Duration of the source of the current in laser-produced plasmas

The source of the current in a plasma produced by a 1.7 ns CO₂ laser irradiation of a copper target is found to last for to 150 ns. Evidence is shown for a short circuit in the laser plasma which shields the target from the intense magnetic field associated with the current.     

Disentanglement of source and target and the laser quantum state

Disentanglement of a laser source from its target qubit is proposed as a criterion establishing the laser quantum state as a coherent state. It is shown that the source-target density operator has a unique factorization in coherent states when the environmental record monitoring laser pump quanta is ignored. The source-target state conditioned upon the complete environmental record is entangled, though, as a state of known total quanta number (source plus target).     

超短强激光与固体薄膜靶作用产生keV相干X射线数值模拟研究

用一维粒子模拟研究了超短强激光脉冲与两个固体薄膜靶作用产生X射线的一个方案, 特别研究了该方案中产生相对论电子层的源靶的厚度和密度分布对产生X射线的能谱、能量转换效率的影响. 数值模拟发现当产生高能电子层的源靶的厚度d与产生的X射线的波长λ/4γ_x²相当或者更小(λ 是入射激光波长)时, 才能产生准单色的X射线光谱, 否则产生的光谱有极大展宽, 且最高频率下降很快. 另外, 当薄膜靶前面存在不均匀预等离子体时, X射线光谱会明显变差. 关键词： 相对论电子层 Doppler 频移 相干X射线     

Integrated target-ion source unit for on-line production of radioactive short-lived isotopes

A new version of integrated target-ion source unit (ionising target) has been developed for the on-line production of radioactive single-charged ions. The target is able to withstand temperatures up to 2500 ^°C and acts also as an ion source of the surface and laser ionisation. Off-line and on-line experiments with the ionising target, housing tantalum foils as a target material, have been carried out at the IRIS (Investigation of Radioactive Isotopes on Synchrocyclotron) facility. The off-line surface ionisation efficiency measured for stable atoms of Li, Rb and Cs was correspondingly 6% , 40% and 55% at the target temperature of 2000 ^°C and 3-10% for atoms of rare-earth elements Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb at a temperature of 2200 ^°C. The off-line measured values of the ionisation efficiency for stable Gd and Eu atoms by the laser beam ionisation inside the target were 1% and 7%, respectively. The radioactive beam intensities of neutron-deficient rare-earth nuclides from Eu to Lu produced by the integrated target-ion source unit have been measured at a temperature of 2500 ^°C. The results of the integrated target-ion source unit use for on-line laser resonance ionisation spectroscopy study of neutron-deficient Gd isotopes have been also presented.     

XRD study on the effect of the deposition condition on pulsed laser deposition of ZnO films

Using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process on a ZnO target in an oxygen atmosphere, thin films of this material have been deposited on Si(111) substrates. An Nd: YAG pulsed laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm was used as the laser source. The influences of the deposition temperature, laser energy, annealing temperature and focus lens position on the crystallinity of ZnO films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The results show that the ZnO thin films obtained at the deposition temperature of 400°C and the laser energy of 250 mJ have the best crystalline quality in our experimental conditions. The ZnO thin films fabricated at substrate temperature 400°C were annealed at the temperatures from 400°C to 800°C in an atmosphere of N₂. The results show that crystalline quality has been improved by annealing, the optimum temperature being 600°C. The position of the focusing lens has a strong influence on pulsed laser deposition of the ZnO thin films and the optimum position is 59.5 cm from the target surface for optics with a focal length of 70 cm.      

激光等离子体动量转换效率的实验研究

强激光与固体靶相互作用时，产生的高速喷射的等离子体对靶具有强烈的反冲作用，因此，激光等离子体可以作为一种新型的推进动力源.与传统的化学燃料推动相比，激光等离子体具有较高的比冲和有效载荷比等特点.对纳秒激光脉冲与铝、石墨、铅和碳氢靶相互作用时，等离子体对靶的冲量进行了实验测量，研究了大气与真空环境下的靶动量与激光聚焦面积的关系，并对部分实验结果与理论计算的数值进行了比较.实验结果显示，大气与真空环境下的靶动量有很大的差异，并且真空下的靶动量受材料性质的影响较大，与以往长脉冲激光的实验结果有很大的不同. 关键词： 激光等离子体 动量 动量耦合系数     

kHz激光与固体靶相互作用产生的X射线源

利用kHz激光与固体靶相互作用产生了平均流强为1.3×10⁷ photons·sr^-1·s^-1的X射线源, 研究了激光的对比度和能量对激光与固体靶相互作用产生的X射线能谱及K_α 产额的影响, 使用刀边成像技术测量了X射线源的源尺寸, 并进行了初步的成像实验. 实验中观察到对于非相对论级别的激光脉冲, 降低激光的对比度有利于提高K_α 产额, 而使用高对比度高强度激光, 更有利于获得高通量高信噪比X射线源. 关键词： kHz激光 固体靶 X射线     

Development and characterisation of an XeCl excimer laser-generated soft-X-ray plasma source and its applications

Summary A large-aperture, long-pulse XeCl excimer laser has been used to generate a soft-X-ray plasma source. Several laser optical configurations have been employed to optimise X-ray emission, including positive-branch unstable resonators and injection by seeding the gain region of the laser with a small commercial excimer laser, resulting in power densities in the range 10¹²–10¹⁴ W cm⁻². The characteristics of the plasma source for each different laser configuration and for different target materials are investigated. The most suitable source conditions (spectral energy distribution, time duration, etc.) for specific applications are discussed. Supported by the Royal Society, UK. Supported by INFM, Italy.     

Laser jamming technique research based on combined fiber laser

A compact and light laser jamming source is needed to increase the flexibility of laser jamming technique. A novel laser jamming source based on combined fiber lasers is proposed. Preliminary experimental results show that power levels in excess of 10 kW could be achieved. An example of laser jamming used for an air-to-air missile is given. It shows that the tracking system could complete tracking in only 4 s and came into a steady state with its new tracking target being the laser jamming source.     

靶结构对激光等离子体动量耦合系数的影响

强激光与靶相互作用产生的等离子体可以作为一种新型的推进源.就强激光与靶相互作用过程中，靶结构对激光等离子体动量耦合系数的影响进行了研究.结果表明，相对于无约束的平面靶，坑靶将动量耦合系数提高了5倍，而约束的平面靶将动量耦合系数提高了10倍以上.分析发现，对等离子体的有效约束是提高动量耦合系数的主要原因. 关键词： 激光等离子体 推进 动量耦合系数     

分体式原向反射法水下武器速度测试技术研究

水下动态参数的测试是特种武器、两栖武器、水下专用武器性能考核的必备环节，而水下运动体的速度信息是评价水下武器性能的重要指标之一。针对现有的水下高速目标参数测试系统中存在的成本高、安装调试复杂、设备体积庞大等问题，提出一种以激光光幕为有效区域水上、水下分体式，实时、非接触的测速方法。通过分析Lambert-Beer定律和体散射函数等数学原理，确定了水下光谱传输规律综合考虑性价比获得最佳峰值波长；将1m的圆柱体作为散射体模拟光在水中的散射情况，追迹空间区域内的光线总数为1×105，获得位于传播方向上1，3，5和7 m处的接收面上辐照度的光能量分布，从而获取系统激光光源的最佳峰值功率。以此为依据，采用定距测时原理和一维原向反射技术，由峰值波长为532 nm的半导体光纤耦合绿光激光器、光纤耦合式鲍威尔棱镜防水扩束器、一维原向反射器等构建光学系统。激光光源、光电转换部分和信号调理部分位于水上，激光光幕和原向反射器位于水下，通过光纤束完成两路光信号的发射和反射光的回收。发射端光纤一端与光源耦合，另外一端与鲍威尔棱镜耦合置于水下形成扇形光幕。接收端光纤一端均布于鲍威尔棱镜出口，另一端与PIN型光电传感器耦合。设计齿形一维原向反射器并完成加工制造，光线将沿着入射光方向原向返回，另外一维方向则仍为镜面反射，将接收系统置于发射点垂直光面内附近即可接收大部分光能量，解决了现有原向发射器因水介质折射率不同于空气而导致原向反射特性消失的问题。实验采用波长为(532±5) nm绿光激光器，功率稳定性<1%，光学噪声< 0.5%，准直后耦合至长度为2 m的单模光纤再经过鲍威尔棱镜展宽为60°扇形一字线光幕，扩束模块封装采用尼龙防水材料，接收光纤均布于光源周围形成环形光纤束，光纤另外一端均匀排列与PIN光敏二极管直接耦合。光敏二极管前加中心波长为532 nm的光学滤光片，FWHM=(3±1) nm，透过率为70%。PIN型光敏二极管有效尺寸为5.0 mm×5.0 mm。采用多档可调的光电信号调理电路以适应不同尺寸的测试对象。该系统进行了不同目标速度参数测试实验，以钢弩为发射装置，信号经过光纤回收、信号调理，采集至计算机处理获得波形及区间内平均速度，两激光光幕之间的距离为定值300 mm，波形峰值作为计时时刻。成功获取了较高信噪比的波形信号和目标速度值。利用水下运动体模型与模拟结果进行比较得到其绝对误差。实验结果表明： 本方法结构简单、重复性好，可实现有效区域达到1 m×1 m，最小可测目标尺寸为5 mm，理论测速上限可达1 000 m·s-1，实验数据通过与理论经验公式结果比对表明，系统测试精度可达0.2%。     

新型针孔点背光发光模型与实验研究

纳秒级强激光(～1014 W/cm2)与固体靶相互作用可以获得高亮度的Multi-keV能段X射线.在当前的高能量密度物理研究中利用这样的X射线背光源照相方式可以获得高质量的物理图像,具有重要的应用价值.以模拟计算与神光Ⅱ激光装置实验结果相结合的方式研究了激光等离子体发光模型.在该模型的基础上改进了针孔点背光成像技术,独立发展了针对低Z靶材料K线的准单能背向针孔点背光和针对中Z靶材料L带的高亮度侧向针孔点背光.在神光Ⅱ激光装置上通过新型针孔点背光对惯性约束聚变靶丸样品成像获得了高质量的静态靶丸流线图像,空间分辨优于10μm.实验结果表明新型的针孔点背光具备高亮度,高空间分辨,高图像衬度等优点可以广泛应用于高能量密度物理和惯性约束聚变的研究中.     

激光直接加热自背光法辐射不透明度测量方法探索

本文提出一种基于单束激光直接加热多层平面靶开展 稠密等离子体辐射不透明度特性研究的靶物理设计并对其进行了实验验证. 在XG-II激光装置上, 采用三倍频束匀滑激光辐照Au/CH/Al/CH多层平面靶产生背光源和Al样品等离子体, 通过观测背光源经样品等离子体衰减后的透过谱得到样品等离子体的辐射吸收性质. 采用Multi-1D程序对激光加热多层靶进行了辐射流体力学数值模拟, 给出了样品等离子体状态及其时间演化过程. 利用细致谱项模型 (DTA) 对实验测量的Al等离子体吸收谱进行理论分析, 表明等离子体温度在20–70 eV之间, 该结果与辐射流体力学模拟结果基本一致. 关键词： 吸收光谱 自背光 激光等离子体     

Characterization of a laser-plasma extreme-ultraviolet source using a rotating cryogenic Xe target

A laser-plasma source for extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light that uses a rotating cryogenic solid-state Xe target has been characterized. We focused on parameters at the wavelength of 13.5 nm with 2% bandwidth required for an EUV lithography source and investigated improvements of the conversion efficiency (CE). With the drum rotating, there was an increase in CE and less fast ions compared with the case for the drum at rest. It is considered that the Xe gas on the target surface can produce optimal-scale plasma, and satellite emission lines in Xe plasma effectively increase the EUV intensity, and the ion number is decreased by the gas curtain effect. The dependence of CE on the laser wavelength, laser energy and intensity also studied. As a result, the maximum CE was 0.9% at 13.5 nm with 2% bandwidth under the optimal condition. By continuous irradiation of a Nd:YAG slab laser at a repetition rate of 320 Hz and an average power of 110 W, the target continuously generated EUV light with an average power of 1 W at 13.5 nm with 2% bandwidth. The achieved performances provide valuable information for the design of a future EUV lithography source.     

Investigations on laser plasma soft X-ray sources generated with low energy laser systems

Spectra of laser-induced plasmas at low laser energies and intensities (around 100 mJ and 10¹⁰ W cm^–2 respectively) have been recorded in the spectral range of 20 to 100 nm for different target materials, laser intensities at the target and laser wavelengths. For heavy target materials, a broadband spectrum with a spectral maximum typically around 30 nm is obtained. This broadband radiation source is well suited for photoionization processes and the generation of short wavelength inner-shell photoionization lasers. For the cadmium-photoionization laser, the influence of different soft X-ray spectra on the laser energy has been investigated. The potential of laser plasma soft X-ray sources for scientific and technical applications is briefly reviewed.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Herbert Welling on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

激光烧蚀金属元靶等离子体中电学信号的实验研究

将高功率脉冲激光作用于金属元靶,探测激光诱导等离子体在靶上产生的电学信号.研究了作用激光能量的差异对等离子体电信号的影响,实验结果表明随着激光能量的增加电信号脉冲幅度逐渐增大并趋于饱和.同时,将激光烧蚀过程中的靶材等效为瞬态电流源,初步建立了激光诱导等离子体等效电路模型,并将该模型应用于激光烧蚀金属靶,对靶上电信号的产生机制进行了详细讨论.     

A low debris laser plasma soft X-ray source

Low debris laser plasma soft X-ray source is of great importance to micro-lithography and microscopy. In this paper, a 1.06 μm YAG laser with 2 J energy, 10 ns duration is employed to irradiate a CO₂ cryogenic target. Soft X-ray spectra from the CO₂ cryogenic target are obtained. Experimental results of debris measurement from both CO₂ cryogenic and Cu targets demonstrate that the light source based on the CO₂ cryogenic target shows great improvement over conventional metal targets in debris reduction.     

Picosecond X-ray radiography of superdense high-temperature laser plasma

The layout of an X-ray source for diagnostics of the compressed state of laser plasma is proposed, and its optimal parameters are calculated under the conditions required for nuclear fusion. Such a source operating in a pulsed regime is intended to be used for determining the spatial distribution of laser-plasma density with high temporal resolution by means of multiframe (pulses follow with a specified time interval) backlight imaging of the main target by X-ray pulses obtained by irradiation of a secondary target by picosecond laser pulses.     

激光脉冲对内层等离子体辐射源的影响

本文的基本思想是设计双层金铝薄膜靶以检测激光脉冲宽度与等离子体消融深度的关系,找出有效的等离子体加热方法以产生更强更亮的等离子体辐射源.由于有预脉冲激光的存在,表层金薄膜首先被消融,由主脉冲携带的大能量就能较易穿过表层金等离子体将能量聚焦在内层铝靶上,由此产生内层高温等离子体.又由于外层低温等离子体存在,其将有效的阻碍内高温等离子体因膨胀而引起的能量损失.对无预脉冲而言,直接入射激光能量都沉积在靶表层形成表层高温等离子体.但是激光直接入射而产生的等离子体辐射总强度只比由预脉冲情况下产生的金等离子体辐射强度增加15%.而预脉冲能量只占激光总能量的2%.实验结果显示Al光谱线主要来自类氢,类氦离子跃迁.Au等离子体光谱线主要来自它的N带,O带和P带谱.我们也观察到一个明显的软X射线短波发射极限.所有结果显示由于预脉冲的存在将对靶各层等离子体辐射产生极大的影响     

X射线胶片的脉冲光源响应标定

用ＬＦ－１１激光装置的１．０６μｍ脉冲激光加热Ｃｕ靶产生的Ｌ－壳层线辐射作脉冲Ｘ射线源，在曝光量为（０．０１～１０）－７Ｊ·ｃｍ－２范围内，标定了ＫＯＤＡＫＡＡ－５，ＫＯＤＡＫＳＷＲ和ＵＦＳＨ－Ｏ软Ｘ射线胶片的响应曲线，并与用连续光源标定的进行了对比．结果表明，这三种ｘ射线胶片，在强脉冲光源曝光条件下，都存在着胶片响应互易律失效问题，过去用连续光源标定的响应曲线，在激光等离子体诊断实验中，已经不能采用．