Characterization of southern Taiwan red soils as a regenerable sorbent for sorption of hydrogen sulfide from coal gas with spectroscopic techniques

The purpose of this research is to use red soils as a high-temperature regenerable sorbent for sorption of hydrogen sulfide from coal gas and collocates with a series of spectroscopic apparatuses in order to investigate the structure changes after multiple sorption/regeneration processes. Results indicate that red soils could be reused after 10 multiple sorption/regeneration cycles and maintain approximately 80% sorption efficiency. With EDS and EA analyses, residual sulfur species are detected in the 10th regenerated red soils and exist with values of 0.6 and 0.33%, respectively. Undesired sulfur species including sulfide, sulfate and elemental sulfur are further identified by XPS spectroscopy. With the best regression fitting results, sulfate species is the dominative sulfur species, which occupies approximately 71% of residual sulfur. It is believed that these residual sulfur species are the major cause to result in red soils' deterioration after regeneration and reduce the sorption efficiency. Appreciable amounts of regeneration gases CO, CO(2) and SO(2) are detected by on-line FTIR spectroscopy. Their formation mechanisms are attributed to the different gas-solid reaction, one is the reaction of carbon and oxygen, and the other is FeS and oxygen. From the analysis of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR), a significant change for (27)Al and (29)Si and it is established that a portion of aluminum is reformed into pentacoordinated structure. Formation of aluminosilicate is maybe another reason to result in deterioration as a result of the loss of surface area.     

稀土氧化物上COS还原SO_2脱硫反应及机理

设计了两级干法脱硫系统，在第一级脱硫器中用ＣＯ还原烟道气中的ＳＯ２，在第二级脱硫器中，让在第一级脱硫器中产生的副产物ＣＯＳ与未完全脱除的ＳＯ２进一步进行二级脱硫反应。考察了稀土氧化物对ＣＯＳ还原ＳＯ２脱硫反应的催化活性，发现氧化铈具有最高的脱硫活性，并且具有较大的反应物配比适用范围。对氧化铈催化ＣＯＳ还原ＳＯ２反应提出了ｒｅｄｏｘ还原氧化机理。     

Effect of H<Subscript>2</Subscript> in the synthesis of COS using liquid sulfur and CO or CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> as reactants

The synthesis of COS from CO, CO₂ and liquid sulfur in the presence and absence of hydrogen was explored. The reaction of H₂ with liquid sulfur produced H₂S and polysulfanes, which increase the reactivity of liquid sulfur and provide alternative complementary reaction routes for the formation of COS. The reaction from CO₂ proceeds by forming CO as intermediate. Elevated pressure favors formation of COS from both carbon oxides due to the increasing residence time and the saturation of gases in the liquid. Above 350 °C, the solubility of H₂S in sulfur and the hydrogenation of COS limit the conversion of CO. The approach provides a highly efficient method for the preparation of COS under mild reaction conditions, without using a catalyst or water adsorbents.     

Sn0.5Ti0.5O2催化剂上SO2、NO和CO反应的机理

Sn0.5Ti0.5O2催化剂对NO＋CO反应活性不高， 350 ℃时NO的转化率只有50％,但反应气中含有SO2时， NO的转化率接近100％,说明SO2对Sn0.5Ti0.5O2催化剂上的NO＋CO反应具有促进作用. XPS表征发现,SO2＋CO、SO2＋NO＋CO反应后催化剂表面有微量硫存在，而反应前没有检测到硫的存在.结合反应性能测定、瞬变应答实验、XRD、TPD研究等，发现催化剂上的表面硫参与了NO的催化还原反应，是NO＋CO反应更重要的活性中心.据此，提出了SO2＋NO＋CO反应的氧化还原反应机理.     

吴家坪煤在流化床热解过程中含硫气体产物的分析

在氧气体积分数分别为3.0%、5.6%、 8.7%的O2 N2混合气，热解温度500℃～800℃, 停留时间30min下，对吴家坪煤在流化床反应器热解过程中的含硫气体进行了分析。热解过程中主要的含硫气体是H2S、COS和SO2, 且它们的逸出规律一致：随着温度和氧气体积分数的增高, 逸出速率加快。 氧气体积分数对煤中的H2S、COS的影响是相似的, 随着氧气体积分数增加, 相对于3.0% O2 N2 气氛, H2S和COS的逸出量占气相中总硫的比例在5.6% O2 N2 气氛下降, 在8.7% O2 N2 气氛下又有所上升; 而氧气体积分数对SO2的影响与之相反, 在5.6% O2 N2 气氛下, 气相中93%以上是以SO2形式逸出的, 在8.7% O2 N2 气氛下, SO2的比例又下降很多。这是由于8.7% O2 N2 气氛下, 更多的氧气参与了C—C键断裂的反应, 使脱去的硫转化到焦油中，从而也生成了大量的CO，使得在8.7% O2 N2气氛下CO/SO2比明显大于5.6% O2 N2气氛下的。     

CS2与大气颗粒物的多相催化反应研究

利用原位FTIR,XRD,XPS,BET,质谱和连续微量反应等手段研究了大气颗粒物及部分氧化物样品上CS₂多相催化反应,确认了反应产物,并对催化剂的晶化状况和比表面积等进行了考察.结果表明,CS₂在氧化物和大气颗粒物样品上发生氧化反应,生成COS及单质硫,部分样品上生成CO₂,活化状态下的[S]在大气颗粒物表面上能被进一步氧化为六价态硫.收集所得到的大气颗粒物样品成分主要是Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)·4H₂O;CS₂在氧化物或大气颗粒物样品上催化生成COS是催化剂表面吸附氧的作用之故.     

STUDY ON XPS OF IRON CATALYSTS

IntroduCtioniron-basedcatalystSareactiveinformingliquidfuelsfromthehydrogenationofCO[l~6].However,itiswellknownthatthepoisoningofironcatalystsespeciallythesulfurandoXygenisoneofthemostseriousdeactivationproblemsincommercialproduCtionofsubstitUtenatUralgas…     

稀土氧化物上SO2和NO的催化还原(Ⅲ)──用CO作还原剂的同步脱硫和脱氮

考察了稀土系列氧化物作为CO同步还原SO₂和NO催化剂的活性.结果表明,氧化钐和氧化钕表现了最高的活性,在475℃,SO₂和NO的转化率同时超过95%.实验发现稀土氧硫化物是活性相.通常脱硫活性高的样品同样具有高的脱氮活性,但CeO₂表现了不同的行为,其脱硫活性虽低,但脱氮活性却较高.文中还对同步反应的机理作了探讨,发现COS不仅是还原SO₂的中间物,同时也是还原NO的中间物.结合活性相和反应机理对不同稀土氧化物的活性差异作了讨论.     

Adsorption of sulfur dioxide on hematite and goethite particle surfaces

The adsorption of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) on iron oxide particle surfaces at 296 K has been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A custom-designed XPS ultra-high vacuum chamber was coupled to an environmental reaction chamber so that the effects of adsorbed water and molecular oxygen on the reaction of SO(2) with iron oxide surfaces could be followed at atmospherically relevant pressures. In the absence of H(2)O and O(2), exposure of hematite (alpha-Fe(2)O(3)) and goethite (alpha-FeOOH) to SO(2) resulted predominantly in the formation of adsorbed sulfite (SO(3)(2-)), although evidence for adsorbed sulfate (SO(4)(2-)) was also found. At saturation, the coverage of adsorbed sulfur species was the same on both alpha-Fe(2)O(3) and alpha-FeOOH as determined from the S2p : Fe2p ratio. Equivalent saturation coverages and product ratios of sulfite to sulfate were observed on these oxide surfaces in the presence of water vapor at pressures between 6 and 18 Torr, corresponding to 28 to 85% relative humidity (RH), suggesting that water had no effect on the adsorption of SO(2). In contrast, molecular oxygen substantially influenced the interactions of SO(2) with iron oxide surfaces, albeit to a much larger extent on alpha-Fe(2)O(3) relative to alpha-FeOOH. For alpha-Fe(2)O(3), adsorption of SO(2) in the presence of molecular oxygen resulted in the quantitative formation of SO(4)(2-) with no detectable SO(3)(2-). Furthermore, molecular oxygen significantly enhanced the extent of SO(2) uptake on alpha-Fe(2)O(3), as indicated by the greater than two-fold increase in the S2p : Fe2p ratio. Although SO(2) uptake is still enhanced on alpha-Fe(2)O(3) in the presence of molecular oxygen and water, the enhancement factor decreases with increasing RH. In the case of alpha-FeOOH, there is an increase in the amount of SO(4)(2-) in the presence of molecular oxygen, however, the predominant surface species remained SO(3)(2-) and there is no enhancement in SO(2) uptake as measured by the S2p : Fe2p ratio. A mechanism involving molecular oxygen activation on oxygen vacancy sites is proposed as a possible explanation for the non-photochemical oxidation of sulfur dioxide on iron oxide surfaces. The concentration of these sites depends on the exact environmental conditions of RH.     

UBI-QEP法研究氧化钴上的催化还原脱硫反应

应用UBI QEP能学方法,研究了氧化钴表面上的催化还原脱硫反应. 发现在CO还原SO2的过程中,低温条件下,反应遵循氧化还原（Redox）机理,即CO先与晶格氧反应在表面产生氧缺位,然后SO2在氧阴离子空穴上被还原;在高温条件下,COS中间态确实存在,反应为Redox机理和COS中间态机理共同作用.中间产物SO是极不稳定的,即能很快被CO继续还原,又可以为表面氧物种所氧化.COS可抑制表面氧物种,因此能起到间接控制该反应的作用.     

How Does the Exchange of One Oxygen Atom with Sulfur Affect the Catalytic Cycle of Carbonic Anhydrase?

We have extended our investigations of the carbonic anhydrase (CA) cycle with the model system [(H(3)N)(3)ZnOH](+) and CO(2) by studying further heterocumulenes and catalysts. We investigated the hydration of COS, an atmospheric trace gas. This reaction plays an important role in the global COS cycle since biological consumption, that is, uptake by higher plants, algae, lichens, and soil, represents the dominant terrestrial sink for this gas. In this context, CA has been identified by a member of our group as the key enzyme for the consumption of COS by conversion into CO(2) and H(2)S. We investigated the hydration mechanism of COS by using density functional theory to elucidate the details of the catalytic cycle. Calculations were first performed for the uncatalyzed gas phase reaction. The rate-determining step for direct reaction of COS with H(2)O has an energy barrier of deltaG=53.2 kcal mol(-1). We then employed the CA model system [(H(3)N)(3)ZnOH](+) (1) and studied the effect on the catalytic hydration mechanism of replacing an oxygen atom with sulfur. When COS enters the carbonic anhydrase cycle, the sulfur atom is incorporated into the catalyst to yield [(H(3)N)(3)ZnSH](+) (27) and CO(2). The activation energy of the nucleophilic attack on COS, which is the rate-determining step, is somewhat higher (20.1 kcal mol(-1) in the gas phase) than that previously reported for CO(2). The sulfur-containing model 27 is also capable of catalyzing the reaction of CO(2) to produce thiocarbonic acid. A larger barrier has to be overcome for the reaction of 27 with CO(2) compared to that for the reaction of 1 with CO(2). At a well-defined stage of this cycle, a different reaction path can emerge: a water molecule helps to regenerate the original catalyst 1 from 27, a process accompanied by the formation of thiocarbonic acid. We finally demonstrate that nature selected a surprisingly elegant and efficient group of reactants, the [L(3)ZnOH](+)/CO(2)/H(2)O system, that helps to overcome any deactivation of the ubiquitous enzyme CA in nature.     

程序升温还原法研究氧化对煤中硫形态及结构的影响

用程序升温还原法研究了三种不同硫含量的煤被空气和HNO3氧化后含硫气体的逸出规律。结果表明，空气和HNO3氧化后，尽管煤中有机硫总量变化不大，但煤中H2S的释放量有所下降，而COS和SO2的生成量明显增加，这说明氧化作用使得煤中弱的有机硫变成S=O和SO2结构。与以往的研究结果不同的是，发现CS2的生成与FeS密切相关，同时对HNO3氧化后的煤来说，CS2的生成主要以气相中H2S和COS的反应为主。空气氧化后煤中CS2的生成量与原煤的差不多，但HNO3氧化后煤中释放出的CS2有所下降。提出通过（COS+SO2）/H2S的比值来研究煤及其中硫被氧化的程度，并对比了不同煤种及氧化后样品的气相含硫化合物发现：随变质程度的提高和煤中噻吩硫含量的增加，煤被氧化的程度下降。对同一煤种而言，HNO3的氧化程度要高于空气氧化的。     

硫化CoMo/Al2O3-TiO2催化剂上CO催化还原SO2的研究

报导了Al2O3、Al2O3-TiO2和TiO2担载的硫化CoMo催化剂上CO催化还原SO2的规律性,结果表明，反应物分别在350 ℃、350～400 ℃间和400 ℃完全转化为CO2和元素S.在含TiO2的催化剂上,CO-SO2反应可同时按COS中间物机理和Redox机理进行,从而使尾气中COS的含量大为降低,提高了生成元素S的选择性.对反应机理进行了讨论.     

用活性炭纤维同时脱除二氧化碳中COS与H_2S的研究

采用固定床动态吸附实验考察了用NaOH、KOH、Na2CO3、K2CO3和Fe3+、CO2+等对活性炭纤维(ACF)进行改性,并分别对其脱除氧硫化碳(COS)和硫化氢(H2S)的性能进行了测试。重点是以N2和CO2为稀释气,对改性离子的种类、含量、反应气氛和反应温度等的脱硫性能进行研究,还考察了在COS和H2S同时存在的情况下,ACF脱除COS和H2S的性能。结果表明,碱改性ACF比空白ACF脱除效果好,金属离子改性ACF与碱改性ACF相比可以有效地提高活性炭纤维的硫容量。其中,用CO2+改性ACF能同时提高脱除COS和H2S的效果。     

Pt/MOx-SiO2 (M=Ce,Zr, Al)催化剂对CO和C3H8氧化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备质量比为1:1的MOx-SiO2(M=Ce,Zr,Al)复合氧化物,以此为载体采用浸渍法制备了铂基氧化型催化剂.考察了该系列催化剂在模拟柴油车尾气条件下,经SO2硫化前后对C3H8和CO的氧化性能.用X射线衍射(XRD)、低温N2吸附-脱附、氨气/氧气/二氧化碳程序升温脱附(NH3/O2/CO2-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段进行了表征.NH3-TPD证实催化剂表面存在多种酸中心,硫化后催化剂表面中强酸中心增多.O2-TPD证实催化剂表面存在α和β氧物种,硫化后催化剂表面氧脱附量减少.其中Pt/Al2O3-SiO2表面酸性最弱和表面氧脱附量最大.XPS结果表明新鲜催化剂经硫化后会使催化剂表面Pt的结合能降低.活性测试结果表明,三种催化剂对CO和C3H8的催化氧化活性均较好,其中Pt/ZrO2-SiO2抗SO2中毒性能最佳,具有良好的应用前景.     

Selective oxygenation of amphiphilic thiacalix[3]pyridine Rh(I) diene complexes in both water and organic solvents

Thiacalix[3]pyridine (Py3S3) reacted with [Rh(diene)(mu-Cl)]2(diene = 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cod), 2,5-norbornadiene (nbd)) to give amphiphilic trigonal bipyramidal complexes, [Rh(Py3S3)(diene)]Cl. Sulfur bridges of the Py3S3 ligand in these complexes were selectively oxygenated by m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in dichloromethane to give sulfinylcalix[3]pyridine complexes, [Rh(Py3(SO)3)(diene)]+, in which all three oxygen atoms of the SO groups occupy the equatorial positions. Structures of the complexes were analysed by X-ray crystallography and the oxidation reaction was investigated using 1H NMR spectroscopy and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry showing that the oxygenation of the sulfur atoms in the ligand proceeded stepwise and further oxygenation of the SO moiety occurred only for the nbd complex having the smaller diene ligand resulting in [Rh(Py3(SO)2(SO2))(nbd)]+. On the other hand, the oxidation of [Rh(Py3S3)(cod)]+ by H2O2 in water did not result in oxygenation of the sulfur bridges but the cod ligand is hydroxygenated to give 1,4,5,6-eta4-2-hydroxycycloocta-4-ene-1,6-di-yl.     

红外光谱法对COS水解催化剂氧中毒行为的研究

采用一套玻璃真空系统，对COS、H2S、O2各自的吸附行为进行了研究，通过红外谱图发现COS是解离吸附，由H2S＋O2的共吸附与H2S＋O2＋COS的共吸附结果可以看出，只有H2S与O2共存时，才会导致催化剂的失活，且导致COS水解催化剂失活的主要原因是单质硫和微量的硫酸盐沉积于催化剂的表面，温度越高，失活越严重，红外光谱得出的结果与微反得出的结果一致，并提出了失活机理。     

SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2超强酸催化剂的XPS研究

采用ＸＰＳ技术对不同焙烧温度、不同Ｈ２ＳＯ４浓度、不同ｐＨ值和齐聚反应后ＳＯ２４／ＴｉＯ２超强酸催化剂的表面元素电子结合能及表面元素的相对含量进行了分析。结果表明，焙烧温度、Ｈ２ＳＯ４浓度和齐聚反应对催化剂表面Ｔｉ、Ｏ、Ｓ的氧化态没有影响，对其电子结合能影响亦不大。Ｏ（２）至少可以归结为三种存在形式的氧；ＳＯ２４可以在催化剂表面富集，当Ｈ２ＳＯ４浓度为０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，表面富集最为显著，且催化剂表面和总体含硫量都较高；Ｈ２ＳＯ４浓度太高或太低时，催化剂表面和总体含硫量都不太适宜。当焙烧温度升高时，催化剂表面及总体含硫量都呈下降趋势。ｐＨ变化对其硫含量也有影响。齐聚反应后，表面的硫含量下降。     

Oxygen, carbon, and sulfur segregation in annealed and unannealed zerovalent iron substrates

Finely ground and pretreated iron substrates known as "zerovalent iron" or "Fe0" are used as reductants in the environmental remediation of halogenated hydrocarbons, and the composition of their surfaces significantly affects their reactivity. Samples of unannealed and annealed (heat-treated under H2/N2) zerovalent iron were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Surface concentration of the iron and of the impurities observed by XPS and AES, carbon, chlorine, sulfur, and oxygen, were measured before and after soaking in trichloroethylene (TCE) and in water saturated with TCE (H2O/TCE) to simulate chlorocarbon remediation conditions. Samples pretreated by annealing at high temperature under H2 contained less iron carbide. The carbide contaminant was evident in both iron and carbon XPS spectra, with binding energies of 709.0 and 283.3 eV for the Fe 2p3/2 and C 1s, respectively. The annealed Fe0 surface also contained more sulfur. The carbide concentration was essentially unchanged by TCE and H2O/TCE exposure, whereas the sulfur decreased in proportion to chlorine adsorption following the dechlorination reaction. While oxygen concentration is initially lower on the annealed substrate surface, it rapidly increased during the model TCE remediative treatment process and thus does not represent a significant effect of the annealing process on surface reactivity.     

Mechanism of heterogeneous reaction of carbonyl sulfide on magnesium oxide

Heterogeneous reaction of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) on magnesium oxide (MgO) under ambient conditions was investigated by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It reveals that OCS can be catalytically hydrolyzed by surface hydroxyl on MgO to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and then H2S can be further catalytically oxidized by surface oxygen or gaseous oxygen on MgO to form sulfite (SO3(2-)) and sulfate (SO4(2-)). Hydrogen thiocarbonate (HSCO2-) was found to be the crucial intermediate. Surface hydrogen sulfide (HS), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and surface sulfite (SO3(2-)) were also found to be intermediates for the formation of sulfate. Furthermore, the surface hydroxyl contributes not only to the formation of HSCO2- but also to HSCO2- decomposition. On the basis of experimental results, the heterogeneous reaction mechanism of OCS on MgO was discussed.