基于梯度超表面的反射型线-圆极化转换器设计

本文设计了同时具有线-圆极化转换和出射波偏折功能的反射型极化转换器通过六个不同结构参数的改进型十字结构四分之一波片组成一维相位梯度超表面,将此超表面分别在x和y方向进行周期排布,设计了极化转换器.通过理论分析、仿真计算和实验测试,验证了该极化转换器在13.8-14.7 GHz频带内实现了高效线一圆极化转换和奇异反射.仿真并测试了镜面反射率、反射功率密度谱和轴比特性,仿真结果和测试结果的一致性良好,结果表明该极化转换器在13.8-14.7 GHz频带内的镜面反射率小于-10 dB,轴比小于2 dB,而且反射波的偏折方向与理论分析相一致.     

基于开口椭圆环的高效超宽带极化旋转超表面

电磁波的极化态在信号传输和灵敏度测量中有非常重要的应用价值. 本文设计、仿真并实验验证了微波频段基于开口椭圆环谐振器的极化旋转超表面. 理论上, 将多阶表面等离子谐振和高阻抗表面相结合, 解释了多谐振点、高效率极化旋转的物理机理. 数值上, 通过对结构参数的仿真分析, 给出了运用开口椭圆环结构设计多频段、超宽带高效极化旋转超表面的方法. 所设计和制作的超表面能够在相对带宽104.5%的频率范围内实现大于85%的极化旋转效率. 这些工作将为极化操控超表面的设计和应用提供重要帮助.     

基于方形开口环的超宽带线性极化转换器

电磁波的极化调控在卫星通信、雷达探测以及立体显示成像等领域有重要的应用价值,探索易于加工、转换效率高、工作频带宽的高性能极化转换器具有重要的研究意义.本文提出了一种基于方形开口环超构表面的线性极化转换器,该转换器具有各向异性特点,反射电场沿两个对角线方向的分量振幅相等,相位相差180°,导致在反射模式下能够将入射波的极化方向旋转90°.实验测试结果表明,在7.12—18.82 GHz频带范围内极化转换率高于90%,相对带宽达到90%.频带的显著拓宽基于四个谐振频点,每个谐振频点的转换效率都接近100%.实验结果与模拟结果相符合,验证了提出的超构表面可以在较宽的频带范围内实现电磁波的90°极化旋转.     

基于交叉极化旋转相位梯度超表面的宽带异常反射

设计实现了一种基于双圆弧形金属结构的宽带反射型极化旋转超表面, 在7.9–20.1 GHz的宽频带范围内交叉极化转换率达到99%, 通过改变其结构参数可实现在保持高效的交叉极化转换率的条件下对交叉极化反射相位的自由调控. 基于六种不同结构参数极化旋转超表面结构单元的空间排布设计实现了一维宽带相位梯度超表面, 在宽频带内, 实现了异常反射. 测试了其镜面交叉极化反射率, 与仿真结果基本一致. 仿真计算了x-极化波入射时的电磁场分布和异常反射角度, 与理论计算结果基本一致. 仿真与测试结果均表明这种相位梯度超表面在8.9–10 GHz 和10.0–18.1 GHz的两个宽带频率范围内可分别实现高效的表面波耦合和异常反射.     

一款基于多物理场调控的超宽带线-圆极化转换器

为了在微波波段实现可调谐的线-圆极化转换器的设计,结合固态等离子体与二氧化钒设计了一种基于多物理场调控的超宽带线-圆极化转换器,通过改变固态等离子体谐振单元激励状态和人为改变外部温度(T)来实现对该线-圆极化转换器工作频段的调控.采用了全波仿真的方法对该极化转换器的极化转换率曲线、反射相位曲线、轴比曲线、表面电流图进行了计算,并讨论了参数r_1与r_3对轴比的影响.仿真结果表明,当固态等离子体区域均未激励且T68℃时,3 dB轴比频带为14.3—29.7 GHz,相对带宽为70%;当固态等离子体区域均被激励且T68℃时,3 dB轴比频带为14.4—23.4 GHz与28.6—35.9 GHz,相对带宽分别为47.61%和22.64%;当固态等离子体区域未激励且T≥68℃时,3 dB轴比频带为8.4—11.2 GHz与18.7—29.5 GHz,相对带宽分别为28.57%与44.81%.通过改变固态等离子体的激励状态和外部温度,实现了该超宽带线-圆极化转换器工作带宽向高频和低频区域的移动.     

二维宽带相位梯度超表面设计及实验验证

针对圆极化波, 通过同极化反射超表面结构单元的空间排布, 设计实现了一种二维非色散高效相位梯度超表面. 同极化反射相位可以通过同极化反射超表面结构单元金属线的面内旋转来自由调控. 实现的相位梯度超表面可对左右旋入射波产生相反的相位梯度. 当线极化波入射到超表面上时, 反射波被分为两束向相反方向传播的圆极化波. 仿真了线极化波垂直入射时的反射功率密度谱, 仿真结果与理论上设计的异常反射方向一致. 制作了厚度为2 mm的超表面样品, 测试了其镜面反射率曲线. 实验结果表明, 线极化波垂直入射时, 超表面在9.5-19.0 GHz的镜面反射率降至-5 dB以下.     

宽频带雷达散射截面缩减相位梯度超表面的设计及实验验证

针对相位梯度超表面在隐身技术中的应用,提出通过表面波耦合和异常反射两种机制复合实现宽频带后向雷达散射截面(RCS)缩减,采用开口谐振环进行相位梯度设计,实现了一种二维极化无关相位梯度超表面,在10 GHz附近,超表面通过将垂直入射电磁波耦合为表面波实现RCS缩减,而在大于11 GHz的频率范围内,相位分布的不均匀性使垂直入射的电磁波发生漫反射或者异常反射,降低后向RCS,制作了厚度为2 mm的超表面样品,测试了其反射率曲线和后向RCS,并与相同尺寸的金属板进行了对比,实验结果表明,在宽频段内(9.5—17.0 GHz),超表面在垂直入射情况下可将后向RCS缩减至少10 dB,由于厚度薄、重量轻、频带宽,RCS缩减超表面在隐身新材料和新技术方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

C/X双频双圆极化共口径微带天线设计

设计实现了一款C/X双频双圆极化共口径微带天线,在C/X频段均能以双圆极化方式工作,有效提高了天线的口径利用率。采用寄生结构和L型探针耦合馈电拓展了天线的阻抗带宽;以嵌套方式将X波段天线置于C波段天线的间隙处实现了共口径设计;通过对称反相馈电技术实现了良好的交叉极化比。测试结果表明,C波段的阻抗带宽和3 dB轴比带宽分别大于23%和17%; X波段的阻抗带宽和3 dB轴比带宽分别大于28%和18%;测试频点处的交叉极化比均大于25 dB。     

电磁波在大面积等离子体片中传播特性的分析

脉冲磁约束线形空心阴极放电形成的大面积等离子体片可应用于等离子体天线、隐身及模拟超音速飞行器表面的等离子体鞘套. 本文首次利用实测等离子体片电子密度时空分布和横向场传播矩阵法, 研究了电磁波在等离子体片中反射率、透射率、吸收率随频率及脉冲放电时间的变化特征. 结果表明: 极化方向平行磁场的电磁波, 在小于截止频率的低频带内具有较高的反射率和吸收率, 增大电流, 反射率增加, 吸收率下降, 在大于截止频率的高频带内反射率和吸收率较低, 增大电流, 透射率下降, 吸收率升高; 极化方向垂直磁场的电磁波在高混杂谐振频率附近存在吸收率明显增强的吸收带, 谐振吸收峰值与放电电流无关; 脉冲放电期间, 电磁波的反射率、透射率与吸收率由不稳定过渡到稳定的时间约为100 μs, 过渡时间随着放电电流的增加而增大, 极化方向垂直磁场、小于截止频率的电磁波在稳定放电阶段谐振吸收较强. 本文的研究成果对利用等离子体片实现对电磁波的稳定高反射作用具有重要意义.     

基于超宽带反射超表面产生太赫兹轨道角动量

由于轨道角动量（orbital angular momentum,OAM）有望成为新的通信复用自由度,在拓展信道容量、提高频谱资源利用率方面有巨大潜力而受到越来越多研究人员的关注。目前的太赫兹涡旋波产生器件存在只能工作在单频点、带宽窄、转换效率低等问题,如何在太赫兹频段高效产生OAM成为关键问题之一。该文设计了一种超宽带反射超表面单元,结合几何相位原理和相位叠加原理设计了单层反射超表面。仿真结果表明：设计的超表面实现了在0.82 THz～2.09 THz（相对带宽87.3%）的宽频范围内,将圆极化太赫兹波转换为携带轨道角动量的太赫兹涡旋波,同极化反射谱的幅度大于0.97,转换效率高于94.7%,反射相位覆盖0°～360°。利用傅里叶变换分解反射场中各个OAM模式,定量分析了OAM模式纯度,在不同频率下涡旋波中均为主模式l=-2能量占比最高,进一步对设计的超表面进行优化,主模式能量占比明显提升。该文设计的超表面具有转换效率高、工作带宽大、主模式强度高等优势,为宽带太赫兹涡旋波的高效产生提供了一种参考。     

Ultra-wideband reflective polarization converter based on anisotropic metasurface

In this paper, we propose an ultra-wideband reflective linear cross-polarization converter based on anisotropic metasurface. Its unit cell is composed of a square-shaped resonator with intersectant diagonal and metallic ground sheet separated by dielectric substrate. Simulated results show that the converter can generate resonances at four frequencies under normal incident electromagnetic(EM) wave, leading to the bandwidth expansion of cross-polarization reflection. For verification,the designed polarization converter is fabricated and measured. The measured and simulated results agree well with each other, showing that the fabricated converter can convert x- or y-polarized incident wave into its cross polarized wave in a frequency range from 7.57 GHz to 20.46 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 91.2%, and the polarization conversion efficiency is greater than 90%. The proposed polarization converter has a simple geometry but an ultra wideband compared with the published designs, and hence possesses potential applications in novel polarization-control devices.     

An ultra-wideband 2-bit coding metasurface using Pancharatnam—Berry phase for radar cross-section reduction

An ultra-wideband 2-bit coding metasurface is designed for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction. The design process is presented in detail, in which a polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) is first proposed. The proposed PCM can realize ultra-wideband circular polarization (CP) maintaining reflection. Moreover, Pancharatnam—Berry (PB) phase will be generated in the co-polarized reflection coefficient by rotating the metallic patches in its unit cells. Thus, based on the PCM, the four coding elements of a 2-bit coding metasurface are constructed using PB phase, and an ultra-wideband PB 2-bit coding metasurface is proposed according to an appropriate coding sequence. The simulated and experimental results show that the coding metasurface has obvious advantages of wideband and polarization-insensitivity. Compared to a metallic plate of the same size, it can achieve more than 10 dB RCS reduction in the frequency band from 9.8 GHz to 42.6 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 125.2% under normal incidence with arbitrary polarizations.     

A reconfigurable terahertz polarization converter based on metal–graphene hybrid metasurface

A metal-graphene hybrid metasurface polarization converter is designed in this Letter.The unit cell of the hybrid metasurface is composed of a butterfly-shaped structure whose branches are connected by multi-layer graphene sheets.The proposed device can be reconfigured from linear-to-circular polarization to cross-polarization by changing the Fermi energy of graphene.The simulation results show that for three-layer graphene,the device acts as a linear-to-circular polarization converter when EF=0 eV and switches to a cross-polarization converter when EF=0.5 eV.Compared with single-layer graphene,the device with three-layer graphene can maintain the cross-polarization conversion performance under low Fermi energy.Furthermore,two equivalent circuits in the x and y directions are developed to understand the working mechanism of the device.     

Dual-broadband and near-perfect polarization converter based on anisotropic metasurface

A novel dual-broadband and near-perfect reflective polarization converter based on anisotropic metasurface is presented and analyzed in this paper. The unit cell of the proposed converter is composed of a double-cut slotted metallic split-ring and a metallic ground sheet separated by an F4B-2 substrate. Both numerical analysis and measured results demonstrate that the proposed converter has five plasmon resonance frequencies, and can near-completely convert the x- or y-polarized incident wave to its orthogonal counterpart in two frequency bands (9.5–12.9 GHz, 16.1–20.2 GHz). The corresponding polarization conversion ratio is more than 98.3% in the first frequency band and 99.7% in the second one. In addition, the bandwidths and central frequencies of the two frequency bands can be effectively tuned over a wide range by adjusting the geometrical dimensions of the metasurface, while the high conversion efficiency is preserved. The proposed polarization converter may have great potentials in electromagnetic polarization control applications.     

基于极化旋转超表面的圆极化天线设计

本文通过设计出一种反射型极化旋转超表面,在8—12 GHz频域内实现高效的极化旋转,并将其加载于微带缝隙天线下方构成新型的极化旋转超表面天线,利用超表面的90°极化旋转效应,成功实现了天线的圆极化辐射调制.仿真与实验结果表明:圆极化天线的中心工作频率为GHz,阻抗带宽为8.3—10 GHz.当微带缝隙天线与极化旋转超表面的间距H=4.5mm时,天线在8.3—8.8 GHz频带内实现了圆极化辐射;当mm时,天线在8.8—9.3 GHz频带内实现了圆极化辐射;当=8mm时,天线在9.3—10 GHz频带内实现了圆极化辐射.实验结果与仿真结果相符,证明了此种设计方法的有效性,也为微带缝隙天线的圆极化设计提供了一种新的途径.     

基于谐振环的太赫兹宽带偏振转换器件研究

提出了一个基于谐振环结构的宽带且高效的太赫兹线偏振转换器.该结构由金属-电介质-金属三层构成,位于顶层的是基于开口谐振环的超表面,中间为介质层,底部为金属板.实验结果表明,该结构可以在0.59-1.24 THz频率范围内将线偏振的太赫兹波偏振方向旋转90°,转换率超过80%.通过计算该结构在所研究的频率范围内反射光的偏振角和椭圆角,证实了该结构可以在较宽的频率范围内实现高效的线偏振转换.对该结构在偏振转换率高的频率下表面电流和电场进行仿真,分析了高偏振转换率和宽带的机理.同时,研究了该结构的偏振转换率对入射角以及偏振角的依赖性,结果表明该结构在0°-30°入射角范围内、-10°-10°偏振角范围内均有很好的偏振转换性能.     

Dual-band and high-efficiency polarization converter based on metasurfaces at microwave frequencies

We present a dual-band and high-efficiency polarization converter in microwave regime. The proposed converter can convert a linearly polarized wave to its cross-polarized wave for two distinct bands: Ku (11.5–20.0 GHz) and Ka (28.8–34.0 GHz). It can also convert the linearly polarized wave to a circularly polarized wave at four other frequencies. The experimental results are in good agreement with simulation results for both frequency bands. The polarization conversion ratio is above 0.94 for the Ku-band and 0.90 for the Ka-band. Furthermore, the converter can achieve dual-band and high-efficiency polarization conversion over angles of incidence up to 45°. The converter is also polarization-selective in that only the x- and y-polarized waves can be converted. The physical mechanism of the dual-band polarization conversion effect is interpreted via decomposed electric field components that couple with different plasmon resonance modes of the structure.     

Doppler spectrum of polarimetric scattering field from two-dimensional time-varying nonlinear sea surfaces

Polarimetric scattering model of second-order small-slope approxi-mation combined with “choppy wave" model (CWM) for describing nonlinear hydrodynamic interactions between ocean waves is utilized in this paper to investigate the influence of sea surface nonlinearities on backscattering coefficient as well as Doppler spectrum signatures including Doppler shift and spectral bandwidth. Simulation results show that at moderate to large incidence angles the Doppler shift and spectral bandwidth of the CWM nonlinear sea surfaces are significantly larger than those of linear sea surfaces, in particular at low grazing angles. In addition, Doppler signatures show distinct polarization dependence, and most importantly the cross-polarized Doppler signatures significantly differ from the co-polarized ones. It is also indicated that co-polarized Doppler shift increases obviously with wind speed increasing, whereas the cross-polarized Doppler shift looks less sensitive to wind speed variations. The difference of Doppler signatures between co- and cross-polarization is potentially valuable for ocean remote sensing applications, especially for observing very high winds.     

Ultra-broadband and high-efficiency polarization conversion metasurface with multiple plasmon resonance modes

In this paper, we present a novel metasurface design that achieves a high-efficiency ultra-broadband cross polarization conversion. The metasurface is composed of an array of unit resonators, each of which combines an H-shaped structure and two rectangular metallic patches. Different plasmon resonance modes are excited in unit resonators and allow the polarization states to be manipulated. The bandwidth of the cross polarization converter is 82% of the central frequency,covering the range from 15.7 GHz to 37.5 GHz. The conversion efficiency of the innovative new design is higher than 90%.At 14.43 GHz and 40.95 GHz, the linearly polarized incident wave is converted into a circularly polarized wave.