常温常湿条件下Au/MeO~x催化剂上CO氧化性能

利用共沉淀法制备了Au/MeO~x催化剂(Me=Al,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Zn)。在常温常湿条件下,考察了不同氧化物负载的金基催化剂的CO氧化性能。结果表明,氧化物种类对催化剂的活性和稳定性均有较大的影响。Cu,Mn,Cr等氧化物负载的金基催化剂的活性较差,而Zn,Fe,Co,Ni,Al等金属氧化物负载的金基催化剂可将CO完全氧化,又具有一定的稳定性,在相同反应条件下,CO完全转化时的稳定性顺序为Au/ZnO>Au/α-Fe~2O~3>Au/Co~3O~4>Au/γ-Al~2O~3≈Au/NiO。还发现水对Au/MnO~x催化剂的活性和稳定性有负作用,而对180℃焙烧制备的Au/ZnO-180催化剂的活性和稳定性均有明显的湿度增强作用。     

引言

中药在中国有着几千年的临床使用经验。随着民众对药品有效性和安全性认识的加深,中药质量受到越来越多的重视,中药质量控制也随之成为保障中药产业发展的重要因素之一和中药现代化研究的重要内容之一。由于中药的复杂性、多样性和物质基础研究的局限性,中药质量控制技术的发展成为中药质量控制的关键。随着中药物质基础、药理活性研究的深入和现代分离分析技术对复杂体系分析能力的提高,中药质量控制水平有了明显的提高;在认识到中药药效是多靶点、多成分的协同作用特点后,多指标成分定量成为中药含量测定的发展趋势。近年来,着重于从整体上进行质量控制的指纹图谱技术得到了广泛的关注和应用,并已被国外认可,成为建立国际性中药质量标准的技术纽带。各种色谱、光谱技术在指纹图谱中的运用及利用现代分离和检测技术获取海量数据,使人们对于中药的认识达到了一个新的高度。海量数据的化学计量学分析更成为鉴别中药真伪、优劣的科学依据。
中药质量控制是一个不断认识和深入的过程,新问题、新理念和新技术的层出不穷为我们提出了一个又一个的新课题。随着研究的深入,各方面的研究成果将为中药质量控制提供更为丰富的科学依据,中药质量控制技术也必然随着中药整体研究水平的提高而发展,并为中药的现代化和国际化做出巨大贡献。由于色谱技术在中药质量控制中发挥了巨大作用,本刊特别邀请了部分具有突出贡献的色谱专家、学者撰写了相关学术论文,在本期编辑出版了“中药质量控制”专栏。希望通过这些专栏文章所介绍的工作及思想,广集思路,不断创新,为进一步提高中药质量控制的研究水平作出贡献。     

食品标准体系的"漏洞"

食品安全关系着人民群众的身体健康和生命安全。自《标准化法》颁布以来,我国标准化工作为确保食品安全做出了较大的贡献。然而,随着经济发展和社会进步,现行的食品标准体系暴露出了许多问题和不足,近年来频频发生的食品质量安全事件,大都与食品标准存在的问题有关。标准化的宗     

Na-W-Mn/SiO~2催化剂中Na-Mn协同作用的分子轨道研究

对于甲烷氧化偶联Na-W-Mn/SiO~2催化剂中组分效应的研究表明,单独担载Mn的催化剂非常活泼,具有很强的烃类氧化能力并导致深度氧化产物CO~x的形成;而Na的加入能抑制其活性并对提高催化剂的C~2选择性起了关键作用,对催化剂电子结构及不同金属中心分子轨道的研究揭示了Na-Mn协同作用的机制。催化剂中Na的存在将产生自由电子,处于体相的Mn将在-3eV附近产生空的能带。处于催化剂表面的Mn,无论以分散形式存在或是以氧化物团簇存在,其LUMO能级都很低,具有很强的氧化能力。加入Na以后,由Na产生的自由电子将处在体相Mn产生的空带或占据表面Mn-O中心的低LUMO轨道,其结果,一方面使Na的加入并不使催化剂呈现强的碱性而居致CO~2中毒;另一方面Mn-O中心接受电子后将抑制其强氧化能力保证了催化剂的高选择性。     

CXN天然沸石的研究2: 吸附性质

采用N~2,NH~3,CO~2,乙烯,丙烯,水,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等作为吸附剂,研究了由我国CXN天然沸石改性制得的H-STI和Na-STI沸石的吸附性质,H-STI和Na-STI沸石的BET表面积及微孔孔体积约为420m^2/g和0.20m^3/g。根据NH~3和CO~2在H-STI沸石上的吸附等温线计算得到它们的吸附热分别为44.8和26.5kJ/mol。乙烯,丙烯,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等在Na-STI沸石上的吸附等温线表明该沸石对有机分子的吸附具有链长选择性。在低分压下水相对于甲醇的吸附量表明沸石具有一定的疏水性质。     

鉴定用于细胞附着的配体的高通量方法

提供了用于鉴定能够在完整的细胞中产生想要的生物学反应的物质的高通量方法。所述方法包括步骤：提供具有培养表面的容器，将不同的包含单一物质的不同混合物放人选择的容器中，将所述单一物质混合物固定在所述培养表面上。所述方法还包括将被固定的物质与完整的细胞接触，以及获取表示被接触细胞中想要的生物学反应的数据。所述方法也包括使用获得数据的统计模建来确定哪种单一物质的混合物和／或这些混合物中的哪种单一物质对在被接触的细胞中产生想要的生物学反应有效。     

纤维素制取乙醇技术

以纤维素为原料生产燃料乙醇由于其原料来源广泛及环保效益良好而被认为是最有前景的生产燃料乙醇的方法之一.以纤维素为原料生产乙醇主要包括水解和发酵两个转化过程.本文介绍了纤维素生产燃料乙醇的原理及工艺过程,同时讨论了各工艺过程需要解决的关键技术问题,分析了过程的经济性,最后介绍了国内外的应用现状,展望了纤维素生产燃料乙醇的产业化前景.     

毕节地区晚二叠世煤层稀土元素的示踪研究

对取自贵州西部毕节地区,晚二叠世11个可采煤层的13个样品的稀土元素进行了电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析。研究发现：海洋来源对稀土元素的富集作用极其微弱;来自植物成因的物质来源小于1%;稀土元素的物质来源主要受陆源影响和控制。煤层与玄武岩稀土元素的∑REE,LREE,HREE,以及稀土元素配分模式有相似性。∑REE值最高的M12煤层形成于龙潭晚期,而这一时期玄武岩喷发集中于包括毕节地区的贵州西部。认为毕节晚二叠世煤层的稀土元素属于陆源成因沉积,峨眉山玄武岩是煤层稀土元素的主要物质来源和控制因素。     

CO加氢合成C2含氧化合物Rh-Sm-V-Li/SiO2催化剂的研究

使用加压下的CO加氢反应和程序升温还原(TPR),吸附氢的程序升温脱附(H2-TPD),以及H2和CO吸附等技术,研究了Rh-Sm-V-Li/SiO2催化剂上Sm,V和Li促进剂对合成二碳含氧化合物的促进效应.结果表明,Sm和V加入到Rh/SiO2中使催化剂的活性和生成二碳含氧化合物的选择性显著提高,催化剂上的Sm3+不易被还原,Sm的加入起着提高Rh分散度的作用,使催化剂上H2和CO吸附量提高,并促进乙酸和乙醛的生成;催化剂上的高价钒离子容易还原成低价钒离子,并迁移覆盖金属Rh的表面,使催化剂上H2和CO吸附量降低.低价钒具有良好的贮氢能力,使催化剂的加氢能力显著提高,促进乙醇的生成.     

智能响应型超浸润材料

近年来,超浸润材料由于自身所具备的各种新颖及优异的性能受到越来越多的关注,在实际生活和工业生产领域中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。但是随着制备技术的不断进步和研究的逐渐深入,现有的单一型的超浸润材料已经不能满足现实生活的各项需求。在此基础上,可响应于外部刺激的超浸润材料,即智能响应型超浸润材料应运而生。本文首先介绍了固体表面润湿性的基础理论,然后根据外部刺激的不同,综述了温度响应型、光响应型、pH响应型和电势响应型等智能响应型超浸润材料的研究与进展,以及从微纳米尺度上揭示表面粗糙度对于达到超浸润转换的重要性,并且对各自的润湿性转换机理与性能进行了总结归纳。最后指出了智能响应型材料存在的问题,并对未来的主要研究方向进行展望。     

Synthetic Diphenylacetylene-Based Retinoids Induce DNA Damage in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells without Altering Viability

All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, plays a pivotal role in cell differentiation, proliferation and embryonic development. It is an effective therapy for dermatological disorders and malignancies. ATRA is prone to isomerization and oxidation, which can affect its activity and selectivity. Novel diphenylacetylene-based ATRA analogues with increased stability can help to overcome these problems and may offer significant potential as therapeutics for a variety of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we investigated the effects of these retinoids on cell viability and genotoxicity in the widely used model system of the rapidly proliferating Chinese hamster ovary cell line. DC360 is a fluorescent ATRA analogue and DC324 is a non-active derivative of DC360. EC23, DC525, DC540, DC645, and DC712 are promising analogues with increased bioactivity. The cytotoxic activity of the compounds was evaluated by ATP assay and DNA damage was tested by comet assay. No cytotoxicity was observed in the 10⁻⁶–10⁻⁵ M concentration range. All compounds induced DNA migration similar to ATRA, but DC324, DC360 and EC23 did so to a greater extent, particularly at higher concentrations. We believe that retinoid receptor-independent genotoxicity is a general characteristic of these compounds; however, further studies are needed to identify the molecular mechanisms and understand their complex biological functions.     

The interaction of zinc pyrithione with mitochondria from rat liver and a study of the mechanism of inhibition of ATP synthesis

The interactions of zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) with rat liver mitochondria were investigated. Since most of the organometals, principally the triorganotin compounds, induce the inhibition of ATP synthesis in rat liver mitochondria, the efficiency of the ATP synthesis was measured in the presence of ZnPT. The results indicate that ZnPT inhibits ATP synthesis. In order to individuate the molecular mechanism responsible for a failure in ATP synthesis, all of the steps involved in ATP synthesis or in its inhibition were investigated separately, i.e. the respiratory chain, the uncoupling effect, the ATPase and the opening of a permeability pore. All of the steps are inhibited by ZnPT, but the crucial one, the one responsible for the inhibition of ATP synthesis, seems to be the opening of a small‐size cyclosporine‐sensitive pore. The results are different from those obtained using other organometallic compounds, but are similar to those obtained when using methylmercury and Zn²⁺, both of which also induce the opening of a cyclosporine‐sensitive pore. However, although Hg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ would seem to induce the opening of large‐size pores, in the case of ZnPT the pores involved are of a small size. This action mechanism seems to exclude the possibility that ZnPT is a deliverer of Zn²⁺. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Europium tetracycline as a luminescent probe for nucleoside phosphates and its application to the determination of kinase activity

The determination of enzyme activities and the screening of enzyme regulators is a major task in clinical chemistry and drug development. A broad variety of enzymatic reactions is associated with the consumption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), including, in particular, phosphorylation reactions catalyzed by kinases, formation of adenosine cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) by adenylate cyclases, and ATP decomposition by ATPase. We have studied the effect of a series of adenosine (ATP, ADP, AMP, cAMP) and guanosine (GTP, GDP) phosphoric esters, and of pyrophosphate (PP) on the fluorescence emission of the europium tetracycline (EuTC) complex. We found that these compounds have strongly different quenching effects on the luminescence emission of EuTC. The triphosphates ATP and GTP behave as strong quenchers in reducing the fluorescence intensity of EuTC to 25 % of its initial value by formation of a ternary 1:1:1 complex. All other phosphate esters showed a weak quenching effect only. The applicability of this fluorescent probe to the determination of the activity of phosphorylation enzymes is demonstrated by means of creatine kinase as a model for non-membrane-bound kinases. In contrast to other methods, this approach does not require the use of radioactively labeled ATP substrates, additional enzymes, or of rather complex immunoassays.     

A Cell‐Permeable ATP Analogue for Kinase‐Catalyzed Biotinylation

ATP analogues have been powerful compounds for the study of kinase‐catalyzed phosphorylation. However, the cell impermeability of ATP analogues has largely limited their use to in vitro lysate‐based experiments. Herein, we report the first cell‐permeable ATP analogue, ATP–polyamine–biotin (APB). APB is shown to promote biotin labeling of kinase substrates in live cells and has future applications in phosphoprotein purification and analysis. More generally, these studies provide a foundation for the development of additional cell‐permeable ATP analogues for cell‐signaling research.     

Chemical Modulation of the 1-(Piperidin-4-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-one Scaffold as a Novel NLRP3 Inhibitor

In the search for new chemical scaffolds able to afford NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, we used a pharmacophore-hybridization strategy by combining the structure of the acrylic acid derivative INF39 with the 1-(piperidin-4-yl)1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-one substructure present in {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HS203873","term_id":"313347069"}}HS203873, a recently identified NLRP3 binder. A series of differently modulated benzo[d]imidazole-2-one derivatives were designed and synthesised. The obtained compounds were screened in vitro to test their ability to inhibit NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis and IL-1β release in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells stimulated with LPS/ATP. The selected compounds were evaluated for their ability to reduce the ATPase activity of human recombinant NLRP3 using a newly developed assay. From this screening, compounds 9, 13 and 18, able to concentration-dependently inhibit IL-1β release in LPS/ATP-stimulated human macrophages, emerged as the most promising NLRP3 inhibitors of the series. Computational simulations were applied for building the first complete model of the NLRP3 inactive state and for identifying possible binding sites available to the tested compounds. The analyses led us to suggest a mechanism of protein–ligand binding that might explain the activity of the compounds.     

杯芳烃的超分子化学研究（IV）：对-叔丁基杯[4]芳烃对ATP的分子识别及液膜传输作用

采用气泡式准乳化液膜法,研究了对-叔丁基杯[4]芳烃对ATP分子的液膜传输 作用,讨论了源相与吸收相的组成、酸度、源相中的ATP的起始浓度及吸收相中 NH_3·H_2O浓度等因素对传输结果的影响;进而讨论了对-叔丁基杯[4]芳烃对ATP 的分子识别作用和液膜传输机理。     

ATP与Fe4S4*络合的31P-NMR研究

MgATP结合在铁蛋白的什么部位?众说纷芸,尚无定论。大多数研究者认为,MgATP不是与铁蛋白的活性中心Fe_4S_4原子簇络合,而是与它的非铁部位例如巯基或者外围组织络合。在上述作用模式中,ATP与铁蛋白键合的性质是不确定的。曾主张MgATP与铁蛋白的非铁部位结合的Mortenson等后来用~(31)P-NMR观察到,MgATP与还原态铁蛋白的结合,引起ATP的α-、β-和γ-~(31)P谱峰分别往低磁场漂移8.7、9和7.7ppm,这时他开始认为,这种变化可能是由于ATP与铁蛋白的某部位或者是与其活性中心Fe_4S_4原子簇的络合引起的。铁蛋白的活性中心与其模型化合物在化学性质上是基本相似的。通过化学模拟体系的~(31)P-NMR研究,有助于确定铁蛋白与MgATP的络合方式。     

New antituberculosis drugs targeting the respiratory chain

With the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis strains,there is an urgent need to develop novel drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis.The respiratory chain is a promising target for the development of newantimycobacterial agents,and a growing number of compounds have been reported and some have entered clinical trials.In this review,we summarize the main features and the electron transfer process of the mycobacterial respiratory chain,and the recent progress in the search for new small molecule inhibitors to rgeting the three main potential targets in the respiratory chain of Mycrobacterium tuberculosis.Our emphasis is on the optimization strategy of QcrB inhibitors and the challenges of developing QcrB inhibitors as antituberculosis drugs due to the alternate bd-type oxidase oxidative compensation pathway are discussed.     

毛细管电泳检测大鼠大脑皮质中三磷酸腺苷二钠含量的动态变化

本文建立了大鼠大脑皮质中三磷酸腺苷二钠(ATP)检测的毛细管电泳方法。以89 mmol/L Tris,89 mmol/L硼酸,2 mmol/L EDTA组成的缓冲液(1×TBE,pH8.0)为分离电解质,在聚丙烯酰胺涂层毛细管上,ATP能与样品中的其它组分高效分离。ATP的浓度在0.5~10μg/mL范围内其峰面积和浓度有良好的线性关系。方法的检出限为0.04μg/mL。ATP迁移时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为0.8%和5.7%(n=5)。探讨了脑缺血再灌流后ATP含量的变化规律,结果表明短暂脑缺血再灌流后存在着继发性能量衰竭的现象。     

Proton Transport in the Outer-Membrane Flavocytochrome Complex Limits the Rate of Extracellular Electron Transport

The microbial transfer of electrons to extracellularly located solid compounds, termed extracellular electron transport (EET), is critical for microbial electrode catalysis. Although the components of the EET pathway in the outer membrane (OM) have been identified, the role of electron/cation coupling in EET kinetics is poorly understood. We studied the dynamics of proton transport associated with EET in an OM flavocytochrome complex in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Using a whole-cell electrochemical assay, a significant kinetic isotope effect (KIE) was observed following the addition of deuterated water (D₂O). The removal of a flavin cofactor or key components of the OM flavocytochrome complex significantly increased the KIE in the presence of D₂O to values that were significantly larger than those reported for proton channels and ATP synthase, thus indicating that proton transport by OM flavocytochrome complexes limits the rate of EET.