四种陶瓷材料与SUS304不锈钢的高温摩擦学特性研究

为了探索陶瓷与金属组合作为高温润滑材料的可能性，利用端面摩擦磨损试验机测定了４种陶瓷ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４、Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＺｒＯ２与ＳＵＳ３０４不锈钢在室温至５００℃下的摩擦学性能．摩擦试验结果表明，ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４和Ａｌ２Ｏ３在低于２００℃时的摩擦系数稳定且都低于０．２，但在２００℃以上时的摩擦性能却都不稳定，摩擦系数在０．２－０．４之间；ＺｒＯ２在２００℃以下时的摩擦性能不稳定，而在２００℃以上时的摩擦系数低于６．２且较稳定。磨损试验结果表明，在４种陶瓷中ＺｒＯ２的磨损率最低［－２．６０×１０－９ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，ＳｉＣ和Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的磨损率居中［分别为１．８０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）和４．４０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，Ａｌ２Ｏ３的磨损率最高［３．６４×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］；分别与这４种陶瓷对磨的不锈钢的磨损率都高［１．４０×１０－５－４．５２×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］．     

添加剂与铝合金的相互作用研究 Ⅰ.静态反应膜及油润滑下的摩擦学性能

静态下分别于２５℃，９０℃及１８０℃下进行硫化异丁烯（ＳＯ）、亚磷酸二正丁酯（ＤＢＰ）、ＳＯ＋ＤＢＰ的混合物（质量比２０∶１）、二烷基二硫代磷酸锌（ＺＤＤＰ）及十二酸（ＬＡ）５种添加剂均以质量分数为２％的比例添加到液体石蜡（ＬＰ）中与铝合金进行油浸试验．用动－静摩擦系数精密测定仪评价了在铝合金表面上所形成的静态反应膜的摩擦磨损行为，并考察了上述添加剂在ＬＰ中对铝合金－钢摩擦副的润滑作用．结果表明：静态反应膜的摩擦磨损行为与添加剂的化学活性密切相关，其中ＤＢＰ最易与铝合金发生反应，故其反应膜具有最低的摩擦系数和最长的耐磨寿命；ＺＤＤＰ在１８０℃下的静态反应膜具有较低的摩擦系数和较长的耐磨寿命；ＳＯ、ＳＯ与ＤＢＰ的混合物及ＬＡ的静态反应膜则不具有减摩抗磨性能，预示这些添加剂在ＬＰ中不与铝合金发生较强的化学作用．含上述添加剂的ＬＰ润滑下的摩擦磨损试验显示，ＤＢＰ与ＺＤＤＰ具有较好的摩擦学性能．这表明添加剂在铝合金表面静态反应膜的摩擦磨损试验结果与其在常规润滑下的具有较好的相关性．     

高速运动条件下玄武岩摩擦系数的实验研究

在MM－1000型摩擦磨损试验机上采用不同试验条件对玄武岩试件进行了高速摩擦试验研究,结果表明：摩擦表面载荷、运动速度以及摩擦速度以及摩擦表面特性等因素均对摩擦系数产生影响;摩擦系数随载荷的增大呈现减小趋势;对于饱和吸水试件,摩擦系数随运动速度增大持续降低;在其它试验条件下,饱和吸水试件的动摩擦系数比干燥试件明显要低。     

添加剂与铝合金的相互作用研究：Ⅰ.静态反应膜及油润滑下的摩擦 …

静态下分别于２５℃，９０℃及１８０℃下进行硫化异丁烯，亚磷酸二正丁酯，ＳＯ＋ＤＢＰ的混合物（质量比２０：１），二烷基二硫代磷酸锌（ＺＤＤＰ）及十二酸（ＬＡ）５种添加剂均以质量分数为２％的比例添加到液体石蜡（ＬＰ）中与铝合金进行油浸试验。用动－静摩擦系数精密测定仪评价了在铝合金表面上所形成的静态反应膜的摩擦磨损行为，并考察了上述添加剂在ＬＰ中对铝合金－钢摩擦副的润滑作用。结果表明：静态反膜的摩擦磨损     

一种镍－铬－硫合金的研制及其摩擦学特性

为了解决特殊工况下运转的机器设备在较宽温度范围内的润滑问题，已有多种镍基、铁基高温自润滑材料问世。但因这些材料的综合性能不够好，尚难满足有关场合下的实用要求。因此，在以往研制Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ合金的基础上，通过对多种含硫量不同的Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｓ合金中硫含量与材料摩擦学性能及机械性能之关系的考察，研制成功了一种综合性能比较好的Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｓ三元合金，其含硫量为５％（ｗｔ）。这种合金在常温下的抗压强度为０．８８ＧＰａ，冲击强度为０．３３×１０５Ｎ·ｍ／ｍ２，在５００℃下的摩擦系数为０．３１，磨损率为１５．８×１０（－１４）ｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）。组织结构分析发现，合金中硫与铬形成了多种ＣｒｘＳｙ［ｘ／ｙ＝（２／３）－１］型的化合物。这些化合物既能在合金摩擦面富集成膜，又能在偶件摩擦面形成转移膜，因而这种Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｓ合金具有自润滑性能，此外，合金中的ＣｒｘＳｙ化合物还对偶件材料高速钢表面的元素铁具有催化氧化作用，这也是其具有自润滑性能的重要原因。     

硅酸铝短纤维对其增强ZL109复合材料磨擦因数影响的双重性

采用预制件液态模锻法制备了硅酸铝短纤维增强的ＺＬ１０９复合材料，并以合金球墨铸铁为偶件，在干摩条件下于ＭＧ－２０００高速高温摩擦磨损试验机上，对复合材料的摩擦性能进行了试验研究，考察了硅酸铝短纤维的添加量对这种材料摩擦因数的影响。结果表明，随着纤维添加量（以体积分数计）由０．０％增至７．０％，复合材料摩擦因数的变化是先降低而后升高，纤维添加量为４．５％时的摩擦因数呈现出最低值，而纤维添加量为７．０     

真空长寿命自润滑电刷—滑环材料的研究

根据人造卫星消旋天线用电刷－滑环系统的技术要求，用粉末冶金法研制出一种具有低摩擦、耐磨损、电性能优异的电刷材料，并以３种币银材料分别与之配副，在真空（７～８ｍＰａ）和室温至２００℃下，通过负荷、速度、电流和时间等对其摩擦磨损和电性能影响的考察，选择出最好的偶件材料是币银－３．试验表明，这２种材料配副时，３年的总磨损高度小于０．１ｍｍ，电噪音低于５ｍΩ，符合长寿命和高可靠性的要求，可以应用于人造卫星的太阳能帆板和消旋天线上．     

等离子喷涂铁－镍－钴－碳化钨涂层制动摩擦特性的研究

重载制动摩擦磨损特性制约着刹车装置的刹车性能及其使用寿命．在ＭＭ－１０００试验机上，对等离子喷涂Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｏ－ＷＣ涂层的重载制动摩擦特性进行了试验研究．结果表明：在相同的试验条件下，等离子喷涂涂层分别与石棉摩擦材料和半金属摩擦材料对摩时的摩擦系数均比与基体３５ＣｒＭｏ钢对摩时的高，制动时间短，制动效率和耐磨性能都明显提高，制动力矩峰比小，刹车平稳，制动特性好；制动摩擦系数与制动压力、速度和转动惯量等参数密切相关，压力增大，摩擦系数减小，速度和转动惯量增大，石棉材料摩擦副的摩擦系数降低，半金属材料摩擦副的摩擦系数升高，而且半金属材料的摩擦系数的热稳定性比石棉摩擦材料的好     

人造多晶冰抗压强度实验研究

对实验室制作的平均粒径为４ｍｍ的宏观各向同性粒状多晶冰，在冰温分别为－０．５、－２、－５和－１０℃及应变率分别为４．２×１０－４、５．５×１０－５、５．５×１０－６及３．５×１０－７ｓ－１下进行了单轴抗压强度实验。结果表明，极限抗压强度与负温和应变率的对数均呈正比例关系；在较高应变率下（４．２×１０－４ｓ－１），在－５℃时，出现韧脆性转折点。     

硅酸铝短纤维对其增强 ZL109 复合材料摩擦因数影响的双重性

采用预制件液态模锻法制备了硅酸铝短纤维增强的ＺＬ１０９复合材料，并以合金球墨铸铁为偶件，在干摩条件下于ＭＧ－２０００高速高温摩擦磨损试验机上，对复合材料的摩擦性能进行了试验研究，考察了硅酸铝短纤维的添加量对这种材料摩擦因数的影响．结果表明，随着纤维添加量（以体积分数计）由０．０％增至７．０％，复合材料摩擦因数的变化是先降低而后升高，纤维添加量为４．５％时的摩擦因数呈现出最低值，而纤维添加量为７．０％时复合材料的摩擦因数与基体的基本相当．在用扫描电子显微镜对磨损表面形貌观察的基础上，着重讨论了硅酸铝短纤维对复合材料摩擦因数影响的双重性，指出这种双重性影响导致纤维含量较低时，纤维分布于磨损表面有利于复合材料摩擦因数的降低，而当纤维含量较高时则使复合材料的摩擦因数升高．     

Partially invariant solutions for a submodel of radial motions of a gas

All partially invariant solutions in terms of the group of extensions for a model of radial motions of an ideal gas are found. The solutions are obtained by the method of separation of variables in an equation containing functions of one variable but different functions of different independent variables. The solutions predict different continuous unsteady convergence or expansion of the gas under the action of a piston with a point sink or source. If the sink or source affects all particles simultaneously, a collapse or an explosion occurs. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 26–34, September–October, 2007.     

Research on a systematic methodology for theory of elasticity

IntroductionTraditionalsolutionmethodsforelastictheorygenerallyconformedtotwodifferentthoughts[1～ 12 ] .Onewasbaseduponpointsthatstartfromdifferentialequations.Theotherwasbaseduponwholethatstartsfromenergyprinciples .Inthispaper,theequivalenceisprovedbetweendifferentialformandintegralformofasystematicmethodologyfortheoryofelasticity .Auniformframeworkofthesystematicmethodologyisestablished .Innewsystemitisexpressedintheformsofdifferentialform ,integralformormixedform .Aseriesofdualrelations…     

Conservation of mass for a particle moving with high velocity

I.IntroductionItiswell-knownthatthe"lassofaparticleoranoh.jectisstrictlytoobservethelawofcollservatiollof1llasswbedmovewitlllowvelocity.Butathighvelocity,particularlynearthevelocityoflight,themass(restmass)oftheparticle,accordingtothetheoryofspecialrelativity,increasesrapidlywithitsincrementofthevelocity.Inotherwords,themassisnotinconservatioll\vitllitsvelocity.However.withtheoriesandresearchmethodsbringingforthflewideasandcomplement,andthehumanthoughtdevelopingconstantlywhatthemassisnotconse…     

一类生物流体力学模型的稳定性

在研究颅内压集中参数模型的基础上，改进自适应的龙格-库塔法对一类生物流体力学模型进行数值模拟。通过合理控制计算量，得到了微分方程近似解的局部截断误差的估计。使用矩阵特征值分析微分方程的稳定性，在实际生理范围内变化模型参数，得到特征值随参数变化的关系，指出模型中存在实部为正的特征值。文章还讨论了控制矩阵特征值的变化对数值方法稳定步长的影响，并得到步长的取值范围。通过理论分析。得到控制方程的解随时间的发展和模型中生理参数的选取相关。分析了特征值变化的稳定性和参数的关系，并对模型进行改进，讨论其稳定性的情况。     

The Rayleigh-Stokes-Problem for a fluid of Maxwellian type

The velocity fields corresponding to an incompressible fluid of Maxwellian type subjected to a linear flow on an infinite flat plate and within an infinite edge are determined by means of the Fourier sine transforms. They are in close proximity of those of a second grade fluid. The well known solutions for a Navier-Stokes fluid appear as a limiting case of our solutions.     

Wave-Like Solutions for a Class of Parabolic Models

A reduction aproach is developed for determining exact solutions of anonlinear second order parabolic PDE. The method in point makes acomplementary use of the leading ideas of the theory of quasilinearhyperbolic systems of first order endowed by differential constraintsand of the techniques providing multiple wave-like solutions ofnonlinear PDEs. The searched solutions exhibit a inherent wave featuresand they are obtained by solving a consistent overdetermined system ofPDEs. Remarkably, in the process it is possible to define nonlinearmodel equations which allow special classes of initial or boundary valueproblems to be solved in a closed form. Within the present reductionapproach exact solutions and model material response functions areobtained for an equation of widespread application in many fields ofinterest.     

An equation of motion for a thick viscoelastic plate

In this paper an equation of motion is presented for a general thick viscoelastic plate, including the effects of shear deformation, extrusion deformation and rotatory inertia. This equation is the generalization of equations of motion for the corresponding thick elastic plate, and it can be degenerated into several types of equations for various special cases.     

Numerical studies for a model describing complexity

ＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＦＯＲＡＭＯＤＥＬＤＥＳＣＲＩＢＩＮＧＣＯＭＰＬＥＸＩＴＹＨｕａｎｇＸｉｎ（黄欣）ＬｉｕＺｅｎｇ－ｒｏｎｇ（刘曾荣）（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＭａｔｈ．ＳｕｚｈｏｕＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｓｕｚｈｏｕ,Ｊｉａｎｇｓｕ）（ＬＮＭ,Ｉ...     

Developing a Compressive Failure Theory for Nanocomposites

The paper addresses a compressive-failure theory for polymer-matrix nanocomposites in the case where failure onset is due to microbuckling. Two approaches based on the three-dimensional linearized theory of stability of deformable bodies are applied to laminated and fibrous nanocomposites. According to the first approach (continuum compressive-failure theory), nanocomposites are modeled by a homogeneous anisotropic medium with effective constants, including microstructural parameters. The second approach uses the piecewise-homogeneous model, three-dimensional relations for fibers (CNT) and matrix, and continuity conditions at the fiber-matrix interface. The compressive-failure theory is used to solve specific problems for laminated and fibrous nanocomposites. Some approximate failure theories based on the one- and two-dimensional applied theories of stability of rods, plates, and shells are analyzed__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 3–37, March 2005.     

The variational structure of a nonlinear theory for spatial lattices

A theory for spatial lattices is presented in a variational setting and conditions restricting stable deformations are discussed. In particular, new results on the second variation of the energy are established and used to generate pointwise necessary conditions for locally energy-minimizing configurations.

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Sommario Viene presentata una teoria per i reticoli spaziali in un ambito variazionale e sono inoltre discusse condizioni che limitano deformazioni stabili. In particolare vengono stabiliti nuovi risultati sulla variazione seconda dell'energia. Tali risultati vengono usati per stabilire condizioni necessarie puntuali per configurazioni che minimizzano l'energia localmente.