基于莫尔理论的双波长全息干涉术分析

当用双波长全息干涉术通过单次曝光法或双曝光法对物体进行测量时 ,其效果相当于用一个等效波长λeq=λ1 λ2 /|λ1 -λ2 |对物体进行测量 ,扩大了测量波长的可选范围。采用莫尔理论从一个全新的角度对双波长全息干涉术的基本原理进行了分析和探讨 ,不仅揭示出了二者之间存在着的必然内在联系 ,而且还进一步证明了双波长全息干涉术的准确性和可行性 ,从而扩展了双波长全息干涉术的应用领域     

双波长剪切散斑干涉法在复合材料缺陷检测中的应用

为使剪切散斑干涉能适用于物体大变形的测量,选用双波长激光照射和彩色相机,用傅里叶变换法对干涉图进行频谱分离,用红色波长相位减去绿色波长相位,得到合成波长相位,经频域滤波和相位解包裹,得到连续相位.理论计算表明合成波长相位条纹数是单波长相位条纹数的0.189倍.合成波长参与计算可以有效减小相位条纹密度,解决剪切散斑干涉在物体离面位移测量中由于变形条纹过于密集而导致欠采样的问题,同时降低对干涉条纹滤波和相位解包裹难度,增强图像处理可靠度,提高了测量准确度.给出了合成波长与单波长相位幅度的比较以及相同外力下二者相位条纹密度的对比,实验验证了所提方法的有效性、准确性和可靠性,实现了剪切散斑干涉对复合材料大变形的测量,扩展了剪切散斑干涉工程应用的范围,为新型剪切散斑干涉测量系统的设计提供了参考.     

测量晶体最大双折射率温度系数的偏光干涉法

介绍了测量晶体的最大双折射率温度系数的偏光干涉法. 利用分光光度计测量出不同温度下晶体波片的偏光干涉谱. 通过对不同温度下谱线极值点所对应波长的精确判断,准确计算出相应的最大双折射率,并由曲线拟合得到最大双折射率温度系数的表达式. 测量的双折射率精度可达到10-5.     

非漫射物双曝光全息图的白光再现

一、引言全息干涉计量的基本过程与全息记录相似,只是在记录中根据需要有时进行一次曝光(实时全息干涉法)、两次曝光(双曝光全息干涉法)和连续曝光(时间平均全息干涉法)等。它们的原理都是基于波前的干涉.这里主要讨论非漫射物的双曝光全息图的白光再现。     

石英晶体双折射率紫外至近红外波段色散特性实验的研究

介绍了偏光干涉测量石英晶体双折射率色散特性及其相关数据处理方法。利用偏光干涉光谱极值点的精确判断,完成极值点波长对应的材料的双折射率的测量,获得了紫外至近红外光波段石英晶体的最大双折射率与波长关系离散的数据曲线,经多项式拟合数据处理,进而得到任意波长的双折射率函数关系式。此方法对其它各向异性晶体材料的双折射率色散特性的研究同样适应。     

一种制作投影灰度正弦光栅的新方法

针对传统方法难以制作结构光三维投影测量设备的灰度正弦光栅元件,并以Ronchi光栅代替从而影响测量准确度,提出了一种制作灰度按正弦分布的光栅模板的新方法.通过对银盐全息干板透过率特性曲线的理论分析,指出在对比度为一的正弦干涉条纹下曝光不能得到线性记录和变换的原因,并提出了采用均匀非相干光预曝光提供偏置点来实现线性记录的新方法.实验表明,采用空间滤波法能够获得对称双光束正弦干涉条纹记录,并准确控制正弦干涉条纹曝光在干板的线性区域,可以达到线性记录并获得尽可能高的反衬度.     

一种制作投影灰度正弦光栅的新方法

针对传统方法难以制作结构光三维投影测量设备的灰度正弦光栅元件,并以Ronchi光栅代替从而影响测量准确度,提出了一种制作灰度按正弦分布的光栅模板的新方法.通过对银盐全息干板透过率特性曲线的理论分析,指出在对比度为一的正弦干涉条纹下曝光不能得到线性记录和变换的原因,并提出了采用均匀非相干光预曝光提供偏置点来实现线性记录的新方法.实验表明,采用空间滤波法能够获得对称双光束正弦干涉条纹记录,并准确控制正弦干涉条纹曝光在干板的线性区域,可以达到线性记录并获得尽可能高的反衬度.     

云母晶体双折射率色散特性的研究

针对云母晶体材料本身性质所决定的双折射率色散关系不一致性,给波片设计带来非常不利的影响,提出偏光干涉法研究云母的色散特性.即由分光光度计测量出云母晶体的偏光干涉谱,通过对干涉谱极值点所对应波长的精确判断,准确计算出极值点的最大双折射率,获得从紫外至近红外光波段云母晶体的双折射率色散曲线,经多项式拟合数据处理,得到任意波长的双折射率色散公式.为求解不同温度任意波长的云母晶体双折射率提供了一种精确简单的方法,对云母晶体器件的设计与使用有重要的理论依据和参考价值.     

用全息干涉法测量杨氏模量

通过对悬臂梁受力前后双曝光全息图进行再现，测量出干涉条纹序数与相对应的位置坐标，再利用最小二乘法求杨氏模量．     

光学在大型几何尺寸测量中的应用

介绍了几种光学原理在大型几何尺寸测量中的应用．讨论的内容包括：多波长、双波长合成波长绝对距离干涉测量；激光频率分裂干涉测量；线性调频绝对距离干涉测量；相位板激光准直；旋光激光准直；半导体激光动态定位等．文章介绍了测量系统的工作原理，并讨论了测量精度和应用前景     

导致光聚物全息存储布喇格偏移因素的研究

研究了光聚物高密度全息存储材料在全息记录过程中曝光量、曝光时间、厚度收缩比例、折射率调制度及记录角度等因素对布喇格偏移的影响规律,结果表明:曝光量一定时,布喇格偏移与曝光时间的关系不大,当曝光量不一定时布喇格偏移随曝光时间增加缓慢增加最后达到饱和;而布喇格偏移随厚度收缩比例和折射率调制度的增加以接近正比例的关系增加;记录光栅的倾斜度越大则布喇格偏移也越大.这些结论对光聚物高密度全息存储研究具有重要的意义.     

Characterization of exposure to silver nanoparticles in a manufacturing facility

An assessment of the extent of exposure to nanomaterials in the workplace will be helpful in improving the occupational safety of workers. It is essential that the exposure data in the workplace are concerned with risk management to evaluate and reduce worker exposure. In a manufacturing facility dealing with nanomaterials, some exposure data for gas-phase reactions are available, but much less information is available regarding liquid-phase reactions. Although the potential for inhaling nanomaterials in a liquid-phase process is less than that for gas-phase, the risks of exposure during wet-chemistry processes are not negligible. In this study, we monitored and analyzed the exposure characteristics of silver nanoparticles during a liquid-phase process in a commercial production facility. Based on the measured exposure data, the source of Ag nanoparticles emitted during the production processes was indentified and a mechanism for the growth of Ag nanoparticle released is proposed. The data reported in this study could be used to establish occupational safety guidelines in the nanotechnology workplace, especially in a liquid-phase production facility.     

红外光曝露对于大鼠组织影响的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

生物组织受到外界电磁场曝露以后,生物分子的结构可能会发生变化,所发生的变化可以从组织的红外光谱的变化得到确认。为了研究红外光曝露对血液、睾丸以及脑组织的影响,对曝露于红外光条件下30天的大鼠的血液、睾丸和脑组织进行了红外光谱测量,将测试结果在1 700～1 000 cm-1范围内与对照组进行了对比,并利用红外光谱的二阶导数谱进一步分析红外光曝露对生物各组织微观结构特性的影响,探讨了红外光曝露的作用位点及其机制。研究结果表明红外光曝露可致大鼠组织的红外光谱特征发生一定的变化,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术可以用于分析红外光曝露对于生物组织微观结构的影响及其发生机制。     

多声源共同作用下的混合声剂量值预测方法研究

本文借助单一声样本与人工合成的混合声样本,重点研究了由多个单一声源共同作用形成的混合声的剂量值预测方法.首先,提出了一种基于对作用时长短时化处理的声音样本剂量值确定流程,并利用该方法分别确定了单一声样本与人工合成的混合声样本的剂量值.随后,分析了混合声样本剂量值(亦称总剂量,记为LTotal)与构成混合声样本的每个单一声样本剂量值(亦称组分剂量,记为Li,i=1,2,···,K;K为单一噪声样本的个数亦称组分数量)之间的关系,实现了在已知所有单一声剂量值的前提下成功预测混合声的剂量值,为深入开展复杂声环境下的噪声源控制和噪声总剂量控制、实现高效的环境噪声治理提供了理论依据.     

双面曝光长周期光纤光栅偏振相关损耗

研究了采用高频CO2激光脉冲通过单面和双面曝光制作出的长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)的偏振相关损耗特性。单面曝光制作的长周期光纤光栅由于光纤横截面折射率改变不均匀,对入射光偏振态有较强的依赖性,主要表现为偏振相关损耗较大;为了降低偏振相关损耗,在制作长周期光纤光栅的过程中采用双面曝光的方法,以使其横截面折射率调制受高频CO2激光曝光改变均匀。实验数据显示,高频CO2激光脉冲制作的普通单面曝光长周期光纤光栅最大偏振相关损耗高达1.24 dB,而采用双面曝光的相同谐振峰值长周期光纤光栅的偏振相关损耗则可降至0.42 dB。因此,双面曝光制作的长周期光纤光栅能较好地克服入射光偏振态的不良影响,从而满足对偏振敏感的光纤通信和传感系统的应用要求。     

Tuning the dipole-directed assembly of core-shell nickel-coated gold nanorods

The aim of this paper is to describe the process and challenges in building exposure scenarios for engineered nanomaterials (ENM), using an exposure scenario format similar to that used for the European Chemicals regulation (REACH). Over 60 exposure scenarios were developed based on information from publicly available sources (literature, books, and reports), publicly available exposure estimation models, occupational sampling campaign data from partnering institutions, and industrial partners regarding their own facilities. The primary focus was on carbon-based nanomaterials, nano-silver (nano-Ag) and nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO₂), and included occupational and consumer uses of these materials with consideration of the associated environmental release. The process of building exposure scenarios illustrated the availability and limitations of existing information and exposure assessment tools for characterizing exposure to ENM, particularly as it relates to risk assessment. This article describes the gaps in the information reviewed, recommends future areas of ENM exposure research, and proposes types of information that should, at a minimum, be included when reporting the results of such research, so that the information is useful in a wider context.     

Can control banding be useful for the safe handling of nanomaterials? A systematic review

Control banding (CB) is a risk management strategy that has been used to identify and recommend exposure control measures to potentially hazardous substances for which toxicological information is limited. The application of CB and level of expertise required for implementation and management can differ depending on knowledge of the hazard potential, the likelihood of exposure, and the ability to verify the effectiveness of exposure control measures. A number of different strategies have been proposed for using CB in workplaces where exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can occur. However, it is unclear if the use of CB can effectively reduce worker exposure to nanomaterials. A systematic review of studies was conducted to answer the question “can control banding be useful to ensure adequate controls for the safe handling of nanomaterials.” A variety of databases were searched to identify relevant studies pertaining to CB. Database search terms included ‘control,’ ‘hazard,’ ‘exposure,’ and ‘risk’ banding as well as the use of these terms in the context of nanotechnology or nanomaterials. Other potentially relevant studies were identified during the review of articles obtained in the systematic review process. Identification of studies and the extraction of data were independently conducted by the reviewers. Quality of the studies was assessed using the methodological index for nonrandomized studies. The quality of the evidence was evaluated using grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE). A total of 235 records were identified in the database search in which 70 records were determined to be eligible for full-text review. Only two studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. These studies evaluated the application of the CB Nanotool in workplaces where ENMs were being handled. A total of 32 different nanomaterial handling activities were evaluated in these studies by comparing the recommended exposure controls using CB to existing exposure controls previously recommended by an industrial hygienist. It was determined that the selection of exposure controls using CB were consistent with those recommended by an industrial hygienist for 19 out of 32 (59.4 %) job activities. A higher level of exposure control was recommended for nine out of 32 (28.1 %) job activities using CB, while four out of 32 (12.5 %) job activities had in-place exposure controls that were more stringent than those recommended using CB. After evaluation using GRADE, evidence indicated that the use of CB Nanotool can recommend exposure controls for many ENM job activities that would be consistent with those recommended by an experienced industrial hygienist. The use of CB for reducing exposures to ENMs has the potential to be an effective risk management strategy when information is limited on the health risk to the nanomaterial and/or there is an absence of an occupational exposure limit. However, there remains a lack of evidence to conclude that the use of CB can provide adequate exposure control in all work environments. Additional validation work is needed to provide more data to support the use of CB for the safe handling of ENMs.     

FTO客体3m闪光照相的Monte Carlo研究

 研究了客体模型FTO的闪光照相系统X光输运过程，给出了直穿照射量、散射照射量、直散比、直穿照射量能谱、散射照射量能谱、直穿X光通量能谱和散射X光通量能谱在记录平面的空间分布。结果表明：后锥是照射量散射成分的主要来源，后锥照射量占总散射量97%；后锥也是造成散射的空间分布不均匀的主要器件，这一不均匀性高达58%。照相系统的最小直散比非常小，表明锥造成的散射已经严重地淹没了直穿（轫致辐射）信号。计算中使用高空间分辨率记录法进行分点，合成图像对吸收系数的复原结果与国外报道的结果相符。     

Sound exposure during daily activities

Throughout the day people carry out different activities in different places, and are therefore exposed to a wide range of sound environments. Sound exposure does not occur uniquely in the work situation, but is also caused by non-occupational activities, such as leisure, transportation, shopping, etc.This work shows the results of a study of the sound exposure experienced by a group of 32 people during one week in the Madrid Autonomous Region in Spain. The main aim of the study is to determine the average sound exposure perceived by an inhabitant of the Madrid region; to this end the sample was designed to comprise a cross-section of the population. An analysis was made of the activities that most affect sound exposure, and of the contribution of these activities to the total sound exposure. The results obtained show that in all population groups, sound exposure is greatest on weekends. Leisure activities contribute most to the total sound received, and young adults are subjected to the highest levels of sound exposure. The results obtained in this work may be useful for local authorities in planning environmental strategies.     

The cataphoretic He-Cd laser properties, construction, and application in holography

The properties and main features of construction of a cataphoretic He-Cd laser are presented. Several important details of laser tube design, eg measures to achieve a long lifetime, are reported. Due to its short wavelength and reliability the He-Cd laser proved to be useful for testing and evaluating the single exposure technique, compared or combined with the double exposure technique. The single exposure technique provides information of instabilities or vortexes in gaseous flows, examples of which are given.