microscope objective as a result of the interference of an incoming laser beam and a beam reflected on a microscope slide that has been coated with a system of reflective dielectric layers. Experimental results show that three-dimensional trapping of nanoparticles (100-nm polystyrene spheres) and one or more vertically aligned micro-objects (5-mum polystyrene spheres, yeast cells) can easily be achieved by use of even highly aberrated beams or objectives with low numerical apertures.     

激光自混合显微系统的设计及实验研究

论述了自混合干涉技术的发展历程,并引入了自混合干涉显微技术的实验原理和研究近展;建立了He—Ne激光自混合干涉实验装置系统,获得了稳定的激光功率输出。然后,对基于激光自混合干涉技术的显微镜进行了研究,并详细给出了该系统的设计原理、装调方法和实验结果,得到了玻璃小球的三维形体信息图像。系统达到的横向分辨力1μm,纵向分辨力为15nm。上述实验结果证明自混合显微镜在微小物体的高精度形貌成像方面有着很大的潜力。     

Analysis of the sizes and number of microparticles in the ablation plume,which attenuates laser radiation during ablation of a constructive material

The effect of laser radiation with a wavelength of 1.3 μm, power of 25 kW, pulse width of 1 s, and irradiated spot area of 9 cm² on carbon silicon carbide composite material (CSCCM) is analyzed. The formation of an ablation plume (which consists of vapor of irradiated material, burning products, drops and microparticles of various chemical composition and size) above the irradiated surface leads to a significant loss of laser energy. The fractions of the scattered and absorbed laser radiation in the plume are determined, the size and mass distributions of microparticles in the plume are estimated, their concentration is calculated, and the microparticle escape velocities from the irradiated CSCCM surface are evaluated.     

用于制作光纤光栅的Talbot干涉仪的分析与建模

对用于制作光纤光栅的Talbot干涉仪进行了分析.当考虑准分子激光器的空间相干性和时间相干性时,几何光学中的光线法并不能给出Talbot干涉仪干涉场的真实强度分布情况,而通过光的电磁理论,则可以提供对干涉场的详细描述.基于电磁理论,建立了一个Talbot干涉仪干涉场计算模型,并首次将Talbot干涉仪的反射镜转角作为模型计算参数加以考虑,随后进行了一系列的计算.计算结果显示了干涉场的分布,同时表明空间相干性对Talbot干涉仪的近场干涉和远场干涉影响都很大,其中远场干涉对空间相干性的要求更严格,且对于远场干涉,反射镜转角的影响不可忽视.     

用于光束匀滑的连续相位板近场均匀性

 为降低高功率激光系统中连续相位板(CPP)后续元件的强激光损伤风险,综合考虑入射光强调制、干涉及衍射作用等多种影响因素,建立了CPP近场计算分析模型,模拟和分析了这些因素对CPP后的近场均匀性的影响。理论分析结果表明：CPP后的光束近场均匀性主要受入射光调制、CPP表面剩余反射率和衍射传输距离的影响;当入射光束质量较差时,CPP后的近场均匀性主要由入射光束质量决定,CPP剩余反射率和衍射传输距离对近场均匀性影响相对较小;但当光束质量比较理想时,干涉和衍射作用会破坏CPP的近场均匀性,衍射传输距离影响尤为突出。     

Frequency structure in an electronically tuned Ti:sapphire laser: periodic appearance of static fringes in both homodyne and heterodyne Michelson interferometers

Static interference fringes were observed repeatedly with changes of path difference in both homodyne and heterodyne Michelson interferometers. This unique coherence property of an electronically tuned Ti:sapphire laser with an intracavity acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) has revealed the frequency structure and dynamics of the laser field. The fact that static interference occurred in a heterodyne interferometer with unequal path lengths indicates backscattering of the intracavity laser field, suggesting that Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing occurs in the intracavity AOTF.