共轴双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱和最小二乘支持向量机法定量分析植物油中铬

利用共轴双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱( DP-LIBS)技术对植物油(大豆油、花生油和玉米油)中的重金属铬( Cr)含量进行定量分析。采用Ava-Spec双通道高精度光谱仪采集样品的LIBS光谱,然后通过其LIBS谱线图确定了CN分子谱线(421.49 nm)、Ca原子谱线(422.64 nm)及Cr的3条原子谱线(425.39、427.43和428.87 nm),根据上述谱线建立了Cr元素的单变量定标模型和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)校正模型,并用验证样品对它们进行检验。研究结果表明,对于单变量定标法,大豆油、花生油及玉米油验证样品的平均预测相对误差(PRE)分别为12.57%,12.11%和13.72%;对于三变量LS-SVM法,其定标样品真实值与预测值之间的拟合度 R2分别为0.9785,0.9792和0.9654,验证样品的平均 PRE 分别为8.92%,8.33%和10.98%;对于五变量LS-SVM法(增加两基体元素谱线变量),其定标样品真实值与预测值之间的拟合度R2分别为0.9895,0.9901和0.9855,验证样品的平均PRE分别为7.46%,8.96%和8.95%。由此可知,LS-SVM校正模型性能优于单变量定标法,且五变量LS-SVM校正模型性能优于三变量LS-SVM校正模型;采用LS-SVM法及引入合适的基体元素谱线( CN、Ca)能有效减小定量分析误差,提高LIBS技术对植物油中Cr含量预测的精度。     

激光诱导击穿光谱技术/多元二次非线性回归分析土壤中的铬元素

利用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术对土壤中铬元素的含量进行了定量分析研究.由于土壤成分复杂,光谱谱线存在较严重的重叠干扰,若采用一元回归方法分析常得不到理想结果.为了更充分有效地利用光谱中信息,以土壤中Cr Ⅰ 425.43 nm和Fe Ⅰ 425.07 nm谱线的积分强度为自变量,Cr元素浓度为因变量,建立交叉降维近似多元非线性回归、多元二次非线性回归和平方降维近似多元非线性回归模型.对比分析表明,当添加Cr和Fe元素特征谱线强度交叉项影响时,所建立的多元二次非线性回归模型效果最佳,预测浓度与实际参考浓度之间线性关系达到0.9943,预测4个验证样品的相对误差分别为3.57％,0.76％,7.66％和2.24％.     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合CARS变量选择方法定量检测倍硫磷含量

利用双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术对溶液中的倍硫磷含量进行定量检测。采用二通道高精度光谱仪采集不同浓度倍硫磷样品在206.28~481.77 nm波段的LIBS光谱,并对光谱进行多元散射校正(MSC)、标准正态变量变换(SNV)及3点平滑预处理,根据偏最小二乘(PLS)建模确定最优的预处理方法。在此基础上,利用竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)筛选与倍硫磷相关的重要变量,然后应用PLS回归建立溶液中倍硫磷含量的定量分析模型,并与单变量定量分析模型及未变量选择的PLS定量分析模型进行比较。结果表明,相比单变量定量分析模型及原始光谱PLS定量分析模型,CARS-PLS定量分析模型的性能更优,其模型的校正集和预测集的决定系数及平均相对误差分别为0.969 4、15.537%和0.995 9、5.016%。此外,与原始光谱PLS模型相比,CARS-PLS模型仅使用其中1.9%的波长变量,但预测集平均误差却由9.829%下降为5.016%。由此可见,LIBS技术检测溶液中的倍硫磷含量具有一定的可行性,且CARS方法能简化定量分析模型,提高模型的预测精度。     

内标法在电解液阴极大气压辉光放电原子发射光谱检测水体金属元素含量中的应用

电解液阴极大气压辉光放电-原子发射光谱ELCAD-AES是一种新兴的快速、高效、实时、在线的元素分析方法。将ELCAD-AES技术应用于水体中金属元素检测,选取K I 766.5 nm,Ca I 422.7 nm,Zn I 213.8 nm和Pb I 405.78nm为分析谱线,Hβ为内标谱线,分别建立基本定标法和内标法的光谱分析定标曲线,对4种元素的检验样品进行测定。实验结果表明,K,Ca,Zn和Pb基本定标曲线拟合度R2分别为0.9951,0.9985,0.9917和0.9934,相对误差为1.1%和2.4%,1.2%和0.94%,8.3%和0.83%,4.0%和1.9%;采用内标法,4种元素定标曲线的拟合度分别达到0.996,0.9996,0.9994和0.9996,相对误差可达到0.25%和1.8%,0.44%和0.34%,2.6%和0.19%,2.4%和0.94%。说明内标法可提高定标曲线的拟合度,减少定量分析误差,提高测量精度。     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合PLS算法检测脐橙皮中Pb元素

采用LIBS技术与火焰原子吸收法(AAS),获取23个浓度梯度的含Pb元素脐橙样品的LIBS光谱及Pb元素真实浓度信息,再对LIBS谱线信息进行数据预处理,建立PLS定量分析模型。当采用9点平滑结合SNV作为预处理方法时,PLS模型最佳,其校正集相关系数(R_t)、交叉验证均方根误(RMSECV)、预测集相关系数(R_p)、预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.9633,1.56,0.9542和2.58,脐橙中Pb元素预测结果的平均相对误差为6.9%。与小组前期对脐橙中Pb元素单变量和多元定标法相比,LIBS结合PLS建模时提高对脐橙微量重金属检测的准确性。     

猪肉中铅的LIBS绿色检测可行性分析

为了验证激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)分析猪肉中重金属铅(Pb)元素的可行性,选取经实验室Pb污染处理的猪肉样品为研究对象,将样品进行烘干、粉碎和压片物理前处理;利用LIBS获取压片样品的光谱信息,并采用原子吸收光谱(AAS)法对样品中Pb元素真实浓度进行检测。结果显示,LIBS能探测出Pb含量大于4.56 mg/kg的干样样品中Pb I405.78特征谱线信息,且样品中Pb特征线的LIBS强度与其浓度具有一定的梯度关系,但简单的线性关系不明显。采用一元二次多项式拟合结果表明,对于含量小于10 mg/kg的样品,预测准确度较高且线性分析灵敏度高,而高浓度样品预测准确度则显著降低。说明可能存在某个浓度界限决定采用不同定标模型的预测精度。本工作的研究为猪肉中Pb元素的LIBS分析提供了可行性证明,为进一步的研究提供了思路。     

不同光谱预处理对激光诱导击穿光谱检测猪肉中铅含量的影响

为了研究适合激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)检测猪肉中重金属铅(Pb)元素含量的光谱预处理方法,将配制的84个猪肉腿肌样品分为校正集和预测集,以相关系数(R)、内部交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)作为评价指标,比较了5种光谱预处理方法对偏最小二乘法(PLS)建模预测效果的影响.结果表明,多元散射校正(MSC)预处理效果最好,定标模型预测值与实验室分析元素检测值的相关系数(R)达到0.9908,RMSECV为0.302,RMSEP为0.282,主成分数为16,18个预测集样品的验证结果的平均相对预测误差(ARPE)为7.8％.说明MSC是LIBS检测猪肉Pb含量的有效光谱预处理方法,该研究为进一步实现食品中重金属快速定量分析提供了方法和数据参考.     

光谱滤波法提高激光诱导击穿光谱对蔬菜中元素Pb的检测精度

激光诱导击穿光谱(Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS)原始光谱中包含较多噪声信号, 为探究不同滤波方法对LIBS光谱预处理的影响, 本研究以实验室Pb污染处理的蔬菜为研究对象, 采集波长范围在400.45~410.98 nm的LIBS谱线信息, 分别利用相邻平均(Adjacent averaging)、Savitzky-Golay(S-G)滤波器、快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier transformation, FFT)对采集的LIBS光谱进行平滑、去噪, 并结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)定量分析模型对光谱处理效果进行评价.结果表明, S-G平滑效果最优, 当S-G滤波器窗口宽度为15, 拟合阶次为3时, PLS定量模型效果最佳, 其验证集均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.26、平均相对误差(ARE)为3.7%.结果表明, 选择适合的滤波方法有助于提高LIBS光谱质量以及检测模型的精度.     

目标特征谱线选取对猪肉中Cr元素LIBS检测精度比较

结合激光诱导击穿光谱和线性回归对猪肉中Cr元素进行定量分析,比较了Cr特征谱线单变量分析与多变量分析对猪肉中Cr元素检测精度的影响。先采用特征谱线Cr I425.43nm进行单变量分析,得到Cr浓度与LIBS强度的线性相关系数为0.9434;再利用Cr的三特征谱线Cr I425.43nm,Cr I427.48nm,Cr I428.97nm进行多变量分析,研究了Cr元素预测质量分数与实际质量分数之间的线性相关性。结果显示,单变量分析与多变量分析的线性相关性分别为0.9749和0.9769,定标集平均预测相对误差分别为4.8%和4.2%,验证集AREP分别为5.3%和3.3%。结果表明,选取目标元素Cr的单特征谱线与多特征谱线均能对样品Cr含量进行有效预测,多变量分析能在一定程度上提高Cr元素含量预测的准确性但与单变量比较差异性不大,且采用单一最灵敏线定量分析更简便可行。     

微波辅助激光诱导击穿光谱对土豆中铅元素谱线强度的增强效果研究

研究了激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)对农产品中低浓度重金属元素的探测能力。土豆样品经过实验室污染处理,获得鲜样Pb元素含量范围在9.0~30.0 mg/kg的污染样品。再对样品进行烘干、粉碎、压片处理,以消除水分和样品基体效应对LIBS检测效果的影响。利用微波辅助LIBS(MA-LIBS)的方法对样品和激光烧蚀产生的等离子体进行加热,探讨了MA-LIBS对目标元素Pb的信号强度增强效果。实验结果显示,MA-LIBS能显著提高元素谱线的探测能力,对于Pb I 405.78 nm特征谱线,最低浓度的含Pb土豆样品谱线强度能提高6倍以上,其余样品也有类似的规律。说明M A-LIBS在提高目标元素探测能力上有巨大的发展潜力。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.