通道调制型偏振成像系统的波段宽度限制判据

通道调制型偏振成像技术是一种体积紧凑、空间分辨率高且能够实时获取全偏振信息的新型偏振成像探测技术. 但该技术目前只能实现准单色光的全偏振探测, 严重制约了其实用化. 本文首先对宽带光通道调制型偏振成像出现混叠现象的原因进行了分析, 得出载波频率是限制波段宽度的主要因素. 据此在空间频谱域上分析并推导了通道调制型偏振成像系统的光谱宽度限制判据公式, 同时通过模型仿真得到了系统的极限有效光谱范围, 与理论推导公式结果进行了对比分析, 验证了判据的准确性. 基于该判据可预测给定通道调制型偏振成像系统的有效工作波段, 同时还可为扩展系统波段宽度提供理论支撑.     

一种具有低折射率的高对比度光栅反射镜的设计

设计并研究了一种工作于2 μm波段的GaSb基亚波长高对比度光栅反射镜,其具有低折射率光栅层结构。通过严格耦合波理论优化结构,以最大限度地满足VCSEL腔面反射镜对反射率带宽的要求。反射镜对2 μm波段的TM模式具有优良的反射效率,带宽与设计波长之比达15%（反射率R>99%）,在反射率R>99.9%的部分Δλ/λ₀>9.5%,带宽中心波长为2.003 μm,与此同时TE模的反射率不超过70.20%。该反射镜结构中几个参数的制作容差较大,且厚度低于1.1 μm,有利于在垂直腔面发射半导体激光器上的单片集成。     

EXPANSION OF RADIAL WAVE FUNCTION OF d OR f ELECTRONS AND THE SHIFTS OF CRYSTAL FIELD SPECTRA+ Ⅱ. RUBY FLUORESCENCE R1 LINE

By analysing the characters of R1 transition energy, starting from a general theory, the relation between red shift Δλ/λ₀ and expansion function φ(K) is derived. The explicit expressionsof φ(K) and available over a wide range of pressure are obtained. The pressurey vs. compression ratio relation P-K is calculated by using Birch equation. The red shifts are calculated upto 1.7mbar.The agreement with experimental data is satisfactory. Finally, the results are dis-cussed.     

基于速度梯度张量的四元分解对若干涡判据的评价

本文基于速度梯度张量分析,对其中四种ω判据、Q判据、w判据、λci判据的物理意义和局限性进行分析,揭示各判据常用等值面展示的涡形态或强度的实际物理意义.首次采用基于速度梯度张量正规性的四元分解,将流体微元的运动分解为胀缩、沿正规标架的轴向变形、做平面运动和简单剪切,使得各涡判据的运动学意义更加清晰.涡量ω反映的流体微元的平均转动中总是包含简单剪切运动;Q判据可揭示流体微元在复特征向量平面上净转动相对于轴向变形的强弱,是净转动存在的充分但非必要条件;fi判据能准确辨别净转动是否存在,却无法表示出净转动的强度;在净转动存在的前提下,λci可反映其绝对强度大小,净转动是复特征向量平面内正规转动和简单剪切的总和效果,正规转动是最基本的转动.新引入的四元分解方法有利于深入了解流体的涡及其运动.     

喷气箍缩等离子体X射线椭圆弯晶谱仪研究

为了测量喷气箍缩等离子体X射线的空间分辨光谱,利用椭圆聚焦原理,研制了一种椭圆晶体谱仪.分别利用Si(111)、Mica(002)椭圆晶体作色散元件,离心率均为0.948 0,布喇格角为30～67.5°,光谱信号采用半径为50 mm的半圆形胶片接收,从等离子体源经晶体到胶片的光路长为1 430 mm.在“阳”加速器装置上进行摄谱验证实验,成功获取了氩喷气等离子体X射线的光谱.测量光谱波长与理论值相符,其中Si弯晶获得的光谱分辨率(λ/Δλ＝200～300)低于Mica弯晶获得的光谱分辨率(λ/Δλ＝500～700).实验结果表明,该谱仪适合于喷气箍缩等离子体X射线的光谱学研究.     

Consistency of optimizing finite-time Carnot engines with the low-dissipation model in the two-level atomic heat engine

The efficiency at the maximum power (EMP) for finite-time Carnot engines established with the low-dissipation model, relies significantly on the assumption of the inverse proportion scaling of the irreversible entropy generation ΔS^(ir) on the operation time τ, i.e. ΔS^(ir) ∝ 1/τ. The optimal operation time of the finite-time isothermal process for EMP has to be within the valid regime of the inverse proportion scaling. Yet, such consistency was not tested due to the unknown coefficient of the 1/τ-scaling. In this paper, we reveal that the optimization of the finite-time two-level atomic Carnot engines with the low-dissipation model is consistent only in the regime of η_C < 2(1 − δ)/(1 + δ), where η_C is the Carnot efficiency, and δ is the compression ratio in energy level difference of the heat engine cycle. In the large-η_C regime, the operation time for EMP obtained with the low-dissipation model is not within the valid regime of the 1/τ-scaling, and the exact EMP of the engine is found to surpass the well-known bound η₊ = η_C/(2 − η_C).     

厚度误差对THz-TDS的测量不确定度分析

阐述了基于菲涅尔公式的透射式太赫兹时域光谱系统提取样品光学常数的方法和原理,分析了样品厚度误差对THz-TDS测量不确定度的影响,并建立了相应的不确定度模型。进行太赫兹时域光谱测量实验,提取硅片在太赫兹波段的折射率,并计算了误差对提取样品折射率的影响。结果表明,随着厚度误差的增大,系统测量偏差也随之增大。对于较厚样品,相同厚度误差对其测量结果影响较小。样品厚度为994μm时,在厚度存在1μm的测量误差情况下,系统测量折射率的偏差为0.001 2,接近模型的仿真值。实验结果验证了厚度误差对测量不确定度模型的有效性,了解了厚度误差对系统测量结果的影响情况,对测量过程及结果分析具有一定的指导意义。     

一个新的自由能函数对介电高弹薄膜的多组等双轴预拉伸下力电耦合实验的预测

当介电高弹聚合物薄膜被施以面内等双轴预拉伸后, 受到厚度方向的电压作用时, 薄膜在力场和电场共同作用下产生大变形. 电场采用Maxwell应力分析, 力场采用橡胶弹性模型分析. 拟合这类变形的常用橡胶弹性模型主要有Neo-Hookean, Arruda-Boyce, Gent等模型. 这些模型对实验数据的定量拟合存在不同程度的偏差. 通过对实验数据的分析, 结合数学方法, 提出了一个新的自由能函数模型. 通过该模型对VHB4905介电高弹聚合物薄膜的多组等双轴预拉伸电力耦合实验进行拟合, 并以Neo-Hookean, Gent模型作为对照, 结果与实验数据拟合很好, 比对照模型的偏差明显缩小.     

双分散颗粒体系在临界堵塞态的结构特征

堵塞行为是颗粒体系中一种常见的现象,其力学性质与堆积结构的关联非常复杂.本文采用离散元法研究了由两种不同半径颗粒组成的二维双分散无摩擦球形颗粒体系在临界堵塞态所呈现的结构特征,讨论了大小颗粒粒径比与大颗粒百分比对临界堵塞态的影响.数值模拟结果表明,当粒径比小于1.4时,临界平均接触数与大颗粒百分比关系不大,当粒径比大于1.4时随着大颗粒百分比的增大临界平均接触数先减小再增大.而临界体积分数在粒径比小于1.8时随着大颗粒百分比的增加先减小后增大,大于1.8时又基本不随大颗粒百分比而变化.大颗粒百分比在接近0或1时,系统近似为单分散体系,临界平均接触数与体积分数基本不随半径比的增大而变化;在接近0.5时,临界平均接触数随着半径比的增大逐渐减小,而临界体积分数则是先减小后增大.文中对大-小颗粒这一接触类型的百分比也进行了探讨,其值随着大颗粒百分比的增大呈二次函数的变化趋势,粒径比对这一变化趋势只有较小的影响.     

激光诱导击穿光谱法铁基合金谱线选择研究

内标法是激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)最常用的定量分析方法之一。为了提高定量分析精度，研究了谱线强度比的相对波动特性随分析线和内标线之间激发能级差(ΔE)和波长差(Δλ)变化的规律。在局部热力学平衡条件下，建立了考虑等离子体中某元素电子上能级跃迁到下能级产生原子发射谱线的激发能级差、等离子体温度、配分函数和离子密度等强度影响因素的数学模型，对模型中激发能级差对谱线强度相对波动的影响进行了研究。得到在-2 eV<ΔE<2 eV和等离子体温度范围在3 000～15 000 K条件下，谱线强度随着ΔE和T变化的趋势：随着ΔE变大，谱线强度比呈上升，在ΔE=2 eV，T=3 000 K时谱线强度比最大；并且谱线强度比相对波动对ΔE和T敏感，ΔE趋近于零时相对波动变小，T对谱线强度比相对波动影响变化不大，整体趋势平稳。在T=10 000 K时，ΔE<0相对波动比ΔE>0时小，因此理论上优先选择ΔE<0的谱线对。通过理论分析得出|ΔE|越接近于零，谱线强度比相对波动越小。实验装置中采用工作波长1 064 nm，脉冲能量85 mJ，重复频率1 Hz，脉冲宽度13 ns的Nd∶YAG脉冲激光诱导击穿样品；采用工作波长200～975 nm，光学分辨率优于0.05 nm的Andor公司Mechelle 5000光谱仪，配合Andor New iStar型号ICCD采集光谱；利用激光诱导铁基合金等离子体光谱进行验证。实验中，以Fe为内标元素，Cr和Mn为分析元素。筛选NIST谱线库中跃迁概率在106以上的谱线，并优先选择共振线能级差相近的非共振线进行对比分析。结果表明，选择激发能级相近或波长相近的谱线作为分析谱线的原则有一定的局限性。对于Cr和Fe，|ΔE|在0.14和1.51 eV时得到的谱线强度相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为6.7%和4.6%，其谱线强度比理论值和实际值之差分别为1.14和0.59；|Δλ|在11.7和50.8 nm时得到的RSD分别为6.3%和4.4%，其谱线强度比理论值和实际值之差分别为1.69和0.62。分析表明，相比于波长差，激发能级差对Cr/Mn相对波动影响较大。分析元素Cr/Mn与内标元素Fe波长差绝对值不断增大，RSD反而不断减小；在1.50 eV和90 nm较大约束范围内，|ΔE|大的谱线得到的谱线强度比相对波动相对较小，Cr和Fe的RSD最大相差为2.06%；|Δλ|大的谱线得到的谱线强度比相对波动相对较小，Cr和Fe的RSD最大相差为1.35%。由以上实验结果得出，在实际选择分析谱线时，尽量选择激发能级和波长相近的谱线原则有一定的局限性。|ΔE|或|Δλ|大的谱线得到的RSD较小，选择谱线强度比理论值和实际值最接近的谱线可以作为谱线选择依据。另外，选择谱线强度比理论值和实际值最接近的谱线，可以降低谱线强度比相对波动。     

二次偏振调制测距系统中调制频率与测距精度的关系

本文在基于二次偏振调制激光测距系统的基础上, 对调制频率与激光测距系统精度的关系做了深入的理论推导和实验验证. 最终得出结论: 相位法激光测距系统的测量精度会随着调制频率的增大而提高, 且精度的提高程度正比于调制频率的不确定度Δf与测程范围内半波长数N值的比值. 并通过选取合适的调制频率来提高系统的测距精度, 提高后的测距精度可达10^-7.     

低压下直流电弧热等离子体射流电子密度的光谱法测量

采用原子发射光谱仪研究低压直流电弧热喷涂等离子体射流的特性。利用Stark展宽法采集H_β谱线,使用其Δλ_1/2来计算等离子射流中的电子密度,研究了氢气流量、输入功率和探测距离对等离子体射流中电子密度的影响。使用Saha方程计算热等离子体的电离程度,研究了功率/氢气流量与等离子体电离程度的关系。结果表明:电子密度和电离程度随着电流强度的增大而增加;氢气流量增加可以明显提高等离子体射流的能量,但对电离程度影响不大。     

Role of water contamination within the GC column of a GasBench II peripheral on the reproducibility of 18O/16O ratios in water samples

The GasBench II peripheral along with MAT 253 combination provides a more sensitive platform for the determination of water isotope ratios. Here, we examined the role of adsorbed moisture within the gas chromatography (GC) column of the GasBench II on measurement uncertainties. The uncertainty in (18)O/(16)O ratio measurements is determined by several factors, including the presence of water in the GC. The contamination of GC with water originating from samples as water vapour over a longer timeframe is a critical factor in determining the reproducibility of (18)O/(16)O ratios in water samples. The shift in isotope ratios observed in the experiment under dry and wet conditions correlates strongly with the retention time of analyte CO(2), indicating the effect of accumulated moisture. Two possible methods to circumvent or minimise the effect of adsorbed water on isotope ratios are presented here. The proposed methodology includes either the regular baking of the GC column at a higher temperature (120?°C) after analysis of a batch of 32 sample entries or conducting the experiment at a low GC column temperature (22.5?°C). The effects of water contamination on long-term reproducibility of reference water, with and without baking protocol, have been described.     

便携式泰曼格林型干涉仪装调方法研究

 为满足光学系统对高精度检测的要求,依据一种新型便携式干涉仪的设计方案,研究了装调方法。该型干涉仪基于改进的泰曼-格林光路结构,其设计测试精度达到λ/10（P-V,λ=630 nm）,具有参考镜离轴、体积小巧、便携、精度较高、成本低及便于批量装备等新特点。针对该新型干涉仪的结构特点,研究了以两个互相垂直的光轴为基准对整体结构进行装调的新方法,并用装调完善的干涉仪进行了实测试验和比对试验。试验结果表明,该新型干涉仪器对已知面型精度为λ/10（P-V,λ=630 nm）的标准球面镜进行检测,其精度可达到0.09 λ;在相同的测试条件下进行比对实验时,该新型干涉仪对普通标准球面镜的检测结果为0.053 λ（RMS,λ=630 nm）,ZYGO干涉仪的检测结果为0.051 λ（RMS,λ=632.8 nm）,两者测量能力较为接近。采用新装调方法进行装调的该新型便携式干涉仪的实际检测精度达到了设计要求,新装调方法可以满足该新型干涉仪的指标要求。     

过冷水溶液中的空间光孤子

建立了在过冷水溶液中传播的光束的非局域非线性模型.过冷水的热致折射率扰动在温度扰动较小的情况下随温度增大,但在温度扰动达到一定程度后随温度减小.在求出该模型的数值孤子解后,对孤子的性态进行了研究.研究表明,在光功率较小时,过冷水表现出自聚焦的特性,而在光功率较大时,在孤子的中心区域的过冷水表现出自散焦的特性,而在孤子的外围仍表现为自聚焦.在总功率较大的情况下,孤子间的相互作用也表现出这种部分自散焦,部分自聚焦的现象.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定样品中镁的不确定度

对X射线荧光光谱熔融法测定土壤样品中的镁含量的不确定度进行了评定.通过对试验过程的分析,测量结果的不确定度的来源有以下几个方面,仪器的综和稳定性,制样,标准物质,校准曲线回归分析,重复测量.在得到各不确定度分量后,通过合成得到测量结果的标准不确定度,再乘以扩展因子2（95％置信概率）,得到测量结果的扩展不确定度.     

Exploring the latest Pantheon SN Ia dataset by using three kinds of statistics techniques

In this work, we explore the cosmological consequences of the latest Type Ia supernova (SN Ia)dataset, Pantheon, by adopting the wCDM model. The Pantheon dataset currently contains the largest number of SN Ia samples, which contains 1048 supernovae on the redshift range0 z 2.3. Here we take into account three kinds of SN Ia statistics techniques, including:(1) magnitude statistics (MS), which is the traditional SN Ia statistics technique;(2) flux statistics(FS), which is based on the flux-averaging (FA) method; and (3) improved flux statistics (IFS),which combines the advantages of MS and FS. It should be mentioned that the IFS technique needs to scan the (zcut,Δz) parameters plane, where zcutandΔz are redshift cut-off and redshift interval of FA, respectively. The results are as follows.(1) Using the SN dataset only, the best FA recipe for IFS is (zcut,Δz)=(0.1, 0.08);(2) comparing to the old SN dataset, JLA, adopting the Pantheon dataset can reduce the 2σerror bars of equation of state w by 38%, 47%and 53%for MS, FS and IFS, respectively;(3) FS gives closer results to other observations, such as Baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmic microwave background;(4) compared with FS and IFS,MS more favors a Universe that will end in a ‘big rip’.     

Critical Behaviors and Finite-Size Scaling of Principal Fluctuation Modes in Complex Systems

Complex systems consisting of N agents can be investigated from the aspect of principal fluctuation modes of agents. From the correlations between agents, an N×N correlation matrix C can be obtained. The principal fluctuation modes are defined by the eigenvectors of C. Near the critical point of a complex system, we anticipate that the principal fluctuation modes have the critical behaviors similar to that of the susceptibity. With the Ising model on a two-dimensional square lattice as an example, the critical behaviors of principal fluctuation modes have been studied. The eigenvalues of the first 9 principal fluctuation modes have been invesitigated. Our Monte Carlo data demonstrate that these eigenvalues of the system with size L and the reduced temperature t follow a finite-size scaling form λ_n(L, t)=L^γ/ν f_n(tL^1/ν), where γ is critical exponent of susceptibility and ν is the critical exponent of the correlation length. Using eigenvalues λ₁, λ₂ and λ₆, we get the finite-size scaling form of the second moment correlation length ξ(L, t)=Lξ(tL^1/ν). It is shown that the second moment correlation length in the two-dimensional square lattice is anisotropic.     

ICP-MS测定淀粉铝含量的不确定度评定及改进方法

测量不确定度,表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性。应用ISO/IEC Guide 98: 1993 Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement(简称GUM方法)的自下而上的策略进行测量不确定度的评定,剖析完整的分析测量过程,可以找出影响测量结果准确性的主要因素;采取针对性的措施,设法消除或降低这些因素的影响,可以改进测量方法。以电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定淀粉和面包糠中铝含量为例,其不确定度来源于测量重复性、最小二乘法拟合工作曲线的过程、标准储备液及其分取稀释过程的不确定度、溶液体积及样品称量过程的不确定度。经过各不确定度分量的评定,得知主要分量是由最小二乘法拟合工作曲线引入的相对标准不确定度u_rel(c_Al)₁,其次是由配制标准溶液系列的稀释过程引入的相对标准不确定度u_rel(c_Al)₃、由测量结果的重复性引入的相对标准不确定度u_rel(rep)。因此,采取较高灵敏度的质谱工作模式、增加测定次数、合理选取校准曲线的系列浓度点数值、选用相对误差较小的量器等措施进行方法改进。改进之后,三个主要分量u_rel(c_Al)₁,u_rel(c_Al)₃,u_rel(rep)分别从(0.035 8,0.013 2,0.008 5)降为(0.006 0,0.010 5和0.003 3),铝量的合成相对标准不确定度从0.039降为0.013,扩展不确定度从1.8 mg·kg-1降为0.4 mg·kg-1(k=2),效果显著。     

Estimation of dynamic elastic constants from the amplitude and velocity of Rayleigh waves

In this paper a method is proposed to characterize the elasticity of isotropic linear materials from the generation and detection of an acoustic surface wave. For the calculation of the elastic constants, it is sufficient that only one of the faces of the sample be accessible. The methodology is based on both the measurement of the Rayleigh wave velocity and on the determination of the normal to longitudinal amplitude ratio calculated from the normal and longitudinal components of the displacement of a point. The detection of two consecutive surface wave pulses using a single experimental setup permits the determination of the elastic constants. The method is applied to calculate Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of an aluminum sample as well as their systematic uncertainties. The results obtained give a relative uncertainty for Young's modulus on the order of the sixth part of that calculated for Poisson's ratio.