An approximate theory for the sound radiated from a periodic line-supported plate

An approximate method is presented for estimating the sound power radiated by an infinite plate, supported elastically along parallel, equi-spaced lines and subjected to a simple pressure field convecting uniformly over the plate in a direction perpendicular to the supports. Suitable complex modes are assumed for the induced plate flexural wave motion, and an energy method is used to estimate the plate response and the radiated sound power. The effect on the plate response of the acoustic loading is taken into account. The influence of the convection velocity (which may be subsonic) and of certain plate parameters is investigated.     

The response of a beam to a transient pressure wave load

The dynamic behaviour of beam structures under pressure waves is investigated. The propagation of the bending waves under a moving single load is first studied for three types of beam: a Bernoulli-Euler beam, a beam with shear deflection and a Timoshenko beam. Then the responses of the Bernoulli-Euler and the Timoshenko beam are studied under moving pressure wave excitation. The results are presented as dynamic amplification factors (DAF). The influence of the load parameters (load shape, propagation speed, pressure wave duration, etc.) and the beam parameters (slenderness, damping, etc.) is discussed. The load shape (symmetrical, asymmetrical) and the propagation speed strongly influence the response. The results are compared with available approximate solutions for the corresponding lumped element, single degree of freedom model of the structure.     

Measurement of parameters of low-intensity shock wave under nonuniform flow conditions

Under the experimental studies carried out to reduce the sonic boom intensity created by the aircraft by means of active action, the problem of measuring the shock wave parameters in nonuniform flow is considered. Comparison of the pressure profiles behind the shock wave obtained by means of a drained measuring plate and a comb of brake pressure probes is given. It is shown that the technique using brake pressure probes provides an acceptable reliability of pressure distributions measurements in the near zone of the model. The use of the drained plate leads to significant errors in measuring under nonuniform flow conditions. Analysis of the causes of signal distortion is carried out. The procedure for experimental data processing is presented.     

Nonperturbing measurements of spatially distributed underwater acoustic fields using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer

Localized changes in the density of water induced by the presence of an acoustic field cause perturbations in the localized refractive index. This relationship has given rise to a number of nonperturbing optical metrology techniques for recording measurement parameters from underwater acoustic fields. A method that has been recently developed involves the use of a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) targeted at a fixed, nonvibrating, plate through an underwater acoustic field. Measurements of the rate of change of optical pathlength along a line section enable the identification of the temporal and frequency characteristics of the acoustic wave front. This approach has been extended through the use of a scanning LDV, which facilitates the measurement of a range of spatially distributed parameters. A mathematical model is presented that relates the distribution of pressure amplitude and phase in a planar wave front with the rate of change of optical pathlength measured by the LDV along a specifically orientated laser line section. Measurements of a 1 MHz acoustic tone burst generated by a focused transducer are described and the results presented. Graphical depictions of the acoustic power and phase distribution recorded by the LDV are shown, together with images representing time history during the acoustic wave propagation.     

Interference of opposing longitudinal acoustic waves in an isotropic absorbing plate and a periodic structure with defects

Interference of longitudinal acoustic waves propagating in opposite directions in a homogeneous isotropic absorbing plate and a periodic structure with a defect is considered theoretically. The periodic structure consists of alternating absorbing solid and transparent liquid layers. The defect is modeled by replacing a solid layer by a liquid layer of the same thickness. The dependences of the transmission spectrum of the energy flux on the amplitude ratio and phase difference of the interacting waves are studied. It is shown that, by varying the parameters of the opposite pressure wave, it is possible to change the transmission spectrum of the direct wave in a wide frequency range. An expression is obtained to determine the extremums of the wave amplitude transmitted through an absorbing plate depending on the amplitude ratio of the interacting waves. The results of studying a one-dimensional periodic structure demonstrate the possibility to considerably change the transmission spectrum of the pressure wave leaving the structure and also to eliminate the invariance of this spectrum under the interchange of the kth and (n?k+1)th layers (where n is the total number of layers in the structure).     

Flowfield features on hypersonic flow over rectangular obstacles

The complex separated flows induced by shock wave/boundary layer interaction were studied at hypersonic speed of Mach number 5. The experimental results on hypersonic flow over a set of rectangular cylinders are presented in this paper. The rectangular cylinder mounted on a flat plate worked as a typical model to simulate the obstacle on the vehicle surface. The effects of flow interaction on the aerodynamic characteristics have to be predicted for various geometrical parameters. So the static pressure distributions on the model surface were measured, the complex shock wave system was shown by schlieren photos, and the separated flow patterns around the obstacle were visualized by oil flow technique. All of the results describe the interactive flowfield features including peak pressure levels and their locations as well as separated boundaries associated with influence regions.     

Focusing of an oscillating shock wave emitted by a toroidal bubble cloud

An analysis of pressure-field dynamics is performed for an axially symmetric problem of interaction between a shock wave and a “free” bubble system (toroidal cluster) giving rise to a steady oscillating shock wave. The results of a numerical study of near-axis wave structure are presented for a focusing shock wave emitted by a bubble cluster. It is shown that the wave reflected from the axis has irregular structure. The Mach disk developing on the axis has a core of finite thickness with a nonuniform radial pressure distribution. The evolution of the Mach-disk core is analyzed, and the maximum pressure in the core is computed as a function of the gas volume fraction in the cluster. The effect of geometric parameters of the toroidal bubble cloud on the cumulative effect is examined.     

Piezoelectric transducer parameter selection for exciting a single mode from multiple modes of Lamb waves

Excitation and propagation of Lamb waves by using rectangular and circular piezoelectric transducers surface-bonded to an isotropic plate are investigated in this work. Analytical stain wave solutions are derived for the two transducer shapes, giving the responses of these transducers in Lamb wave fields. The analytical study is supported by a numerical simulation using the finite element method. Symmetric and antisymmetric components in the wave propagation responses are inspected in detail with respect to test parameters such as the transducer geometry, the length and the excitation frequency. By placing only one piezoelectric transducer on the top or the bottom surface of the plate and weakening the strength of one mode while enhancing the strength of the other modes to find the centre frequency, with which the peak wave amplitude ratio between the S0 and A0 modes is maximum, a single mode excitation from the multiple modes of the Lamb waves can be achieved approximately. Experimental data are presented to show the validity of the analyses. The results are used to optimize the Lamb wave detection system.     

Near-field acoustic characteristics of screech jet exhausted from a nozzle with a hard reflecting plate

The standing wave in the near field of the screech jet exhausted from a nozzle with a hard plate works on the jet flow as the forcing wave by the location of a reflecting plate, and then jet flow is considered to be changed. Moreover, the reflector location from the nozzle changes the sound pressure contours of the near field. Intensity maps of the screech tone which indicate the propagation to the jet axial direction or the radial direction of the jet by the presence of the reflector plate have not been explored. In the present paper, acoustic characteristics in the near field of the screech tone with the reflecting plate are studied using an optical wave microphone, which can measure the sound propagating for both vertical and horizontal directions to the jet axis. As a result, the standing wave in the near field of the screech jet with the reflector has two types: One is the standing wave between the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuation propagating jet downstream and the sound pressure propagating upstream, and the other is the standing wave by the difference between the wavelength of the sound wave and the wavelength at the place close to the jet.     

Real-time analysis of partially polarized light with a space-variant subwavelength dielectric grating

A novel method for real-time polarization measurement is presented. The method is based on a space-variant wave plate that we realized as a computer-generated space-variant subwavelength dielectric grating. The Stokes parameters of the incident beam are determined by Fourier analysis of the space-variant intensity transmitted through the grating and an analyzer. We discuss the design and realization of such wave plates and demonstrate our technique with polarization measurements of both polarized and partially polarized CO(2)-laser radiation at a wavelength of 10.6 mum.     

Computer simulation of expansion of a carbon laser plasma after ablation in nitrogen atmosphere

Computer simulation is employed for analyzing the dynamics of plasma expansion in nitrogen under a pressure of 103 and 104 Pa after the action of a nanosecond laser pulse on a graphite plate for obtaining carbonitride nanofilms with the help of laser ablation technology. The binary gas mixture is described using a macroscopic quasi-gasdynamic model taking into account momentum and energy transfer between mixture components. The results of simulation are compared for various initial values of temperature and pressure of the laser jet with the results of direct Monte Carlo simulation and with experimental data. The possibility of controlling the shock wave propagation modes after ablation by varying the initial values of gasdynamic parameters is demonstrated. The effect of nitrogen atmosphere on the propagation of the laser jet is studied.     

Visualization of impinging supersonic free jet on a tilt plate by LIF and PSP

The flow field structures of low density supersonic free jets impinging on a tilt plate are studied by hybrid use of LIF (Laser Induced Fluorescence) and PSP (Pressure Sensitive Paint). The jet through an orifice flows into a low pressure chamber and impinges on the tilt plate with angle from jet axis 45, 60 or 90 degrees. A plane including the jet axis and the normal of the plate is visualized by LIF of seeded iodine molecules, scanning a laser beam along the jet axis. On the other hand, the pressure distribution on the tilt plate is visualized by PSP. In comparing the results of the two methods, the complicated shock wave system is analyzed. Deformations of the Mach disk and the barrel shock are also confirmed.     

Three-Dimensional Scattering of an Incident Plane Shear Horizontal Guided Wave by a Partly through-Thickness Hole in a Plate

We investigate the three-dimensional(3D) scattering problem of an incident plane shear horizontal wave by a partly through-thickness hole in an isotropic plate,in which the Lamb wave modes are also included due to the mode conversions by the scattering obstacle in the 3D problem.An analytical model is presented such that the wave fields are expanded in all of propagating and evanescent SH modes and Lamb modes,and the scattered far-fields of three fundamental guided wave modes are analyzed numerically for different sizes of the holes and frequencies.The numerical results are verified by comparing with those obtained by using the approximate Poisson/Mindlin plate model for small hole radius and low frequency.It is also found that the scattering patterns are different from those of the SO wave incidence.Our work is useful for quantitative evaluation of the plate-like structure by ultrasonic guided waves.     

Generation and Modulation of Phase Difference of Output Intensities in a Feedback Nd:YAG Laser with an Extracavity Waveplate Rotated

External anisotropic feedback effects on the phase difference behaviour of output intensities in a microchip Nd：YAG laser are presented. By rotating a quarter wave plate placed in the external cavity, the angle between laser initial polarization direction and o-axis of the wave plate is tuned from -45°to 45°, which results in variable extra-cavity birefringence along two orthogonal detection directions. With only one optical path and one wave plate, laser intensities of the two orthogonal directions, both modulated by the external cavity length, are output with a tunable phase difference, which can be continuously changed from zero to twice as large as that of the waveplate. Experimental results as well as a theoretical analysis based on Fabry-Perot cavity equivalent model and the refractive index ellipsoid, are presented. The potential applications of this phenomenon are also discussed.     

Wave propagation in a two-dimensional plane straight duct with panels embedded in its sidewalls

This paper presents analytical solutions of the problem of two-dimensional pressure wave propagation in a plane straight duct with rigid spring-supported wall panels. The problems of non-stationary and single-frequency pressure wave propagation in a semi-infinite duct with a moving piston and with panels locally embedded in the sidewalls are studied. Rigid panels are embedded in the sidewalls such that they can carry out small amplitude oscillations perpendicular to the main duct axis. The system of the duct with panels acts as a filter. Based on this filter property, which can be described by the panel parameters, a method of computing the acoustic pressure wave distribution in the duct is presented. A wave localisation effect in the duct caused by trapped modes has been found for particular parameters of the sidewall panels.     

Recording Fractional Fourier Transform Hologram Using Holographic Zone Plate

FRTH(fractional Fourier transform hologram) is a new kind of hologram that differs from common Fresnel holograms and Fourier transform holograms. Due to the flexibility of zone plate. A method that uses the -1 order diffraction wave of zone plate as the object wave and the 0 order diffraction wave as the reference wave to record FRTH is presented. It provides a new simple way to record FRTH. In this paper, the theory of achieving FRT and recording FRTH using holographic zone plate is presented and experimental results are given.     

Recording Fractional Fourier Transform Hologram Using Holographic Zone Plate

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Elastic waves propagation in thin plate metamaterials and evidence of low frequency pseudo and local resonance bandgaps

A comprehensive numerical simulation study on elastic wave propagation for a novel engineered thin plate metamaterial structural system is presented. To enhance the accuracy of model, a mesh convergence study is validated. The wave dispersion spectra with bandgaps for three types of structures are presented. Based on local resonance phenomena, the low frequency pseudo and local resonance bandgaps are reported. Highlights are also included for the Bragg scattering induced directional bandgaps. The effects of material and geometric parameters on bandgaps are discussed. The finite element based frequency response study further validates the reported bandgaps. The conclusions provide a new perspective for designs and applications of thin plate metamaterials for subwavelength wave manipulation including seismic shielding of civil infrastructures.     

Structure of the phase transition zone in solids induced by a shock wave

The problem of a strong shock wave inducing a phase transition in a solid medium is considered. It is assumed that the solid medium transforms from a low pressure phase to a high pressure phase. A relation between the density of the medium and the function of advancement of the transition is obtained. The behaviour of some other thermodynamical parameters in the transition zone is found. All the equations are expressed in terms of dimensionless quantities and are then valid for a wide range of materials. Some particular examples as well as numerical results are presented.     

Analytic approximation to nonlinear hydroelastic waves traveling in a thin elastic plate floating on a fluid

An analytic approximation method known as the homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied to study the nonlinear hydroelastic progressive waves traveling in an infinite elastic plate such as an ice sheet or a very large floating structure (VLFS) on the surface of deep water. A convergent analytical series solution for the plate deflection is derived by choosing the optimal convergencecontrol parameter. Based on the analytical solution the effects of different parameters are considered. We find that the plate deflection becomes lower with an increasing Young’s modulus of the plate. The displacement tends to be flattened at the crest and be sharpened at the trough as the thickness of the plate increases, and the larger density of the plate also causes analogous results. Furthermore, it is shown that the hydroelastic response of the plate is greatly affected by the high-amplitude incident wave. The results obtained can help enrich our understanding of the nonlinear hydroelastic response of an ice sheet or a VLFS on the water surface.