多元气-液-固复杂体系相平衡

石油流体中含有气相、液相及可能遇到的固相包括水合物、石蜡和沥青质等,涉及多元气-液-固复杂体系的相平衡问题.为防止这些沉积物堵塞造成安全隐患,需要确定水合物、石蜡、沥青质沉积起始条件以及沉积量.本文针对化学热力学理论在含水合物、石蜡和沥青质的多元-多相平衡研究中的应用进行了综述.水合物相平衡模型较为成熟,主要有两类,其一为基于等温吸附理论的van der Waals-Platteeuw型热力学模型;其二为基于双过程水合物生成机理的Chen-Guo水合物热力学模型.石蜡沉积一般采用活度系数法、状态方程法及多固相模型描述.沥青质絮凝、沉积则可采用溶解度参数模型、状态方程法、胶体模型和标度理论模型进行计算.同时对多元气-液-固复杂体系的相平衡研究发展方向进行了展望.     

限域单分子层冰-水两相平衡体系的分子动力学模拟

限域水因有极其丰富的结构物相变化而成为近年来水科学研究的一个热点.然而,不同相限域水之间的相平衡结构与性质却鲜有报道.论文提出一套分子动力学模拟技术,可实现纳米尺度限域条件下冰和水的不同结构相间形成的低维固-液界面（线）的平衡态模拟.应用此模拟技术,我们探索了0.65 nm限域尺寸、5000 bar限域压强条件下,单分子层厚度的冰-水（固-液）两相平衡,计算了该平衡体系一系列热力学量在界线附近的分布.平衡态的分子模拟结果直观地展示了粗糙型固-液界线的热毛细涨落、界线固-液结构转变的微观机制、以及缺陷在固-液相变区附近的形成与输运.各种热力学量分布函数呈现了二维限域冰-水共存界面（线）的特殊性质,如：相平衡区域的尺寸异于块体材料固-液界面,固-液界线处于切向压缩状态等.     

二氧化碳-水混合体系的相平衡和汽-液-液三相点研究

在微扰链统计缔合流体理论(PC-SAFT)的基础上建立了适用于二氧化碳-水体系相行为研究的状态方程, 以汽-液平衡和液-液平衡实验数据关联体系的交叉作用参数, 关联结果与实验数据吻合良好. 预测了二氧化碳-水体系存在汽-液-液三相平衡的温度和压力区间, 确定了三相点的汽-液-液三相密度及其与温度和压力的关系.     

一种评估阳离子交换吸附活化能的方法（英文）

离子和带电粒子之间的相互作用受纳米/胶体颗粒表面上离子吸附控制,同时它决定着颗粒的微观性质、界面反应过程以及颗粒间相互作用。现有的离子界面反应理论没有考虑到离子特异性对离子-表面相互作用的影响。本研究建立了带电颗粒表面离子吸附模型。结果表明蒙脱石胶体表面离子吸附平衡存在着强烈的离子特异性效应。离子和表面之间的吸附能随离子浓度的增加而降低,随着粒子电荷密度(绝对值)升高而增加。根据建立的模型还可预测吸附反离子在扩散层中的位置,进而可计算出离子的吸附能与活化能。活化能直接决定了离子的吸附饱和度,且不同的离子遵循相同的规律。本研究表明建立的离子-表面相互作用模型在固/液界面反应中具有普适性的应用。     

胶体颗粒在液-液界面上的吸附行为及界面组装

综述了胶体颗粒在油水界面上的吸附行为及其应用。胶体颗粒在界面上的吸附行为主要受颗粒大小、相互作用力、电性质及润湿性质等因素的影响。本文第一部分主要从作用力出发阐述了胶体颗粒在液-液吸附过程中各种影响因素的理论研究进展;第二部分主要阐述了胶体颗粒在液-液界面上的吸附能够在界面组装、乳液和具有特殊功能的新材料制备等领域中的应用。     

胶体颗粒在液-液界面上的吸附行为及界面组装

综述了胶体颗粒在油水界面上的吸附行为及其应用.胶体颗粒在界面上的吸附行为主要受颗粒大小、相互作用力、电性质及润湿性质等因素的影响.本文第一部分主要从作用力出发阐述了胶体颗粒在液-液吸附过程中各种影响因素的理论研究进展;第二部分主要阐述了胶体颗粒在液-液界面上的吸附能够在界面组装、乳液和具有特殊功能的新材料制备等领域中的应用.     

1,4-丁二醇蒸馏底物解聚溶液组成的分析方法

使用液液萃取法分析溶液中的1,4-丁二醇(BDO)含量,正辛醇作为萃取剂,在30 ℃下测定了水-BDO-正辛醇三元液液相平衡数据。 使用扩展型UNIQUAC模型建立了溶液中水-BDO-正辛醇的活度系数模型,关联该体系的液液平衡数据,通过单纯型法回归获得三元体系组分之间的相互作用能参数。 实验数据以及计算结果表明,通过分析萃取相的组成,能可靠地预测萃余相的组成,进而得到原溶液中BDO的含量。 该法准确、简便,可作为该体系的常规分析方法。     

硫酸铯/乙醇双水相体系的相平衡

采用自制的相平衡研究装置，测定了硫酸铯/乙醇双水相体系在0、10、20和40 ℃四个温度下的等温平衡溶解度，并且获得了醇相溶液和水相溶液的折光率数据，发现温度对该体系的液-液和固-液相平衡均没有显著影响.利用“湿渣结线法”确定出四个温度下平衡固相均为无水盐，同时给出了该体系的完整相图，在相图中观察到五个相区，为该体系的进一步应用研究提供了参考数据.     

25℃时KCl-RbCl-1/2-C3H7OH-H2O四元体系的液-液-固相平衡研究

本文研究了25℃时,K+,Rb+,//Cl-1/2C3H7OH,H2O两个四元体系的相平衡。测定了KCl＋RbCl＋H2O三元体系液-固相间的关系和KCl/RbCl不同质量比（1/0、0.75/0.25、0.5/0.5、0.25/0.75和0/1）在1/2-C3H7OH-H2O两种溶剂存在时的5组四元体系的液-液-固相关系。绘制出全相图。探讨了盐析效应,并采用一个五元参数方程对双液线数据进行了关联,此外采用一个经过修改Eisen-Joffe方程对结线数据和饱和平衡数据进行拟合,得到的结果令人满意。     

A_a型Patchy胶体粒子的相态结构

根据热力学微扰理论研究了Aa型Patchy胶体的相态结构,考察了Patch之间的缔合强度及Patch数目对体系相态结构的调控机制.利用相平衡原理给出了Patchy胶体的流体、玻璃态固体和面心立方晶体之间转变及溶胶-凝胶转变的相图,讨论了玻璃态和晶态固相的成核机制、临界现象和相变问题.研究结果表明,Patchy胶体粒子之间的缔合作用和Patch数目可以显著地调控体系的三相点、临界温度和临界密度等特征.在高温条件下,Patchy胶体以一次成核方式结晶;而在低温条件下则以两步成核方式逐步成核结晶,中间经过非晶态的玻璃态固相作为过渡.说明Patchy粒子之间的缔合作用对其相态结构具有决定性影响,因而成为调控体系聚集态结构的重要因素.     

Study on Osmotic Pressure and Liquid-Liquid Equilibria for Micelle, Colloid and Microemulsion Systems by Yukawa Potential

An equation of state (EOS) was established to study the osmotic pressure and liquid-liquid equilibria for micellecolloid and microemulsion systems. The Carnahan-Starling equation was used for the hard sphere repulsion. The Yukawa potential was used to describe both the attractive dispersion and the double-layer repulsion. By using the established EOS, the osmotic pressures for charged colloid, uncharged micelle, uncharged and weakly charged microemuslion, the phase equilibria for uncharged micelle and charged colloid systems were studied.     

Extended Veytsman statistics for the solid–fluid transition in the framework of lattice fluid

Lattice fluid can describe a vapor–liquid transition but not a solid–fluid transition. In this work, we propose a simple and analytic term which yields a solid–fluid transition when coupled with a lattice based equation of state (EOS). The proposed term is derived based on the two assumptions that (1) solid can be considered as highly associated phase affected by strong attractive force and (2) this force is distinct from the conventional attractive forces yielding a vapor–liquid transition. To formulate these assumptions, we extend Veytsman statistics by modifying its density dependency. The derived term was combined with a quasi-chemical nonrandom lattice fluid theory (QLF) developed by the authors. The combined model was found to require only two parameters besides 3 QLF parameters for physical properties calculation of three phases. When tested against equilibrium properties of 8 components, the combined model was found to closely reproduce melting pressure, sublimation pressure, and vapor pressure, but underestimate solid density as well as heat of melting at the triple point temperature. It was found that the present approach can yield a solid–liquid transition at all temperatures.     

Phase separation in colloidal dispersions with nonadsorbing polymer

The influence of the volume restriction effect on phase separation in colloidal dispersions consisting of a nonadsorbing polymer has been studied using statistical mechanical cell models and perturbation theories in combination with Monte Carlo experiments. The attractive interparticle potential proposed by Asakura and Oosawa is used to represent the effect of polymer depletion between the particles. The equilibrium properties are determined using the cell model for the solid-like phase (with Monte Carlo simulations for the structure of the solid phase) and a perturbation theory for the liquid-like phase. Both aqueous and nonaqueous dispersions are considered, and the phase separation behavior predicted is compared with available experimental and theoretical results.     

牛血清蛋白在NaCl水溶液中渗透压的研究

将NaCl水溶液中带电蛋白质分子间的静电排斥作用用Yukawa位能函数描述,蛋白质分子间的色散作用用Lennard-Jones位能函数描述,代替了经典DLVO理论。基于McMillan-Mayer渗透压统计理论,将Duh和Mier-Y-Teran的Yukawa状态方程与Cotterman等的Lennard-Jones微扰公式相结合,建立了一个新的状态方程,并采用该状态方程研究了含有NaCl的牛血清蛋白(简称BSA)水溶液的渗透压,依据BSA在0.15mol/LNaCl水溶液中的回归参数可预测其在1～5mol/LNaCl水溶液中的渗透压。该状态方程采用了两个回归参数(硬球直径和LJ参数),具有一定的关联和预测效果,并与己有的其它理论模型进行了比较。     

Temperature effect on the stability of bentonite colloids in water

The stability of natural bentonite suspensions has been investigated as a function of temperature at pH 9 and ionic strength 10(-3) M. The sedimentation rate of the particles is directly related to their stability. The sedimentation kinetics was determined by examining the variation of particle concentration in solution with time. The observed kinetics for sedimentation is discussed quantitatively in terms of the potential energy between particles. The zeta-potential of the particles was measured and the DLVO theory was used to calculate attractive and repulsive potentials. Experimental observations are consistent with DLVO model predictions and show that the stability of bentonite colloids increases with temperature. Differences with other colloidal systems can be attributed to the temperature dependence of the surface charge of bentonite particles.     

Thermodynamic phase equilibria of wax precipitation in crude oils

Economic loss due to wax precipitation in oil exploitation and transportation has reached several billion dollars a year recently. Development of a model for better understanding of the process of wax precipitation is therefore very important to reduce the loss. In this paper, a new thermodynamic model for predicting phase equilibriums of crude oils is proposed. The modified SRK EOS and the UNIQUAC equations are used to describe the vapor, liquid phase and the wax, respectively. New correlations have been introduced to calculate the volume parameter, c, in SRK EOS and the heat of vaporization in UNIQUAC equation. The model can be used to describe the systems which contain paraffin, naphthene and aromatic fractions. New correlations for the enthalpies, temperatures of solid–solid transitions and fusion enthalpies of paraffins are established in this paper based on data obtained from open literature. By using the proposed modified model, the wax precipitation in hydrocarbon fluids has been predicted for three crude oil systems. The calculation results have been compared with experimental observations and those results obtained using regular solution models. It is found that wax precipitation in complex systems can be better predicted by using this new model.     

Ordering in colloidal systems

The role played by statistical mechanics in the ordering of colloidal systems is examined. This role is made explicit through a study of phase (order-disorder) transitions in 1, 2 and 3 dimensions which exist in the examples provided by clay plate, tobacco mossaic virus and latex sphere suspensions. Essentially the statement is that the extrapolation of DLVO theory which attributes stability to a balance between attractive and repulsive two-body forces is not always a panacea. The ideas of Langmuir and Onsager who dealt with statistical mechanics and repulsive forces and considered that attractive long-range forces are not always important are paramount for some systems and must be built into existing theories.     

Solid-liquid equilibrium using the SAFT-VR equation of state: Solubility of naphthalene and acetic acid in binary mixtures and calculation of phase diagrams

A solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) thermodynamic model based on the SAFT-VR equation of state (EOS) is presented. The model allows for the calculation of solid-liquid phase equilibria in binary mixtures at atmospheric pressure. The fluid (liquid) phase is treated with the SAFT-VR approach, where molecules are modelled as associating chains of tangentially bonded spherical segments interacting via square-well potentials of variable range. The equilibrium between the liquid and solid phase is treated following a standard thermodynamic method that requires the experimental temperature and enthalpy of fusion of the solute. The model is used to calculate the solubilities of naphthalene and acetic acid in common associating and non-associating organic solvents and to determine the solid-liquid phase behaviour of binary mixtures with simple eutectics. The SAFT-VR pure component model parameters are determined by comparison to experimental vapour pressure and saturated liquid density data with the choice of association models according to the nature of the molecule; in addition, an unlike adjustable parameter (k_ij) is used to model the solutions. The solubility data of naphthalene and acetic acid in both associating and non-associating solvents are reproduced essentially within the accuracy of the experimental measurements. The phase boundaries and the position of the eutectic points in the binary mixtures considered are, in most cases, reproduced with the accuracy commensurate with the industrial applications. Overall, the results presented show that the SAFT-VR EOS can be used with confidence for the prediction of the SLE of binary systems at atmospheric pressure.