基于半波法的双向张弦梁结构索力测试试验研究

双向张弦梁结构的索力测试是预应力张拉结构健康监测的核心内容,精确测试拉索的索力关系到整个结构的安全。双向张弦梁结构中拉索长径比较小,且是双向多跨拉索,拉索的撑杆边界条件比较复杂,传统的索力计算方法难以精确地识别出这类拉索的索力。针对这类拉索的索力识别问题,进行了双向张弦梁结构试验模型的索力测试试验研究。利用模态试验给出了模型拉索的模态信息,利用半波法索力识别技术测试了不同长径比的拉索索力。试验结果表明,基于半波法能够精确地测试出双向张弦梁结构拉索的索力,并且采用高阶模态信息计算的索力比低阶模态信息计算的索力要精确。为在役预应力张拉结构的健康监测提供了新的途径。     

复杂承载钢结构模态参数识别与综合性能评价

提出了根据动力特性试验识别结构的模态参数,运用优化算法修改动力有限元模型,进而评价复杂承载钢结构练合性能的方法.针对复杂承载钢结构的结构特点和激振形式,推导了模态参数识别公式;介绍了有限元模型动力修正的一阶搜索优化算法.利用近似平稳随机激励,对井架钢结构进行了现场模态试验,识别出前三阶固有频率和前二阶振型,分析了该结构的实际运行状况.仅依据前二阶固有频率,应用一阶搜索的优化算法,对动力有限元模型进行了修正,重分析表明:该修正模型实现了前三阶固有频率和应力特征的精确反演,能够用于进一步的静、动力分析和综合性能评价.     

不同骨料混凝土剪切断裂试验及数值分析

利用四点剪切加载的试验方法对不同骨料混凝土的双边切口试件进行了详细的试验研究。研究表明骨料不同的混凝土试件,其宏观断裂行为存在很大的不同,并且P-Δu曲线呈现出较大的差异,从而为进一步研究混凝土的断裂机理提供了参考。本文在试验研究基础上,建立了与试验模型相对应的三维有限元模型,利用有限元工程分析软件,对混凝土四点剪切的断裂力学行为进行了分析。结果表明,由于混凝土材料本身力学性能的特殊性-其抗拉强度较其抗压抗剪强度要低得多,所以裂纹尖端处的应力场分布状态是导致混凝土纯剪加载下的张拉破坏和剪切破坏的主要原因。     

复杂加载下混凝土的弹塑性本构模型

混凝土材料在不同应力路径下或复杂加载条件下会表现出差异性显著的应力应变关系,在小幅循环加载条件下,其应力应变关系会表现出类似于弹性变形的滞回曲线.在不同应力水平下,混凝土的应力应变关系以及破坏特性都具有静水压力相关特点,即随着静水压力增大,各向异性强度特性弱化.此外,混凝土受压及受拉破坏机理不同,因而对应于混凝土硬化损伤亦有不同,即可分为受压硬化损伤,受拉硬化损伤及两者的混合硬化损伤类型.基于Hsieh模型,对该模型进行了三点改进.（1）针对小幅循环加载下混凝土无塑性变形的试验规律,而模型中在应力水平较低的循环加载条件下始终存在塑性变形的预测问题,采用在边界面模型框架下,设置了应力空间的弹性域,初始屈服面与后续临界状态屈服面几何相似的假定.（2）基于广义非线性强度准则将原模型采用变换应力方法将其推广为三维弹塑性本构模型,采用变换后模型可合理的考虑不同应力路径对于子午面以及偏平面上静水压力效应形成的影响,并避免了边界面应力点奇异问题.（3）分别对拉压两种加载损伤模式建议了相应的硬化参数表达式,可分别用于描述上述加载中产生的应变软化及强度退化行为.基于多种加载路径模拟表明:所建立的三维弹塑性本构模型可合理地用于描述混凝土的一般应力应变关系特性.      

温度变化对钢结构动力学响应的影响分析

为了研究钢材料结构在同时受到压力和温度作用时的结构响应,利用热-力耦合结构动力学有限元程序,对不同物性参数随温度变化时的钢结构进行了动力学响应计算,并进行了对比分析.数值模拟结果表明,钢结构受到的应力会随着温度的变化而变化,温度较高时的结构响应计算需要考虑温度的影响,尤其是塑性硬化模型等参数变化时,结构响应会有较大的影响.     

金属拉扭强度关于材料声速及加载速率最小二乘法的回归模型

为了研究不同加载速率下金属的拉扭强度及其预测方法,利用声发射检测仪及电子拉扭试验机分别对铸铁和中碳钢标准试件进行了声速测定及不同加载速率、加载路径下的拉伸-扭转组合变形试验,得到了各试件材料的声速值及相应加载方案下的载荷-变形曲线;根据平面应力状态及强度理论,推导出了材料拉扭破坏的最大正应力、最大剪应力;利用试验中采集的最大轴力、最大扭矩计算得到了材料的拉扭破坏应力、破坏面方向;基于最小二乘法拟合得到了材料拉扭强度关于材料声速值、拉伸与扭转加载速率的多元回归模型。研究表明:随着拉伸与扭转加载速率的增加,铸铁、碳钢的破坏应力分别呈现总体上升、总体下降的趋势;相同加载速率、不同加载路径下材料的破坏强度各不相同;建立的回归模型能较好地预测给定材料在不同加载速率下的破坏应力,并以此建立塑性及脆性材料的拉扭强度条件。     

1.09万m^3蛋形壳体结构无粘结预应力张拉分析

本文通过对杭州市四堡污水处理石蛋形消化池无粘结预应力张拉对混凝土结构影响的试验研究,测定了张拉应力的影响范围,分析了预应力张拉工艺,比较了规范与施工相近有关系数的取值,提出了供设计、施工参考采用的控制张拉力和张拉工艺等。     

单裂隙流-固耦合渗流的试验研究

通过对较大尺寸的单裂隙岩体试块进行不同侧面加载的渗流试验,在实验室里开展了单裂隙流 固耦合渗流研究,模拟核废料贮藏库的围岩自由面的最危险部位的渗流量 应力耦合状态。分析了裂隙岩体渗流与应力的耦合机理,获得了几种典型情况下的试验数据,并拟合出不同应力条件下单裂隙岩体渗流量与应力间数学经验公式。从而说明并非任一方向的应力增加都能使渗流量减小,而是裂隙岩体的渗流量随着双向压应力的增加而减少,随着平行于裂隙面方向的单向压应力的增加而增加。缝隙开度虽然随着法向应力的增加而逐渐减小,但最终不可能完全闭合,所以,此时流量不可能为零。同时,在试验过程中还通过闭环控制来实现被加载面的均匀受力,这为大尺寸岩体试验提供了一种很好的加载方法。     

粉末冶金涡轮盘简单模拟件低周疲劳寿命研究

采用光滑圆棒试样和带孔平板试样,对不同温度下的镍基粉末高温合金(FGH95)的低周疲劳(LCF)寿命进行了试验研究和有限元分析。在详细分析试验和有限元计算结果的基础上,提出了复杂应力状态下的低周疲劳寿命模型。模型寿命表达为真实应力幅的函数,模型参数由不同应力水平加载作用下的光滑圆棒试样试验结果给定,进一步采用涡轮盘简单模拟件即带孔平板试样对比验证LCF寿命模型的有效性。有限元计算结果显示,理论预测寿命与试验结果能很好地吻合。     

考虑平均应力的同频拉扭多轴高周疲劳寿命评价方法

目前基于临界平面理论的高周疲劳寿命预测模型, 大都充分考虑了法向平均应力对材料疲劳寿命的影响, 但是没有有效反映剪切平均应力对疲劳寿命的影响. 通过分析7075-T651铝合金的试验数据发现, 与法向拉平均应力类似, 剪切平均应力同样对材料的疲劳寿命产生不利影响. 因此, 如果寿命预测模型中忽略剪切平均应力的影响, 存在明显剪切平均应力加载工况下, 预测寿命可能偏于危险. 由此, 本文定义具有较大法向应力的最大剪应力范围平面为临界平面, 建立了一个能够同时反映法向和剪切平均应力影响的高周疲劳寿命预测模型, 并给出了模型中材料常数的确定方法. 新模型首先将基于应变的Fatemi-Socie准则, 推广到材料的高周疲劳寿命预测, 给出了Fatemi-Socie准则的应力表述形式. 然后, 引入剪切和法向Walker因子, 反映剪切和法向平均应力对材料疲劳寿命的影响. 剪切和法向Walker因子的取值都介于0和1之间, 不同取值反映了材料对剪切和法向平均应力敏感程度的不同. 新模型适用于范围内的金属塑性材料. 利用5种材料在12种存在平均应力加载工况下的试验数据, 对所建模型进行了试验验证, 结果表明预测结果与试验结果吻合良好, 绝大多数寿命预测结果分布在3倍误差带以内.      

预应力锚索抗滑桩设计中确定锚索预应力值的一种方法

在现有预应力锚索抗滑桩设计中确定锚索预应力值的各种方法的基础上 ,考虑了预应力锚索抗滑桩在工作期间承受滑坡推力的变化 ,提出将锚索、桩及桩锚固段周围岩土作为一个整体根据长期作用荷载来进行锚索预应力值计算的方法 ,对于短期作用的最危险荷载则在锚索与桩的承载力设计中予以考虑。算例分析表明 ,该方法能使锚索桩长期处于较为有利的受力状态 ,从而提高了其安全余量     

Superelastic shape memory alloy cables: Part II – Subcomponent isothermal responses

This paper constitutes the second part of our experimental study of the thermo-mechanical behavior of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy cables. Part I introduced the fundamental, room temperature, tensile responses of two cable designs (7 × 7 right regular lay, and 1 × 27 alternating lay). In Part II, each cable behavior is studied further by breaking down the response into the contributions of its hierarchical subcomponents. Selected wire strands were extracted from the two cable constructions, and their quasi-static tension responses were measured using the same experimental setup of Part I. Consistent with the shallow wire helix angles in the 7 × 7 construction, the force–elongation responses of the core wire, 1 × 7 core strand and full 7 × 7 cable were similar on a normalized basis, with only a slight decrease in transformation force plateaus and slight increase in plateau strains in this specimen sequence. By contrast, each successive 1 × 27 component (1 × 6 core strand, 1 × 15 strand, and full cable) included an additional outer layer of wires with a larger number of wires, greater helix radius, and deeper helix angle, so the normalized axial load responses became significantly more compliant. Each specimen in the sequence also exhibited progressively larger strains at failure, reaching 40% strain in the full 1 × 27 cable.Stress-induced phase transformations involved localized strain/temperature and front propagation in all of the tested 7 × 7 components but none of the 1 × 27 components aside from the 1 × 27 core wire. Stereo digital image correlation measurements revealed finer features within a global transformation front of the 1 × 7 core strand than the 7 × 7 cable, consisting of an staggered pattern of individual wire fronts that moved in lock-step during elongation. Although the 1 × 27 multi-layer strands exhibited temperature/strain localizations in a distributed pattern during transformations, the localizations did not propagate and their cause was traced back to contact indentations (stress concentrations) arising from the cable’s fabrication. The normalized axial torque responses of the multi-layer 1 × 27 components during transformation were distinctly non-monotonic and complex, due to the alternating handedness of the layers. Force and torque contributions of individual wire layers were deduced by subtracting 1 × 27 component responses, which helped to clarify the transformation kinetics within each layer and explain the unusual force and torque undulations seen in the 1 × 27 cable response of Part I.     

预应力锚索加固岩体的应力损失分析

预应力锚索加固岩体的效果取决于预应力的大小。为了保持岩体长期稳定，必须长期保持有足够的预应力。岩体随时间产生的变形、锚索松驰、腐蚀、结构的不同等因素都将造成锚索预应力损失。这对加固效果带来不良影响。本文着重研究岩体随时间的变形产生的预应力损失。     

巨型钢框架——拉索吊挂结构拉索参数确定方法

如何确定拉索参数是巨型钢框架——拉索吊挂结构的关键问题. 基于简化模型推导了竖向载荷下结构内力及变形的求解方程;依据牛顿定律分析了水平载荷作用下, 不同的滑移状态拉索对框架受力变形的影响, 得到了拉索索力增量最大值的关系式;最终, 根据"正常使用状态下, 巨型梁的挠度满足规范要求"的拉索参数确定准则, 建立了首先确定拉索截面积、再确定拉索预拉力的确定方法. 为巨型钢框架-拉索吊挂结构的性能评判和初步设计奠定理论基础.     

Experimental and numerical studies on the collapse behavior of tensegrity systems considering cable rupture and strut collapse with snap-through

Researches on the collapse behavior of a 3×3×0.7 m tensegrity grid have been conducted with the aim of examining the accuracy of the proposed numerical procedure for investigating the localization or propagation of collapse in these systems. The experimental program consists of tests on the constituent elements and collapse test on the whole system. In the current study, two types of collapse due to sudden rupture of a cable element and buckling of a strut were examined in the studied tensegrity model under load control. It was found that the most important factors that influence the collapse behavior of the tensegrity model are the imperfection amplitude, damping factors and residual stresses of the buckled struts. Based on the obtained results, the finite element model were adjusted, compared and validated with the experimental results until reliable and robust numerical model were achieved.     

Superelastic shape memory alloy cables: Part I – Isothermal tension experiments

Cables (or wire ropes) made from NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) wires are relatively new and unexplored structural elements that combine many of the advantages of conventional cables with the adaptive properties of SMAs (shape memory and superelasticity) and have a broad range of potential applications. In this two part series, an extensive set of uniaxial tension experiments was performed on two Nitinol cable constructions, a 7 × 7 right regular lay and a 1 × 27 alternating lay, to characterize their superelastic behavior in room temperature air. Details of the evolution of strain and temperature fields were captured by simultaneous stereo digital image correlation and infrared imaging, respectively. Here in Part I, the nearly isothermal, superelastic responses of the two cable designs are presented and compared. Overall, the 7 × 7 construction has a mechanical response similar to that of straight wires with propagating transformation fronts and distinct stress plateaus during stress-induced transformations. The 1 × 27 construction, however, exhibits a more compliant and stable mechanical response, trading a decreased force for additional elongation, and does not exhibit transformation fronts due to the deeper helix angles of the layers. In Part II that follows, selected subcomponents are dissected from the two cable’s hierarchical constructions to experimentally break down the cable’s responses.     

索网主动反射面初始平衡状态的确定

结合大射电望远镜中索网主动反射面实例给出了一种基于最小二乘优化模型求解索网结构初始平衡状态的方法.该模型以悬索长度和节点外力载荷为设计变量,在一定的约束条件下追求索网的平衡状态与指定的几何形状最为接近.根据悬索悬链线解析表达式推导出索端位置和索端拉力与悬索长度之间的关系,从而可以得到优化所需的敏度信息.数值算例中给出了分析的详细过程,验证了算法的有效性.     

预应力锚索复合土钉支护的现场测试研究

结合北京熊猫环岛地铁车站深基坑支护工程,通过对预应力锚索与土钉联合使用条件下土钉轴力随时间变化、土钉轴力沿长度的分布、土钉轴力最大值的分布、锚索预应力的变化等现场测试及分析,从力学机制上研究了预应力锚索复合土钉的工作机理,研究表明:(1)土钉受力具有时间效应及开挖效应;(2)土钉轴力形成和空间分布与基坑潜在滑动趋势有关;(3)预应力锚索对作用范围内土钉轴力空间分布有一定影响;(4)预应力锚索可减小坡体位移,使得各土钉轴力相对减小,改善坡体应力状态;(5)工作状态下,土钉和预应力锚索的受力状态变化相互影响较小,各自发挥作用。     

双曲面摩擦摆支座典型桥梁的地震响应研究

为研究不同因素对粤东高烈度地区双曲面摩擦摆支座高速公路典型桥梁工程地震响应的影响,选取潮安韩江特大桥主桥(55+4×90+55)m为研究对象,该桥所有墩梁之间均采用双曲面摩擦摆支座。采用ANSYS有限元软件建立全桥模型,基于时程分析法研究了多种因素下桥梁结构的地震响应。研究表明,在纵桥向地震动激励下,桩土的相互作用对各桥墩墩底地震响应影响显著;栓钉全部剪断比栓钉全部不剪断的各桥墩墩底弯矩和剪力分布更均匀,桥墩上的固定支座栓钉不剪断将会增加该桥墩的弯矩、剪力以及支座剪力,但对其他桥墩的影响较小;该研究成果可应用于带栓钉的摩擦摆支座桥梁的地震响应分析。     

Rain-wind-induced vibrations of a simple oscillator

In this paper a relatively simple mechanical oscillator which may be used to study rain-wind-induced vibrations of stay cables of cable-stayed bridges is considered. In recent publications, mention is made of vibrations of (inclined) stay cables which are excited by a wind field containing rain drops. The rain drops that hit the cables generate a rivulet on the surface of the cable. The presence of flowing water on the cable changes the cross section of the cable experienced by the wind field. A symmetric flow pattern around the cable with circular cross section may become asymmetric due to the presence of the rivulet and may consequently induce a lift force as a mechanism for vibration. During the motion of the cable the position of rivulet(s) may vary as the motion of the cable induces an additional varying aerodynamic force perpendicular to the direction of the wind field. It seems not too easy to model this phenomenon, several author state that there is no model available yet.The idea to model this problem is to consider a horizontal cylinder supported by springs in such a way that only one degree of freedom, i.e. vertical vibration is possible. We consider a ridge on the surface of the cylinder parallel to the axis of the cylinder. Additionally, let the cylinder with ridge be able to oscillate, with small amplitude, around the axis such that the oscillations are excited by an external force.It may be clear that the small amplitude oscillations of the cylinder and hence of the ridge induce a varying lift and drag force. In this approach it is assumed that the motion of the ridge models the dynamics of the rivulet(s) on the cable. By using a quasi-steady approach to model the aerodynamic forces, one arrives at a non-linear second-order equation displaying three different kinds of excitation mechanisms: self-excitation, parametric excitation and ordinary forcing. The first results of the analysis of the equation of motion show that even in a linear approximation for certain values of the parameters involved, stable periodic motions are possible. In the relevant cases where in linear approximation unstable periodic motions are found, results of an analysis of the non-linear equation are presented.