积分波动率二阶变差估计量分析:鞍点算法

本文利用鞍点逼近方法对Black-Scholes模型的积分波动率的二阶变差估计量的估计误差进行分析,得到了相对于中心极限定理更为精细的结果,并且给出了逼近的鞍点算法。结果表明鞍点逼近是中心极限定理的纠正。模拟结果表明鞍点算法给出的估计误差分布相对于正态逼近更合理。该结果在对积分波动率进行统计假设检验时是有意义的。     

基于Black-Litterman模型与Meucci理论确定投资组合权重

为考虑投资者线性选择观点和非线性偏好,在确定投资组合中各资产的投资权重时,本文提出了以下的方法:首先利用Black-Litterman模型,结合投资者的线性选择观点,得到权重w的估计值w_0~*。其次以w_0~*为标准,用蒙特卡罗方法模拟出w_1,w_2,…,w_M等M个权重,根据每个权重,基于历史数据确定整个投资组合的先验分布。再利用Meucci思想,从先验分布中得到情景点(z_j,p_j),结合投资者非线性偏好,得到后验分布情景点(z_j,p_j),继而得到整个投资组合的后验分布。最后以风险补偿率为标准,来得出最优的组合权重。该组合权重综合考虑了历史数据、投资者线性选择观点和非线性偏好多个方面的信息。     

存在系统风险的投资组合选择研究

多风险资产会受到波动和跳跃风险作用,它们往往具有高度相关性,形成系统风险,因此由投资组合多样化所带来的收益相应会受到影响.这篇文章考察了存在系统风险的投资组合选择问题,假定投资期无限且有中间消费,利用双跳跃模型给出最优资产组合权重近似解析解,由解的表达式可以清楚的看出系统风险对投资策略的影响情况.为了避免风险资产空头寸以及杠杆头寸对投资者的影响,这里对组合权重做了一定限制.通过与经典连续时间投资组合选择模型的比较,系统风险的影响进而可以由财富补偿来表达.     

基于ICA模型的投资组合稳健VaR方法研究

针对参数VaR方法在测度庞大复杂的投资组合风险时,存在模型参数多估计困难和需要设定风险因子联合分布容易使风险计量产生较大偏差等问题,本文提出了基于独立成分分析(ICA)技术的半参数IC-SP-VaR模型,给出了模型的参数估计方法,并对模型进行了模拟研究和实证分析。模拟研究表明新方法在不同情形下的估计都是有效的,在非线性经济序列中优势尤其明显。实证分析验证了新方法能够提高资产组合风险计量模型的稳定性和准确性。     

高维投资组合风险的估计

在大数据时代,如何估计高维投资组合的风险是金融机构面临的一大难题.针对这一难题,文章主要做了两方面研究:首先,将非线性收缩法和QuEST函数应用到BEKK模型中,提出BEKK-NS模型,以估计和预测在资产组合中扮演着重要角色的资产协方差阵.该模型同时适用于估计正态分布和厚尾分布数据的协方差阵,并且能够很好地解决维数诅咒问题,提高协方差阵的估计效率.其次,构造了基于循环分块bootstrap方法的极限误差U(α)来评价高维投资组合的风险.通过模拟和实证研究发现:BEKK-NS模型明显优于BEKK,将其应用在投资组合时,降低了组合风险,使得投资者获得了更高的收益;并且极限误差U(α)非常接近于真实的误差,由其构造的组合风险的置信区间较为精确.     

基于TGARCH-t的混合Copula投资组合风险测度研究

在分析了现有Copula函数在测度投资组合风险不足的情况下,首先充分考虑资产波动的时变性、杠杆效应等特征,选择了TGARCH-t模型进行边缘分布建模.接着引入混合Copula模型来描述投资组合的复杂相关结构,同时利用构造的主对角线距离统计量等方法验证了混合Copula模型的优势.最后通过VaR的蒙特卡洛模拟结果看到,这种方法能更为精确的测度投资组合风险值.     

基于Clayton Copula-GARCH模型投资组合VaR的度量

运用Copula方法研究了含股指期货的投资组合的风险度量问题.首先采用不同的GARCH模型对单个资产收益率建模,然后选择Clayton Copula函数来描述投资组合各资产之间的相关结构,建立联合分布模型,进而采用Monte Carlo方法模拟产生各资产的收益率序列,计算出投资组合的VaR.Kupiec检验表明,ClaytonCopula-GARCH模型在投资组合风险度量上具有较高的准确性.     

基于高频波动率模型与R-vine copula的行业资产组合风险测度研究

相较于低频波动率模型,高频波动率模型在单资产的波动和风险预测中均取得了更好效果,因此如何将高频波动率模型引入组合风险分析具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文以沪深300指数中的6种行业高频数据为例,运用滚动时间窗技术建立9类已实现波动率异质自回归(HAR-RV-type)模型刻画行业指数波动,同时使用R-vine copula模型描述行业资产间相依结构,进一步结合均值-CVaR模型优化行业资产组合投资比例,构建组合风险的预期损失模型,并通过返回测试比较不同风险模型的精度差异。研究结果表明:将HAR族高频波动率模型引入组合风险分析框架,能够有效预测行业资产组合风险状况;高频波动率预测的准确性将进而影响组合风险测度效果,跳跃、符号跳跃变差以及符号正向、负向跳跃变差均有助于提高行业组合风险的预测精度。     

基于Copula-GJR-Skewt模型的投资组合风险预测研究

针对多元投资组合的风险预测,采用GJR-Skewt模型刻画单资产的厚尾、有偏特征,以及Copula模型刻画多元投资组合的非线性相关结构,用Monte Carlo方法模拟金融资产的随机分布,并结合滚动时间窗法,对投资组合的未来风险进行样本外动态预测.实证结果表明,Copula-GJR-Skewt模型对资产收益的风险预测能取得满意的效果;在VaR预测性能上,以GJR-Skewt模型作为边缘分布函数时,即使存在系统偏差,也能取得最优预测结果;预设残差服从有偏学生分布时,VaR的预测结果优于正态分布;传统的Garch-Guassian模型预测能力最差.     

动态高阶矩风险稳健性测度与参数化组合投资决策研究

针对已有高阶矩组合投资模型中风险测度与模型求解的不足，本文构建动态高阶矩参数化组合投资决策模型(B-S-K)并给出其求解方案。首先，运用混频数据抽样分位数回归(MIDAS-QR)模型，充分挖掘高频数据信息，提高动态高阶矩风险测度的及时性、准确性和稳健性；其次，采用参数化组合投资策略，将资产特征变量、动态偏度风险和动态峰度风险纳入组合投资权重函数，大幅缩减待估计参数数目，提高模型求解效率。分别对中国股票市场的个股和行业板块指数进行实证，研究结果一致表明：第一，基于MIDAS-QR模型的动态高阶矩风险稳健性测度，不仅充分考虑了金融风险的时变特征，而且测度结果受异常值影响较小，是一个稳健且有效的测度方法；第二，市盈率、账面价值比、动态偏度风险与组合投资权重显著正相关，条件波动率、动态峰度风险与组合投资权重显著负相关，这些为组合投资决策提供了较好的机理性解释；第三，与等权方案、M-V模型、基准(B)模型和B-S模型等相比，本文构建的B-S-K模型，在收益、风险和风险调整收益等三个方面均表现出显著且稳定的优势。     

Poisson分布下基于鞍点逼近的慢性病风险差的置信区间构造

风险差是流行病学中重要的指标之一,常用来比较两种治疗或两种诊断的有效性.因此,风险差区间的精确估计对流行病病情的诊断以及治疗方案的选择有很重要的意义.结合Poisson抽样的优点以及慢性病发病周期长和发病率低的特点,利用鞍点逼近方法来构造了Poisson分布下风险差的置信区间.同时,通过实例和Monte Carlo模拟对传统的四种区间构造方法进行评价.模拟结果表明:在小样本情况下,鞍点逼近方法得到的置信区间大多数能保证覆盖率近似于期望的置信水平并且使得区间长度最短,是一种很好的置信区间构造方法.     

Credit risk optimization using factor models

We study portfolio credit risk management using factor models, with a focus on optimal portfolio selection based on the tradeoff of expected return and credit risk. We begin with a discussion of factor models and their known analytic properties, paying particular attention to the asymptotic limit of a large, finely grained portfolio. We recall prior results on the convergence of risk measures in this “large portfolio approximation” which are important for credit risk optimization. We then show how the results on the large portfolio approximation can be used to reduce significantly the computational effort required for credit risk optimization. For example, when determining the fraction of capital to be assigned to particular ratings classes, it is sufficient to solve the optimization problem for the large portfolio approximation, rather than for the actual portfolio. This dramatically reduces the dimensionality of the problem, and the amount of computation required for its solution. Numerical results illustrating the application of this principle are also presented. JEL Classification G11     

含有背景风险的双目标投资组合模型研究

投资者进行投资实践时无不面临着背景风险。绝大多数以均值方差为框架的投资组合并没有考虑背景风险,其效用在实际应用中容易受到背景风险的影响。本文在含有交易费用的双目标函数模型中引入背景风险,从是否含有背景风险和背景风险偏好度大小两方面对投资组合问题展开研究,并使用智能算法得到模型的最优解,对模型进行实证分析。实证结果表明:1)当背景风险收益为0时,含有背景风险的投资组合比不含有背景风险的投资组合更能反映真实的投资环境。2) 当背景风险收益不为0时,含有背景风险的投资组合比不含有背景风险的投资组合得到更高的收益。因此,考虑背景风险后投资组合的构建优于不考虑背景风险投资组合的构建。     

Stochastic portfolio specific mortality and the quantification of mortality basis risk

In the last decade a vast literature on stochastic mortality models has been developed. However, these models are often not directly applicable to insurance portfolios because:

(a) For insurers and pension funds it is more relevant to model mortality rates measured in insured amounts instead of measured in the number of policies.

(b) Often there is not enough insurance portfolio specific mortality data available to fit such stochastic mortality models reliably.

Therefore, in this paper a stochastic model is proposed for portfolio specific mortality experience. Combining this stochastic process with a stochastic country population mortality process leads to stochastic portfolio specific mortality rates, measured in insured amounts. The proposed stochastic process is applied to two insurance portfolios, and the impact on the Value at Risk for longevity risk is quantified. Furthermore, the model can be used to quantify the basis risk that remains when hedging portfolio specific mortality risk with instruments of which the payoff depends on population mortality rates.     

Symmetric-triangular decomposition and its applications part II: Preconditioners for indefinite systems

As an application of the symmetric-triangular (ST) decomposition given by Golub and Yuan (2001) and Strang (2003), three block ST preconditioners are discussed here for saddle point problems. All three preconditioners transform saddle point problems into a symmetric and positive definite system. The condition number of the three symmetric and positive definite systems are estimated. Therefore, numerical methods for symmetric and positive definite systems can be applied to solve saddle point problems indirectly. A numerical example for the symmetric indefinite system from the finite element approximation to the Stokes equation is given. Finally, some comments are given as well. AMS subject classification (2000) 65F10     

Equal Risk Bounding is better than Risk Parity for portfolio selection

Risk Parity (RP), also called equally weighted risk contribution, is a recent approach to risk diversification for portfolio selection. RP is based on the principle that the fractions of the capital invested in each asset should be chosen so as to make the total risk contributions of all assets equal among them. We show here that the Risk Parity approach is theoretically dominated by an alternative similar approach that does not actually require equally weighted risk contribution of all assets but only an equal upper bound on all such risks. This alternative approach, called Equal Risk Bounding (ERB), requires the solution of a nonconvex quadratically constrained optimization problem. The ERB approach, while starting from different requirements, turns out to be strictly linked to the RP approach. Indeed, when short selling is allowed, we prove that an ERB portfolio is actually an RP portfolio with minimum variance. When short selling is not allowed, there is a unique RP portfolio and it contains all assets in the market. In this case, the ERB approach might lead to the RP portfolio or it might lead to portfolios with smaller variance that do not contain all assets, and where the risk contributions of each asset included in the portfolio is strictly smaller than in the RP portfolio. We define a new riskiness index for assets that allows to identify those assets that are more likely to be excluded from the ERB portfolio. With these tools we then provide an exact method for small size nonconvex ERB models and a very efficient and accurate heuristic for larger problems of this type. In the case of a common constant pairwise correlation among all assets, a closed form solution to the ERB model is obtained and used to perform a parametric analysis when varying the level of correlation. The practical advantages of the ERB approach over the RP strategy are illustrated with some numerical examples. Computational experience on real-world and on simulated data confirms accuracy and efficiency of our heuristic approach to the ERB model also in comparison with some state-of-the-art local and global optimization codes.     

Risk-adjusted probability measures in portfolio optimization with coherent measures of risk

We consider the problem of optimizing a portfolio of n assets, whose returns are described by a joint discrete distribution. We formulate the mean–risk model, using as risk functionals the semideviation, deviation from quantile, and spectral risk measures. Using the modern theory of measures of risk, we derive an equivalent representation of the portfolio problem as a zero-sum matrix game, and we provide ways to solve it by convex optimization techniques. In this way, we reconstruct new probability measures which constitute part of the saddle point of the game. These risk-adjusted measures always exist, irrespective of the completeness of the market. We provide an illustrative example, in which we derive these measures in a universe of 200 assets and we use them to evaluate the market portfolio and optimal risk-averse portfolios.     

A new class of coherent risk measures based on p‐norms and their applications

To exercise better control on the lower tail of the loss distribution and to easily describe the investor's risk attitude, a new class of coherent risk measures is proposed in this paper by taking the minimization of p‐norms of lower losses with respect to some reference point. We demonstrate that the new risk measure has satisfactory mathematical properties such as convexity, continuity with respect to parameters included in its definition, the relations between two new risk measures are also examined. The application of the new risk measures for optimal portfolio selection is illustrated by using trade data from the Chinese stock markets. Empirical results not only support our theoretical conclusions, but also show the practicability of the portfolio selection model with our new risk measures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fluctuation analysis for the loss from default

We analyze the fluctuation of the loss from default around its large portfolio limit in a class of reduced-form models of correlated firm-by-firm default timing. We prove a weak convergence result for the fluctuation process and use it for developing a conditionally Gaussian approximation to the loss distribution. Numerical results illustrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the approximation.     

Efficient option risk measurement with reduced model risk

Options require risk measurement that is also computationally efficient as it is important to derivatives risk management. There are currently few methods that are specifically adapted for efficient option risk measurement. Moreover, current methods rely on series approximations and incur significant model risks, which inhibit their applicability for risk management.In this paper we propose a new approach to computationally efficient option risk measurement, using the idea of a replicating portfolio and coherent risk measurement. We find our approach to option risk measurement provides fast computation by practically eliminating nonlinear computational operations. We reduce model risk by eliminating calibration and implementation risks by using mostly observable data, we remove internal model risk for complex option portfolios by not admitting arbitrage opportunities, we are also able to incorporate liquidity or model misspecification risks. Additionally, our method enables tractable and convex optimisation of portfolios containing multiple options. We conduct numerical experiments to test our new approach and they validate it over a range of option pricing parameters.