半透明Cu2O/ZnO异质结的制备及其光电性能研究

为研究具有更好材料稳定性的半透明薄膜太阳能电池,本文采用直流磁控溅射技术沉积氧化亚铜(Cu_2O)薄膜和氧化锌(ZnO)薄膜,制备了Cu_2O/ZnO异质结.使用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱仪、薄膜测定系统和太阳能模拟器,研究在不同氩/氧气体流量比的条件下制备的Cu_2O层对异质结的材料特性、光学特性及光电特性的影响.研究结果表明:在一定氩/氧气体流量比范围内制备的Cu_2O/ZnO异质结,在AM1.5的标准模拟太阳光的照射下具有一定的光电转换能力,可作为半透明太阳能电池的换能单元.     

激光辐照对热退火金属/掺氟二氧化锡透明导电薄膜光电性能的影响

采用532 nm纳秒脉冲激光对热退火的铝(Al)/掺氟二氧化锡(FTO)、铜(Cu)/FTO和银(Ag)/FTO三种双层复合薄膜表面分别进行处理, 结果显示薄膜样品的光电性能都得到提高.其中, 热退火Ag/FTO薄膜的平均透光率(400–800 nm)增幅最大, 从72.6%提高到80.5%, 主要是由于其表面产生了具有减反增透作用的光栅结构.激光辐照后热退火Ag/FTO薄膜的导电性也略有提高, 其方块电阻从5.6 Ω/sq下降到5.3 Ω/sq, 原因主要是激光辐照的热效应造成的退火作用使薄膜的晶粒尺寸增大, 减少了晶界散射而使载流子迁移率提高.计算结果显示, 激光辐照后热退火Ag/FTO薄膜的品质因子从0.73×10^-2Ω^-1增大为2.16×10^-2Ω^-1, 表明其综合光电性能得到显著提高.激光辐照可同步实现薄膜表面光栅结构的制备和附加退火作用, 这为金属层复合透明导电薄膜光电性能的综合优化提供了新的思路.     

电镀法在氧化铟锡上制备铜锌锡硫薄膜的光谱特征（英文）

低成本、环境友好的铜锌锡硫替代含贵金属和有毒金属的铜铟镓硒,是薄膜太阳能电池的最佳选择。电镀法是一种无需真空设备和靶材的低成本方法。一种更简单的制膜方法是在水溶液中共电镀沉积Cu-Zn-Sn(CZT)合金于FTO衬底上。采用氩气保护气氛下在550℃硫化电镀法制得的CZT合金前驱体,成功制备了CZTS薄膜。采用三电极体系将CZT合金前驱体电镀在FTO上,其中FTO作为工作电极,铂(Pt)网和Ag/AgCl分别作为对电极和参比电极。电解质由CuSO_4, ZnSO_4, SnSO_4,络合剂-三乙醇胺(TEA)和柠檬酸钠组成。前驱体在氩气保护气氛下550℃硫化得到CZTS薄膜。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外可见光光谱仪和光电化学测量(PEC)等方法,表征了CZTS薄膜的结构、形貌、成分和光谱学性质。XRD和拉曼光谱证明了550℃硫化后的CZTS薄膜具有锌黄锡矿结构。一个Raman主峰位于342 cm~(-1),两个Raman次强峰分别位于289和370 cm~(-1),这些峰位与锌黄锡矿CZTS的峰位相吻合。SEM结果证明优化后CZTS薄膜成分接近CZTS的理想化学计量比, CZTS薄膜中Cu/(Zn+Sn)和S/(Zn+Sn+Cu)分别为0.52和1.01,这表明CZTS薄膜中S的含量非常合适。PEC结果证实,采用前照射或后照射FTO/CZTS均产生光电流,并且两种照射下产生的光电流方向一致。通过紫外可见光光谱测量并由此计算出的CZTS能隙为1.45 eV。通过上述分析证明制备的CZTS薄膜具有高品质,可用于制备CZTS薄膜太阳能电池。     

ZnO/Cu_2O异质结纳米阵列制备及光催化性能

利用湿化学法在FTO玻璃基底上制备了高度规整的ZnO纳米棒阵列(ZnO NRAs),以此为衬底,采用磁控溅射法在ZnO NRAs表面沉积Cu_2O薄膜。分别用X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜、光致光谱、紫外可见分光光度计和电化学工作站对样品的物相、形貌、吸收光谱、光电性能进行了表征,用甲基橙(MO)模拟有机物废水研究复合材料的光催化性能。结果表明:ZnO纳米棒为六方纤锌矿结构,其直径约为80~100 nm,长约2~3μm,棒间距约100~120 nm。立方晶系的Cu_2O颗粒直径约为100~300 nm,形成致密膜层并紧密覆盖在ZnO NRAs表面上,构成ZnO/Cu_2O异质结纳米阵列(ZnO/Cu_2O HNRAs)结构。与纯ZnO NRAs和Cu_2O相比,ZnO/Cu_2O HNRAs在可见光范围内的吸收显著增强,吸收波长向可见光方向偏移。ZnO/Cu_2O HNRAs的载流子传递界面的电荷转移速度快,有效促进了光生电子和空穴的分离。在紫外-可见光照射65 min后,ZnO/Cu_2O HNRAs的降解效率为94%,分别是纯ZnO NRAs和Cu_2O的18倍和1.7倍。     

电镀法在氧化铟锡上制备铜锌锡硫薄膜的光谱特征

低成本、环境友好的铜锌锡硫替代含贵金属和有毒金属的铜铟镓硒,是薄膜太阳能电池的最佳选择。电镀法是一种无需真空设备和靶材的低成本方法。一种更简单的制膜方法是在水溶液中共电镀沉积Cu-Zn-Sn（CZT)合金于FTO衬底上。采用氩气保护气氛下在550 ℃硫化电镀法制得的CZT合金前驱体,成功制备了CZTS薄膜。采用三电极体系将CZT合金前驱体电镀在FTO上,其中FTO作为工作电极,铂（Pt）网和Ag/AgCl分别作为对电极和参比电极。电解质由CuSO₄,ZnSO₄,SnSO₄,络合剂-三乙醇胺（TEA）和柠檬酸钠组成。前驱体在氩气保护气氛下550℃硫化得到CZTS薄膜。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、紫外可见光光谱仪和光电化学测量（PEC）等方法,表征了CZTS薄膜的结构、形貌、成分和光谱学性质。XRD和拉曼光谱证明了550 ℃硫化后的CZTS薄膜具有锌黄锡矿结构。一个Raman主峰位于342 cm-1,两个Raman次强峰分别位于289和370 cm-1,这些峰位与锌黄锡矿CZTS的峰位相吻合。SEM结果证明优化后CZTS薄膜成分接近CZTS的理想化学计量比,CZTS薄膜中Cu/(Zn+Sn）和 S/(Zn+Sn+Cu)分别为0.52和1.01,这表明CZTS薄膜中S的含量非常合适。PEC结果证实,采用前照射或后照射FTO/CZTS均产生光电流,并且两种照射下产生的光电流方向一致。通过紫外可见光光谱测量并由此计算出的CZTS能隙为1.45 eV。通过上述分析证明制备的CZTS薄膜具有高品质,可用于制备CZTS薄膜太阳能电池。     

一种新的制备ZnO纳米粒子的方法--阴极电沉积法

用阴极电沉积法制备高质量ZnO纳米薄膜，电沉积采用含有不同浓度的ZnCl2的非水二甲基亚砜溶液做电解液，室温下恒流沉积，得到纳米ZnO薄膜。研究了ZnCl2浓度对薄膜结构和光学性质的影响。沉积薄膜的ZnO粒径尺寸分别为9．8，10．4，14．5nm。随着ZnCl2浓度的增加而增大。薄膜的可见光致发光谱以紫外的自由激子发射为主。研究表明：以浓度为0.03mol/L的ZnCl2电解液制备的ZnO薄膜光学性质最好。     

ZnO/P-Si异质结的光电特性研究

利用脉冲激光沉积方法在P-Si(100)衬底上生长ZnO薄膜,制备ZnO/P-Si异质结,研究衬底温度对异质结光电特性的影响.结果表明,在400℃,500℃,550℃和600℃下生长ZnO制备的异质结都有一定的整流特性,反向暗电流随着衬底温度的升高略有增加,在550℃下制备的样品具有最明显的光电效应.ZnO/P-Si异质结对可见光和紫外光呈现出不同的响应性.在可见光照射下,光电流随反向偏压急剧增大,偏压增大到某一值时,光电流增速变小,而在紫外光下,光电流有逐渐增大的趋势.根据ZnO的透射谱认为,可见光和紫外光是异质结不同的耗尽区诱导电子-空穴对产生光电流的.     

非晶微晶过渡区域硅薄膜的微区喇曼散射研究

通过改变氢气对硅烷气体的稀释程度,并保持其他的沉积参量不变,用等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)方法成功地制备出处于非晶微晶相变过渡区域的硅薄膜样品.测量了样品的室温光电导和暗电导,样品的光电性能优越,在50mW·cm-2的白光照射下,光电导和暗电导的比值达到106.在室温下用微区喇曼谱研究了薄膜的微结构特性,用高斯函数对喇曼谱进行了拟合分析.结果表明,在我们的样品制备条件下,当H2和SiH4的流量比R较小时,样品表现出典型的非晶硅薄膜的结构特性;随流量比R的增大,薄膜表现出两相结构,其中的微晶成分随 关键词： 非晶硅 薄膜 喇曼散射 微结构     

近空间升华法制备CdS多晶薄膜的研究

系统地研究了近空间升华法(CSS)制备CdS薄膜沉积速率的影响因素。发现CdS薄膜的沉积速率随升华源温度的升高而增大,但随衬底温度和沉积气压的上升而下降。对所制备样品的结构、表面形貌和光谱透过率特性进行了测试,结果表明：(1)不同氧分压下沉积的CdS薄膜沿(103)晶向择优生长。CdCl₂氛围下退火后,(103)晶向的优势得到进一步加强;(2)不同氧分压制备的CdS薄膜致密且粒径均匀,晶粒的大小随着衬底温度的升高而增大,但薄膜的粗糙度也随之增大;(3)随着CdS薄膜厚度的减小,可见光中短波段的透过率有所增大,有利于提高太阳电池的短波光谱响应。并将CSS制备的CdS多晶薄膜用于CdTe太阳电池的制作,获得了10.29%的光电转换效率,初步验证了该制作工艺的可行性。     

还原温度对氧化石墨烯结构及室温下H_2敏感性能的影响

以氧化石墨凝胶制备的氧化石墨烯(GO)溶胶为前驱体,在100—350℃温度下还原获得不同还原程度的还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)样品,并采用旋涂工艺制备还原氧化石墨烯气敏薄膜元件.采用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱和气敏测试等手段研究还原温度对样品结构、官能团和气敏性能的影响.结果表明:经热还原处理的氧化石墨烯结构向较为有序的类石墨结构转变,还原温度为200℃时,样品处于GO向rGO转变的过渡阶段,还原温度达到250℃时,则表现出还原氧化石墨烯特性;无序程度随还原温度的升高先由0.85增大至1.59,随后减小至1.41,总体呈现增加趋势;氧化石墨烯表面含氧官能团随还原温度的升高逐渐热解失去,不同含氧官能团的失去温度范围不同;热还原氧化石墨烯具有优异的室温H_2敏感性能,随着还原温度的升高,元件灵敏度逐渐减小,响应-恢复时间逐渐增大,最佳灵敏度为88.56%,响应时间为30 s.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.