小温差喷雾碰壁蒸发过渡段换热特性分析

本文对小温差下水平面的喷雾碰壁蒸发传热特性进行了实验研究.通过对实验数据的分析发现,喷雾碰壁蒸发换热过程可分为三个阶段,即雾化工质单相冲击对流换热段、过渡换热段、充分沸腾换热段.在喷雾碰壁蒸发换热过程中,总的热流密度由单相冲击对流换热的热流密度和沸腾换热的热流密度两部分组成.据此,提出并改进了喷雾碰壁蒸发换热过程中过渡段换热系数的处理方法,将有利于对喷雾碰壁换热的进一步研究.     

大长径比竖管沸腾换热特性实验研究

采用AP1000稳压器电加热元件开展大长径比管束沸腾换热特性实验研究。实验热流密度范围为30~270kW/m~2,以去离子水为工质,在常压下进行实验。实验结果表明:管程高度与热流密度对换热系数均有影响,沸腾换热性能与管壁表面附近流型有一定对应关系。分析了不同热流密度下壁温的沿程变化,拟合了局部沸腾换热系数随热流密度及管程高度的关联式。     

低不凝性气体含量下水平螺旋扁管管束中的沸腾换热实验研究

以汽油和空气为工质,在低质量含气率的条件下,对导程分别为100 mm和150 mm的螺旋扁管管束外的沸腾换热进行了实验研究。得到了沸腾换热系数随质量含气率变化的基本规律。在不凝性气体含量较低的情况下沸腾换热系数随质量含气率的增加而增加;当继续增加不凝性气体时,沸腾换热系数受到了一定的抑制。采用渐进逼近模型给出了低含气率条件下的沸腾换热系数准则方程。将用准则方程计算的三种流量下的两相沸腾换热系数与实验处理值进行比较,误差均在6%以内。     

R600a喷雾冷却系统换热过程

以R600a压力式封闭系统喷雾冷却过程为研究对象,对其换热过程进行分析。对液滴撞击热面后的状态进行建模,分析了其运动状态。通过忽略液膜的对流换热,引入韦伯数来简化并修正雾滴与热源表面的对流换热系数关联式;借鉴二次成核理论,通过单位时间内,单位面积上覆盖的雾滴数量对核态沸腾换热系数关联式修正。通过上述分析,以对流换热和核态沸腾换热两种机理为中心,建立了新的换热系数关联式。通过与其他文献的关联式、实验测量值进行比较、不同工质进行比较、不同实验系统比较,发现该式预测值和实验测量值偏差在±20%以内,能够很好地预测压力式封闭系统喷雾冷却过程的换热系数。     

R134a管外强化沸腾实验数据处理新方法

在水平管外沸腾换热实验中,热流密度沿管长方向的变化幅度较大,采用Wilson方法所得到的管内对流换热系数偏高,而管外沸腾换热系数偏低.为解决这一问题,本文提出了一种新的数据处理方法-局部换热系数法,并采用这种方法对实验测定R134a在水平放置的机械加工强化表面沸腾传热管的实验数据进行分析和处理,得到了较合理的结果.     

再循环重力供液蒸发器管内换热性能预测

为了找出适用于再循环重力供液蒸发器管内强制对流沸腾换热系数的关系式,通过对以R404A为制冷剂的重力供液实验台的研究,编程计算出J.Chawla关系式及Shah关联式对重力供液沸腾换热系数进行预测值。与实验结果比较可知:J.Chawla关系式在较低温度下较接近于实验值,Shah关联式在较高的温度下可以对实验值进行预测,两种关系式相结合的方法就可以较好对重力供液蒸发器管内沸腾换热进行预测。     

基于变传质强度因子Lee模型的流动沸腾模拟

本文基于不同流速下变传质强度因子的Lee模型,对低热通量下上升管内流动沸腾进行了数值模拟。通过分析气相分布、局部气泡行为解释了沸腾换热特性和局部传热恶化。结果表明：低热通量下,不同流速的平均气体体积分数沿管长线性分布,沿径向呈双峰状分布,峰值在壁面附近;高流速时,近壁处气体体积分数的增长速率最大。换热性能受流速影响显著,流速越大,换热系数越大;三种流速下换热系数最小值对应的气体体积分数相同,气相分布不同是换热特性产生差异的直接原因。低中流速下,壁温局部升高位置与换热系数骤降位置是一致的,表明壁面附近局部气泡附着会造成壁温的局部升高,导致传热恶化。     

硼酸浓度及热面倾角对沸腾换热影响的实验研究

基于搭建的加热面倾斜可调式沸腾传热实验装置,通过对比蒸馏水沸腾换热实验与实验关联式,在验证实验装置及测量方法可靠性的基础上,对不同浓度硼酸溶液在不同加热面倾斜角下的沸腾换热特性进行了实验研究和比较,获得了硼酸浓度和加热面倾斜角变化时的平均换热系数。实验结果表明,对于浓度为1.3~9.5 g/kg的硼酸溶液,换热系数随着浓度的增加而增大,但是达到5 5 g/kg后趋于平缓;相同浓度时不同倾斜角下平均换热系数最大相差8%。     

光管及窄环隙流道池沸腾换热实验研究

本文在常压下以水为工质,对管外及窄环隙流道池沸腾换热进行了可视化实验,结果表明：汽泡扰动并不是沸腾换热系数高的主要原因,液体过冷使核沸腾的换热能力降低,窄隙流道内的沸腾换热机理与普通的大容积沸腾没有明显区别。文中还根据观察和测量到的结果对一些换热现象重新进行了解释。     

煤油和空气的混合流体水平管内沸腾换热实验研究

以煤油为介质,在高不凝气体含量下对水平管内的沸腾换热进行了实验研究,得到了在不同的不凝气体含量范围内,沸腾换热系数随不凝气体含量增加而降低的规律．实验结果表明了不凝气体的加入使得煤油的分压降低,泡点温度降低,在较低的混合流体温度下就产生了沸腾,但不凝气体对核态沸腾换热存在抑制现象．采用渐进逼近模型给出了含不凝气体的煤油管内沸腾换热的实验关联式。     

实心与空心锥形喷雾与热多孔介质相互作用的数值研究

在KIVA-3V中增加了油滴碰撞热多孔介质壁面的碰撞模型、传热模型及空心喷雾的线性不稳定性液膜破碎模型(LISA).在多孔介质结构简化描述的基础上,详细模拟了实心喷雾与空心锥形油雾与热多孔介质之间的碰撞过程.针对Senda等人的实验进行了数值计算,油束碰壁后油滴和油蒸汽分布的数值计算结果与实验结果吻合得很好.计算结果表明油雾在碰撞到热多孔介质后,油束会发生分裂,为油滴的快速蒸发和油蒸汽与空气充分混合创造了前提.油滴初始动能相同的条件下,空心喷雾的油滴穿越多孔介质的可能性比实心喷雾要小.     

Polydisperse spray diffusion flames in oscillating flow

The phenomenon of droplet clustering or grouping found when a spray of droplets is moving in an oscillating host flow field is investigated for the case of a polydisperse spray that fuels a laminar co-flow diffusion flame. A mathematical solution is developed for the liquid phase based on use of small Stokes numbers for size sections into which the polydisperse spray size distribution is divided. Droplet clustering in the oscillatory flow field is accounted for by constructing a special model for the sectional vaporization Damkohler numbers in accordance with droplet size. Combining this with a formal solution for a gas phase Schvab-Zel'dovich variable yields the means whereby flame dynamics can be described. Results calculated from this solution demonstrate that preferential droplet size behaviour (with smaller droplets tending to cluster to a greater extent and reduce the vaporization Damkohler number more than larger ones) can have a major impact on the flame dynamics through local droplet enrichment with attendant consequences on the production of fuel vapour. The dynamics of the sort of flame (over- or under-ventilated) and the occurrence of flame pinching leading to multiple flame sheets are altered under these circumstances. However, potential control of the actual initial spray polydispersity may reduce the intensity of such effects.     

A spray flamelet/progress variable approach combined with a transported joint PDF model for turbulent spray flames

A spray flamelet/progress variable approach is developed for use in spray combustion with partly pre-vaporised liquid fuel, where a laminar spray flamelet library accounts for evaporation within the laminar flame structures. For this purpose, the standard spray flamelet formulation for pure evaporating liquid fuel and oxidiser is extended by a chemical reaction progress variable in both the turbulent spray flame model and the laminar spray flame structures, in order to account for the effect of pre-vaporised liquid fuel for instance through use of a pilot flame. This new approach is combined with a transported joint probability density function (PDF) method for the simulation of a turbulent piloted ethanol/air spray flame, and the extension requires the formulation of a joint three-variate PDF depending on the gas phase mixture fraction, the chemical reaction progress variable, and gas enthalpy. The molecular mixing is modelled with the extended interaction-by-exchange-with-the-mean (IEM) model, where source terms account for spray evaporation and heat exchange due to evaporation as well as the chemical reaction rate for the chemical reaction progress variable. This is the first formulation using a spray flamelet model considering both evaporation and partly pre-vaporised liquid fuel within the laminar spray flamelets. Results with this new formulation show good agreement with the experimental data provided by A.R. Masri, Sydney, Australia. The analysis of the Lagrangian statistics of the gas temperature and the OH mass fraction indicates that partially premixed combustion prevails near the nozzle exit of the spray, whereas further downstream, the non-premixed flame is promoted towards the inner rich-side of the spray jet since the pilot flame heats up the premixed inner spray zone. In summary, the simulation with the new formulation considering the reaction progress variable shows good performance, greatly improving the standard formulation, and it provides new insight into the local structure of this complex spray flame.     

On Preparation of Non‐Disrupted Particles by Spray Pyrolysis

Using spray pyrolysis, solid fully‐filled zirconia particles were synthesized at relatively high reactor temperatures (～ 400 °C) by adding NaCl as impurities to zirconium hydroxychloride (ZHC) precursor that would have lead to the formation of hollow disrupted particles otherwise. FE‐SEM images show that at comparable concentration of NaCl and ZHC both cubic and spherical NaCl/ZrO₂ particles form. The particle characteristics were varied by varying solute concentration, type, and solvent content. Addition of NaCl caused the formation of both cubic and spherical particles which were non‐disrupted at even high temperatures. According to the EDS compositional analysis, the cubic particles had more Na content while the spherical ones had higher Zr content. It is concluded that growth mechanism of NaCl particles is different from that of zirconia particles. Drying of the former even at high temperatures leads to the formation of solid, fully‐filled, porous particles, whereas hollow, disrupted particles are formed using the latter.     

Large eddy simulation of a turbulent spray jet generated by high-pressure injection: impact of the in-nozzle flow

The turbulence properties of a gas spray jet generated through the injection of a high-pressure atomising spray were studied in the context of the Euler–Lagrange formulation using a large eddy simulation (LES) approach. The study's main aim was to investigate nozzle flow effects on flow and turbulence statistics for a two-phase jet flow in the near and far fields of the spray. The study investigated the injection of an existing in-nozzle flow at the spray inlet. Simulation results were compared with measurements obtained for non-evaporating sprays under quasi-steady conditions, which, in practice, correspond to a long-duration injection. Both simulated high-injection pressure cases showed a good agreement with experimental data. A two-stage evolution of the spray was observed. The flow of the gas jet first developed along the spray cone, followed by the appearance of highly vortical structures around and within the spray. Cavitation in the nozzle flow resulted in an observed asymmetry of the generated gas spray jet: on the gas spray jet side of the nozzle (relative to the cavitation side), stronger jet spreading occurred, and droplets were smaller and slower. The spray jet typically exhibited an ellipsoidal cross-sectional shape. The paper provides a characterisation of the asymmetry that persisted for the duration of the spray evolution (at least for the distances considered here).     

溶液液滴在热等离子体射流中的运动和蒸发

为考察溶液注入热等离子体喷涂过程中喷雾参数对涂层质量的影响,本文建立了溶液液滴在热等离子体中运动蒸发的数学模型。模拟了液滴在不同参数下的运动和蒸发的过程,考虑了液滴、热等离子气流及液滴表面气体混合物随温度及组分的物性变化以及斯蒂芬流的影响,得到液滴的运动轨迹,蒸发速率以及半径和表面温度的变化。结果表明在一定范围内增大液...     

动态微粒场分析的同轴全息技术

本文描述了采用同轴远场全息术测量柴油机动态油雾场的实验方法和原理,并讨论了横向放大率、全息图的衍射效率及离焦象几个方面的问题。     

喷淋高度对氨喷雾相变冷却特性的影响

喷雾相变冷却具有高热流密度的换热能力,本文通过建立喷雾相变冷却实验系统,以液氨为工质,使用单喷嘴,对冷却面为2.5 cm×1.2 cm的热沉进行了实验研究。结果表明:以氨为工质的喷雾相变冷却具有较高的换热能力;在热流密度达到400W/cm~2时,热沉表面的温度在15℃以下;在实验工况不变时,随喷嘴喷淋高度的降低,临界热流密度值(CHF)增大,最大换热系数可达95000 W/(m~2·K)。     

SPRAY COOLING OF HIGH TEMPERATURE METALS USING HIGH MASS FLUX INDUSTRIAL NOZZLES

Systematic experiments were conducted for the spray cooling of high-temperature stainless steel using three different types of industrial sprays: full cone and flat hydraulic nozzles and a flat air-mist nozzle. In the present study, a wide range of mass flux (1.5–30 kg/m²sec) is covered, which has never been thoroughly investigated before. Orientations with respect to gravity and spray angle were also explored.

The data have been analyzed and correlated. The results of this study will be important to the product quality control in industries by providing a good estimation of heat flux at different mass flux, spray types, and surface temperatures, especially for spray cooling of stainless steel and other metals with similar thermal properties.     

大流量时多股射流静电雾化研究

为了使静电雾化在大流量时能够应用，本文研究了具有多股射流的某些喷咀。试验表明：多股射流中的每股射流仍然是圆锥体一射流模式，但是具有不稳定性。由此引起了ＰＤＡ（相位粒度分析仪）测量结果的畸变。同时试验还揭示，每股射流及其雾化依赖于喷咀不同部位的局部主要参数，使得均匀性受到影响。基于稳定性和均匀性之间很强的相互作用，本文提出了增加稳定性及改善均匀性的一些措施。