物理实验仪器深度开发的试验与探讨

重点讨论实验室中现有物理实验仪器的深度开发,围绕相关的实验内容、实验材料、实验演示传播方式等方面展开探讨和深度开发,利用此方式拓展了物理实验内容,加深巩固了物理实验原理的理解,实现了实验仪器的最大程度利用和更大使用价值的发挥,提高了实验仪器的利用率,在节约能源上起到很好的示范作用。     

普通物理设计性实验的探讨

设计性实验可以是要求学生利用已掌握的知识和常用仪器所做的自命题的实验;也可以让学生进行开拓常用仪器的用法,对原有的实验仪器进行改良的实验;也可以由教师给出具体的实验目的,学生参考文献,分析最终选择最为优化的实验。     

液体密度测量实验改进的研究

利用电动音叉仪测量液体密度,分析原实验仪器存在的不足,对原实验装置做了改进。通过测量水的密度,结果显示改进后的实验仪器不但提高了测量的精确度,而且操作更快捷、方便。     

集成霍耳传感器实验仪

正立项目的●通过霍尔传感器的使用,同学能够了解基本工作原理●掌握霍尔传感器测量磁场的方法和了解霍耳传感器在工业生产中的广泛应用●研制利用霍尔传感器直接测量交直流电流的实验仪器(非接触式)建设内容◆项目的前期准备工作:实验仪器的电路设计◆购买仪器制作的元器件,制作实验仪器◆完成仪器的加工制作和使用调试◆编写实验教学内容和实验教学设计     

对“ 用双缝干涉测量光的波长”实验仪器的改进

从目前高中物理“ 实验: 用双缝干涉测量光的波长”实验仪器所产生的问题出发, 对实验装置进行了系 列改进, 实现了本实验所要达成的教学目标. 利用改进后的实验仪器进行实验操作, 将进一步提升学生的实验素 养     

使用光电传感器自制计数计时仪

本设计采用光电传感器作为计数装置,解决了传统仪器中激光发射器和接收器的调整问题,简化了仪器的操作步骤。同时选用51单片机作为控制核心,接收计数信号,处理按键信息,利用定时器计时,输出计数和计时结果到数码管进行显示。通过自制实验仪器,可提高教师业务能力,并减轻了实验仪器更新换代的压力。     

基于霍尔位置传感器的梁弯曲法测量杨氏模量实验的改进

针对利用霍尔位置传感器的弯曲法测量杨氏模量实验中装置不稳定、不易操作、测量误差大的问题,分析了误差产生的仪器原因和理论原因,通过锁定刀口提高系统的稳定性和运用CCD成像技术进行霍尔位置传感器定标对仪器进行改进,显著提高了实验结果的精度,并有效改善了实验的环境。     

一种大型实验测试仪器集中并发控制关键技术

为了实现Z-pinch研究的大型实验中大数量多种类测试仪器的集中控制,利用虚拟仪器技术和并发控制技术管理数十台测试仪器,介绍了基于delphi和SQL servers数据库的管理控制系统设计,给出了实现控制的核心技术及软件实现代码;结果表明,并发控制技术的应用大大改善了原有的实验控制系统,获取50台仪器数据的时间降到40秒左右;这种基于虚拟仪器的并发控制技术,控制更多数量的测试仪器是可行的,对于从事实验仪器控制的技术人员有很现实的参考意义。     

多普勒效应测量声速实验的设计

介绍了设计性实验"多普勒效应测量声速."该实验要求学生理解多普勒效应测量声速的原理,利用气垫导轨实验和声速的测定实验仪器,设计出一套多普勒效应测量声速的实验装置,并利用该实验装置测量声速.     

热敏电阻特性及温度控制实验仪的设计

设计了一种通过连接单臂电桥及控制电路,测量热敏电阻温度特性和演示温度控制器控制过程的实验仪器。仪器利用卤钨灯作加热源,可通过灯泡的亮灭周期性变化直观地观察电桥的动态平衡状态和温度控制电路的控制过程。实验结果表明仪器具有较高的测量精度和温度控制精度。     

弦线驻波实验装置改进

本文对典型弦线驻波实验中数据不够准确、驻波不稳定及实验可重复性差等现象进行了分析,明确其根本原因在于实验装置设计方案存在缺陷.提出了实验装置改进方案,一是引入拉力传感器取代狭缝刀口和悬挂重物,改变反射波的形成机理,并以弦线张力直接测量取代砝码重力间接计算;二是引入机械结构微调弦线长度以改变弦线张力和弦线上驻波波长.实验结果证明,改进后的实验装置能明显改善上述问题,该装置还可实施研究驻波规律的多个实验方案。     

电气线路互联系统线缆抗高空核电磁脉冲耦合效应

高空核电磁脉冲（HEMP）对电子设备的耦合途径主要有两方面:一方面是通过装备（产品）上的天线耦合通道进入到电子系统内的“前门耦合”方式；另一方面则是“后门耦合”，即通过装备（产品）上的壳体、电源线、电缆、机箱的缝隙、孔洞等途径进行耦合。主要研究电气线路互联系统(EWIS)线缆抗高空核电磁脉冲耦合效应，通过研究HEMP干扰的特征、能量分布，搭建HEMP数学模型，采用控制变量法，改变EWIS线缆类型、离地高度等要素，通过在CST上建立仿真模型以及开展试验，分析HEMP对电子设备造成的影响程度，得到HEMP耦合效应的一般性结论与规律。     

Special problems and methods in the study of water vapor transport in polymers

Water presents special and unique difficulties in diffusion and sorption measurements because of its high cohesive energy and hydrogen-bonding capacity. In the case of transport measurements in hydrophilic polymers the time-lag method is complicated by the tendency of the water vapor to be adsorbed onto the glass receiving sections of the equipment. On the other hand, with more hydrophilic polymers where nonsteady-state direct sorption methods can be used the large amount of heat liberated during the sorption process again causes considerable difficulty. A discussion of these and other problems concerned with transport studies with water vapor is presented and various practical solutions are offered.     

Nonlinear physics and modern technology

Typical systems considered in nonlinear physics are complex dynamics systems in which matter and energy fluxes are accompanied by and controlled by information fluxes. In this paper, we compare two types of complex partially controllable systems: on the one hand, a modern physics laboratory in which processes are investigated in solids (dielectrics, semiconductors, metals, and structures) exposed to high-power pulsed fluxes of photons and massive particles; and on the other hand, an industrial shop using modern technology for applying anticorrosion and protective electrically insulating and chemically resistant coatings on steel pipes for thermal pipelines. The systems to be compared (the physics laboratory and the shop) have much in common from the standpoint of nonlinear physics. This allows us to investigate and optimize the structure of modern production processes and the corresponding production equipment (production lines) by methods of nonlinear physics, and also to show how important it is for students (who will be production equipment designers and process engineers) to spend considerable time doing practical work in a modern experimental physics laboratory. Tomsk Polytechnical University, Tomskénergo OAO [Open Joint-Stock Company]. Institute of Power Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 104–115, November, 1997.     

Results of potential exposure assessments during the maintenance and cleanout of deposition equipment

This study is a compilation of results obtained during the cleanout of deposition equipment such as chemical vapor deposition or physical vapor deposition The measurement campaigns aimed to evaluate the potential exposure to nanoaerosols in the occupational environment and were conducted in the workspace. The characterization of aerosols includes measurements of the concentration using condensation particle counters and measurements of the size distribution using fast mobility particle sizer, scanning mobility particle sizer, and electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). Particles were sampled using collection membranes placed on the ELPIs stages. The samples were analyzed with an SEM?CEDS to provide information including size, shape, agglomeration state, and the chemical composition of the particles. The majority of the time, no emission of nanoparticles (NPs) was measured during the use of the molecular deposition equipment or when opening the chambers, mainly due to the enclosed processes. On the other hand, the maintenance of the equipment, and especially the cleanout step, could induce high concentrations of NPs in the workplace following certain processes. Values of around 1 million particles/cm³ were detected with a size distribution including a high concentration of particles around 10?nm.     

基于单目视觉的虚拟鼠标方法

自然的交互方式有利于提高增强现实系统的真实感和沉浸感,是增强现实技术的重要研究内容。针对这一问题,提出一种基于单目视觉的虚拟鼠标实现方法,只需要使用单个摄像头,即可对裸手手势进行识别进而模拟真实鼠标动作,最后基于该方法开发了基于单目视觉的虚拟鼠标系统。首先,根据色度信息,分割手部肤色区域;然后,基于指尖的形态学特征识别指尖点,并过滤以排除误检点;最后根据指尖点及其坐标控制光标模拟鼠标动作。实验结果表明,该系统设备简单、精度较高,完全可以实现各种鼠标动作的模拟。     

The benefits of increasing spatial resolution as a means of reducing artifacts due to field inhomogeneities

All users of NMR equipment are familiar with the desirability of achieving as high a quality of field as possible. On the other hand, it is easy to forget that the field quality of relevance in both imaging and spectroscopy is that over individual voxels, and not the whole volume. This note demonstrates in practice how performance in poor fields is improved substantially by reducing voxel size (or increasing spatial resolution), offering a potential alternative to additional shimming under appropriate circumstances. It argues that the best criterion for assessing magnet quality in spatially localized systems is the maximum field error gradient in the volume of usable field, rather than the maximum deviation in the field.     

水中脉冲放电的电特性与声辐射特性研究

对水中脉冲放电等离子体通道电阻与放电参数之间的关系作了研究,得到了等离子体通道电阻与电容量、初始电压、电极间距离的关系,以及通道电阻随时间的变化规律.还对冲击波的峰值压力与放电参数间的关系作了研究,并对冲击波压力的功率谱作了分析,结果表明水中脉冲放电所产生的冲击波的声辐射频率在几十赫兹到几万赫兹之间,覆盖了所有水声设备的工作频率,且在低频段具有很强的声功率,是一种理想的水下声源 关键词： 水中脉冲放电 等离子体     

Precision of the Grain Size Coefficient (K-Coefficient) of concrete aggregates — a problem of sampling,sample division and sieve analysis

Concrete quality is influenced to a high degree by the granulometry of the aggregates used. In the construction industry, the grain size coefficient of K-coefficient is used as a quantity for the characterization of granulometry. In practice, this quantity is determined experimentally, and it is therefore a random variable influenced by material heterogeneity and errors in sampling, sample preparation and size analysis. Depending on the final use, in concrete production often an aggregate is required, the grain size coefficient of which can be adjusted to a given value K_requ with a prescribed precision. For this reason, continuous supervision of the aggregate quality is necessary using, e. g., automatic sampling and opto-electronic measuring equipment. In order to determine the optimum conditions for the installation of such equipment, the variances of the possible errors must be established. Further, methods for their restriction are necessary. In this paper, investigations involving hand sampling and hand sieving and on the example of a reference gravel plant are reported. The investigations reveal that, for the materials involved, primary samples of at least 1600 g were necessary, which then could be reduced to 200 g by sample splitting, in order to obtain the accuracy desired.     

针对虚拟现实跟踪技术的快速滤波算法

提出一种用于实现手位手形跟踪的颜色滤波方法的计算模型。它可以取代虚拟现实中的数据手套,成为人机交互的工具。本方法是基于计算机视觉技术,模仿人眼的颜色视觉的特性,通过提取手的像素的特征颜色作为参考,对整个图像进行颜色滤波处理,从而将背景和干扰物体的像滤除,只保留手的像。然后经过平滑和轮廓提取处理,得到只含有手的轮廓的图像。颜色滤波算法能大大提高跟踪和识别的可靠性和实时性。