高折射率高透明性半脂环聚酰亚胺的合成与性能

采用脂环二酐单体2,3,5-三羧基环戊烷基乙酸二酐(TCAAH)分别与两种含硫芳香族二胺单体,4,4′-双(4-氨基苯硫基)二苯硫醚(3SDA)与2,7-双(4-氨基苯硫基)噻蒽(APTT)通过两步法制备了两种半脂环聚酰亚胺(PI).制备的PI薄膜在可见光波长范围内(400~700 nm)具有优良的透明性,400 nm处的透过率超过85%.此外,该系列薄膜还具有良好的耐热稳定性,氮气中的起始热分解温度超过480℃,玻璃化转变温度超过250℃.PI薄膜在632.8 nm处的折射率大于1.68,双折射小于0.006.为了进一步提高PI薄膜的折射率,初步考察了PI前体溶液聚酰胺酸(PAA)与高折射率无机TiO2纳米粒子的复合工艺.结果表明,PI-TiO2薄膜同样具有良好的透明性,632.8 nm处的折射率达到1.76.     

新型半菁染料阳离子和含锌硫代富瓦烯配阴离子的电荷转移复合物光电响应性质的研究

对一种新型半菁发色基团的碘化物--(反式)-N-十八烷基-4-(2-(4-(2-二甲基氨基)苯基)乙烯基)喹啉碘化物和含锌硫代富瓦烯配阴离子形成的电荷转移复合物:二-[(反式)-N-十八烷基-4-(2-(4-(2-二甲基氨基)苯基)乙烯基)喹啉]合硫代富瓦烯锌酸盐的成膜性以及它们的LB膜修饰ITO电极上的光电响应性质进行比较研究,用含锌硫代富瓦烯配阴离子对这种半菁发色团阳离子进行组装后,能够改善其成膜性,使单位面积上的半菁发色团数目增加.同时,含锌硫代富瓦烯配阴离子的强吸电子能力还影响半菁发色团的电荷分布,使之有利于电荷分离,从而提高了光电流的量子产率.在无外界影响时,其光电转化的量子产率达0.9%,是碘化物的1.8倍.     

含氟及硫醚基团聚酰亚胺光波导材料的合成及表征

通过分子设计,合成了含三氟甲基及硫醚基团的二胺单体4,4'-双(4-胺基-2-三氟甲基苯硫基)二苯硫醚(6FSEDA),利用其与6种芳香二酐单体:3,3',4,4'-联苯四羧酸二酐(BPDA)、4,4'-氧双邻苯二甲酸酐(ODPA)、3,3',4,4'-二苯酮四酸二酐(BTDA)、4,4'-(六氟异丙基)-苯二酸酐(6FDA)、3,3',4,4'-二苯硫醚四酸二酐(DTDA)及3,3',4,4'-二苯砜四酸二酐(DSDA)经一步法合成了一系列含氟及硫醚基团的聚酰亚胺(PI),并对其结构与性能进行了研究.结果表明,该系列PI的玻璃化温度Tg(DSC)在199.8～231.7℃范围,5%和10%热失重的温度(N2氛围)分别在491℃和517℃以上,在400～700 nm的可见光波长范围内具有优异的光学透明性,在光通讯波段(1310 nm和1550 nm处)均无明显吸收,且在这两个波长处测得的平均折射率范围分别为1.5401～1.6142和1.5389～1.6124,在波长632.8 nm测得的双折射范围为0.0012～0.0045.可见,含氟及硫醚基团聚酰亚胺薄膜具有良好的热稳定性和光学性能.     

聚酰胺酸贮存稳定性

在不同溶剂中合成了一系列均苯二酐（PMDA）、联苯四酸二酐（BPDA）、二苯硫醚二酐（TDPA）、三苯二醚二酐（HQDPA）型和二苯醚二酐（ODPA）型聚酰胺酸（PAA）,由PMDA和二氨基二苯甲烷（MDA）或3,3′－二甲基－4,4′－二氨基二苯甲烷（DMMDA）在N－甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）中合成的PAA在室温下呈凝胶态,而其它PAA在室温下均为透明溶液,考察了贮存湿温度、凝胶态、添加分子筛等条件对PAA贮存稳定性的影响,发现PAA凝胶的贮存稳定性优于PAA溶液,在PAA溶液中加入4A分子筛时,有利于其它贮存期的延长。     

侧链含分散红类染料基团的聚(氨酯-酰亚胺)的合成与表征

采用两步法合成了4种侧链含偶氮染料发色团分散红-19的新型聚(氨酯-酰亚胺)(PUI):先合成含染料发色团的二异氰酸酯,再进一步和二酐单体缩合生成PUI.用红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱、DSC和TGA等手段对合成的PUI进行表征.所有PUI在～490nm处都有一强吸收峰.PUI可溶于强极性非质子溶剂,如NMP,DMAc,DMF,DMSO和1,4-丁内酯,有些甚至在常用的低沸点溶剂如THF中也可溶解.PUI的特性粘数在0.16～0.31dL/g范围内.其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)在171～211℃范围内,明显高于侧链型非线性光学聚氨酯(PU).以刚性相对较大的六氟异丙叉基二(3,4-邻苯二甲酸酐)(6FDA)和甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)为单体的PUI具有比以二苯醚-3,3′,4,4′-四甲酸二酐(OPDA)和4,4′-二异氰酸酯二苯甲烷(MDI)为单体的PUI更高的T_g.PUI的TGA曲线上有两个明显的失重台阶,起始热分解温度大约在300℃左右.     

含苯并咪唑单元可溶性聚酰亚胺的合成和性能

合成了一种刚性芳香二胺单体3,3',5,5'-四甲基-4,4'-二胺基苯基甲苯(BDAP),与6-氨基苯基-2-氨基苯并咪唑(BIA)组成混合二胺,分别与4种商品化的二酐单体(均苯四酸二酐(PMDA)、联苯四酸二酐(BPDA)、二苯酮四酸二酐(BTDA)和二苯醚四酸二酐(ODPA))一步法缩聚合成了一系列可溶性聚酰亚胺.采用FTIR,1H-NMR,UV-Vis,DMA和TGA等测试方法对所制备的聚酰亚胺进行了表征.结果表明,所制备的聚酰亚胺具有良好的溶解性能,能够在NMP和DMAc等常规溶剂中溶解;耐热性及力学性能优良,玻璃化转变温度超过410℃,分解温度在500℃以上.     

含硫杂环桥联的高折射率聚酰亚胺的合成与性能

合成了两种含硫杂环桥联的芳香族二胺单体,2,5-双(4-氨基苯硫基)噻吩(APST)以及2,5-双(4-氨基苯硫基)-1,3,4-噻二唑(BATT).分别采用这两种二胺单体与含硫二酐单体4,4′-双(3,4-二羧基苯硫基)二苯硫醚二酐(3SDEA)通过两步聚合法制备了两种聚酰亚胺(PI),PI-1(3SDEA-APST)与PI-2(3SDEA-BATT).系统研究了含硫杂环对PI耐热性能以及光学性能的影响.研究结果表明,与苯环相比,含硫杂环的引入在一定程度上降低了PI薄膜在可见光区(400～700nm)的光学透明性以及耐热稳定性.PI-1与PI-2薄膜的起始热分解温度(T5%)分别为418℃与466℃.PI薄膜在450nm处的透光率低于50%.但是含硫杂环的引入可以显著提高PI薄膜的折射率.PI-1与PI-2的折射率分别为1.7527和1.7490.两种材料的双折射均小于0.01.     

含哒嗪环聚酰亚胺的合成及性能表征

以马来酸酐为原料与水合肼反应得到哒嗪酮,再与三氯氧磷反应制备3,6-二氯哒嗪中间体,哒嗪中间体与间氨基苯酚通过亲核取代反应合成了一种新的二胺单体——3,6-二(3-氨基苯氧基)哒嗪.通过1HNMR,FTIR及HPLC-MS确证了哒嗪二胺及中间体的结构.这种哒嗪二胺单体与6种芳香二酐单体——均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)、3,3',4,4'-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)、4,4-六氟异丙基邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA)、3,3',4,4'-二苯甲酮四甲酸二酐(BTDA)、3,3',4,4'-二苯醚四甲酸二酐(ODPA)和双酚A型二醚二酐(BPADA)通过两步法聚合制备了一系列的聚酰亚胺,并对其结构和性能进行了研究.结果表明,聚酰胺酸的比浓对数黏度为0.37~0.50 dL/g,该系列聚酰亚胺膜具有良好的热稳定性和机械性能,玻璃化温度(Tg)为188~241℃,氮气氛围下5%和10%热失重分别为421~448℃和447~473℃,拉伸强度(TS)高达102 MPa,断裂伸长率(EB)为2.0%~6.5%.紫外可见光谱测试得到的截止波长(λcut-off)为367~389 nm.     

不同比例的s-BPDA/i-BPDA型聚酰亚胺共聚结构与性能关系

由不同比例的二酐单体3,3′,4,4′-联苯四酸二酐(s-BPDA)/2,2′,3,3′-联苯四酸二酐(i-BPDA)与二胺单体4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(4,4′-ODA)制得了一系列共聚可溶聚酰亚胺. 采用DSC 、TGA和拉伸等测试方法对所得共聚聚酰亚胺进行了表征, 实验结果表明, 所得聚酰亚胺具有优异的力学性能和热稳定性, 并且随着i-BPDA含量的增加, 聚酰亚胺的溶解性提高, 玻璃化转变温度(Tg)升高, 中间体聚酰胺酸的固有黏度降低.     

含磷聚酰亚胺纤维的制备与性能

合成了一种含磷二胺单体, 二(4-胺基苯氧基)苯基膦氧(DAPOPO). 该单体与4,4'-二胺基二苯醚(ODA)、 均苯四酸二酐(PMDA)和3,3',4,4'-联苯四酸二酐(BPDA)共聚得到聚酰胺酸溶液, 通过干喷湿纺法纺丝得到聚酰胺酸纤维, 聚酰胺酸纤维经过热亚胺化和热牵伸得到含磷的聚酰亚胺纤维. 利用纤维强度仪、 扫描电子显微镜、 热失重分析仪和氧指数测定仪等研究了含磷聚酰亚胺纤维的力学性能、 形貌、 热稳定性能和阻燃性能. 结果表明, 随着含磷量的增加, 纤维的热稳定性明显提高, 而极限氧指数从35上升到了45, 说明纤维的阻燃性能得到很大提高.     

侧链含偶氮苯发色团的聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备及其三阶非线性光学和光存储性能的研究

将4,4'-二氨基三苯甲烷(DTM)单体与均苯四甲酸酐(PMDA)进行缩聚反应,再与对-硝基苯基重氮氟硼酸盐进行重氮偶合反应,然后经酰亚胺化合成了侧链含偶氮苯发色团的聚酰亚胺非线性光学材料(NLOPI).通过红外光谱对产物进行了结构表征.对产物的紫外-可见吸收光谱研究发现,在330和490nm处出现侧链偶氮苯发色团的特征吸收.通过简并四波混频方法(DFWM)测定侧链含偶氮苯发色团的聚酰亚胺薄膜的三阶非线性极化率χ⁽³⁾=4.58×10^-18m²/W.在DFWM中,前向泵浦光I_f和探测光I_p是主要的写入光,而后向泵浦光I_b是主要的读出光.证实了光致偶氮分子的顺反异构能够导致光信息存储的特性.     

4-二氰亚甲基-2,6-二甲基-4H-吡喃衍生物的合成及其 荧光效应

两种新的4-二氰亚甲基-2,6-二甲基-4H-吡喃衍生物及对应的聚酰胺酸被合成和表征。该聚酰胺酸在普通有机溶剂中具有良好的可溶性。报道了这些生色团衍生物的光强度、量子产率和发射波长,以及生色团共价键合所形成的聚酰胺酸膜具有比对应的生色团单体更强的荧光效应。     

Low dielectric constant polyimide nanomats by electrospinning

The proper combination of material (i.e. fluorinated polyimides) and processing technique (electrospinning) could lead to the formation of polyimides with low dielectric constant, high thermo‐oxidative stability and glass transition temperature, and high hydrophobicity. The polyimides in this work were based on 4, 4‐bis [3′‐trifluoromethyl‐4′ (4′‐amino benzoxy) benzyl] biphenyl (Q) and various fluorinated and non‐fluorinated dianhydrides namely benzene‐1,2,4,5‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, benzophenone‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride, and 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA). Processing of the polyimides was carried out in poly(amic acid) stage by two different methods—electrospinning and solution casting for comparison purposes. The processing of polyimides by electrospinning led to enhancement in mechanical properties (dianhydride‐structure dependent) and hydrophobicity without sacrificing thermo‐oxidative stability and glass transition temperatures significantly. Also, low dielectric constants (as low as 1.43) could be attained by suitable combination of dianhydride (6FDA) with 4, 4‐bis [3′‐trifluoromethyl‐4′ (4′‐amino benzoxy) benzyl] biphenyl diamine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structure–property relationships of low dielectric constant,nanoporous, thermally stable polyimides via grafting of poly(propylene glycol) oligomers

Synthesis of high temperature polyimide foams with pore sizes in the nanometer range was developed. Foams were prepared by casting graft copolymers comprising a thermally stable block as the matrix and a thermally labile material as the dispersed phase. The copolyimides as the matrix material were prepared via polycondensation reactions of pyromellitic dianhydride with three new diamines (4BAP, 3BAP, and BAN) through the poly(amic acid) precursors. Functionalized poly(propylene glycol) (PPGBr‐1000 and PPGBr‐2500) as the labile oligomer was prepared via reaction of poly(propylene glycol) monobutyl ether with 2‐bromoacetyl bromide. Graft copolymers were prepared by the reaction of the poly(amic acid)s with these thermally labile constituents. Upon thermal treatment the labile blocks were subsequently removed leaving pores with the size and shape of the original copolymer morphology. The polyimides and foamed polyimides were characterized by some conventional methods including FTIR, H‐NMR, DSC, TGA, SEM, TEM, and dielectric constant. The average pore size of the polyimide nanofoams was in the range of 5–20 nm. The structure–property relationships of the prepared nanofoams were investigated based on the diamine structures and also molecular weights of labile groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Benzimidazole- and oxadiazole-modified aromatic polyimides

Three series of aromatic primary diamines were synthesized. The first series of three contained one or two hydrazide groups. The second series of five contained one or two oxadiazole groups. The third series of four contained one or two benzimidazole groups. Reaction of each diamine with either pyromellitic dianhydride or 3,4,3′,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride gave a series of soluble polymeric amic acids, from which films of good thermal stability were cast. The heat-cured films were either oxadiazoleimide or benzimidazole-imide polymers, depending upon the diamine used. When hydrazide-amic acid polymers were heated, the conversion of amic acid to imide was essentially complete before any substantial portion of the hydriazide linkages were converted to oxadiazole. The latter conversion was accompanied by degradation. A better method of preparation for these polymers is through the oxadiazole contaning diamines. One hydrazide-imide polymer was prepared from trimellitic anhydride and was converted to an oxadiazole-imide by heating. The reaction of equimolar quantities of a dianhydride with 3,5,2′-triaminobenzanilde gave a soluble polymer which was converted to a benzimidazole-imide by heating.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel polyimides with 1-octadecyl side chains for liquid crystal alignment layers

A series of poly(amic acid)s have been synthesized from cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (CBDA), a functional diamine, 1-(3,5-diaminophenyl)-3-(1-octadecyl)-succinicimide and 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) to give liquid crystal alignment layers with high pretilt angle after a rubbing process for vertically aligned liquid crystal display devices. Inherent viscosities of the poly(amic acid)s measured were in the range 0.2–1.56 dl/g, which decreased with an increase of content of 1-(3,5-diaminophenyl)-3-(1-octadecyl)-succinicimide. The cured polyimide films had good transparency, which was above 95% at 400 nm. Surface energies of all the polyimide films prepared from 1-(3,5-diaminophenyl)-3-(1-octadecyl)-succinicimide were below 40.7 dyn/cm before the rubbing process, which resulted in very high pretilt angles above 89°. By a rubbing process, the surface energy of the polyimide prepared from diamine mixture with 10 mol% of 1-(3,5-diaminophenyl)-3-(1-octadecyl)-succinicimide and 90% of DDM increased from 40.7 to 42.7 dyn/cm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Isomeric compositions in amide acids and poly(amic acid)s derived from 1-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride

Two different poly(amic acid)s were synthesized by the polycondensations of 1-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CF3DAN) with p-phenylene diamine and benzidine. In addition, an amide acid model compound was prepared from CF3DAN and aniline. Isomeric units in the poly(amic acid)s as well as the amide acid were investigated by ¹H and ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Spectroscopic results indicate that the major isomeric component was a CF3-meta-isomeric unit centered on the aromatic carbon substituted with the trifluoromethyl group. In particular, the amide acid compound was determined to be composed of 80 mol % CF3-meta-isomer and 20 mol % H-meta-isomer. Therefore, for the poly(amic acid)s, the minor isomeric component is speculated to be a H-meta-isomeric unit rather than a para-isomeric unit. The result might result mainly from the strong electron-withdrawable and bulky trifluoromethyl substituent in the CF3DAN monomer. The strong electron withdrawability might significantly enhance the reactivities of the adjacent carbons in the monomer to the nucleophilic attack of the amino nitrogen in the aniline and diamines, and consequently overcome the role of the bulkyness, ultimately leading to the amide acid and poly(amic acid)s rich with the CF3-meta-isomeric unit. In addition, a portion of the imide form was detected in the dried AN-CF3DAM-AN amide acid. Thus, the formation of imide linkage might be involved in a small portion for the dried poly(amic acid)s. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1755–1765, 1998     

聚酰胺酸酯的合成及性能研究

围绕刚性主链、高尺寸稳定性聚酰亚胺的制备,对聚酰胺酸酯的合成及酰亚胺化特性进行了研究。将制得的均苯二乙酯二酰氯与醚二胺进行聚合得到聚酰胺酸酯并与传统的预聚体——聚酰胺酸进行比较,得出聚酰胺酸酯性能较好,而酰亚胺化的温度要求较高。共聚中分别与间苯二胺或对苯二胺和醚二胺进行共聚,讨论了不同的二胺在共聚中的影响。     

Synthesis and properties of poly(ether imide)s based on a benzonorbornane bis(ether anhydride)

A novel bis(ether anhydride) monomer, 3,6‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)benzonorbornane dianhydride, was synthesized from the nitro displacement of 4‐nitrophthalonitrile with 3,6‐dihydroxybenzonorbornane in the presence of potassium carbonate, followed by the alkaline hydrolysis of the intermediate bis(ether dinitrile) and the cyclodehydration of the resulting bis(ether diacid). A series of poly(ether imide)s bearing pendant norbornane groups were prepared from the bis(ether anhydride) with various aromatic diamines via a conventional two‐stage process that included ring‐opening polyaddition to form the poly(amic acid)s followed by thermal imidization to the poly(ether imide)s. The inherent viscosities of the poly(amic acid) precursors were 0.81–1.81 dL/g. The poly(ether imide) with m‐phenylenediamine as a diamine showed good organosolubility. Most of the cast poly(ether imide) films have had high tensile strengths and moduli. The glass‐transition temperatures of these poly(ether imide)s, except for those from rigid p‐phenylenediamine and benzidine, were recorded between 211 and 246 °C by differential scanning calorimetry. The softening temperatures of all the poly(ether imide) films stayed within 210–330 °C according to thermomechanical analysis. No polymers showed significant decomposition before 500 °C in a nitrogen or air atmosphere. A comparative study of the properties with the corresponding poly(ether imide)s without pendant substituents was also made. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1712–1725, 2002     

Kinetic study of low‐temperature imidization of poly(amic acid)s and preparation of colorless,transparent polyimide films

Conventional synthesis of polyimides includes high‐temperature (160–350 °C) imidization of poly(amic acid)s. In the present work, imidization has been carried out at much lower temperatures (40–160 °C). 1,2,4,5,‐cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (HPMDA) or pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) was polymerized with an aromatic diamine, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDPM), to give poly(amic acid)s, which were then imidized chemically. Imidization was more than 90% complete even at the very low imidization temperature of 40 °C. It was found that the imidization occurs in two steps: an initial rapid cyclization and a subsequent slower cyclization. The activation energy for the rapid process was determined to be 4.3 kJ/mol, and that of the slower process, 4.8 kJ/mol. As the imidization temperature decreases, the transmittance of the resulting polyimides tends to gradually increase, the cutoff wavelength decreases and the color becomes pale. A partially aliphatic polyimide based on HPMDA and DDPM prepared at 40 °C yielded thin films that were highly transparent and colorless, and had good flexibility, solubility and thermal stability. The polyimide films prepared in this study may be good candidates for flexible, transparent plastic substrates in the display industry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 1593–1602