残余应力对光弹实验中超声图像的干扰分析

动态光弹成像技术是观测固体内部超声应力场的重要手段,然而样品在制作过程中会产生残余应力,给观测带来一定干扰,特别是缺陷附近的应力集中效应,使得缺陷散射声场的研究更为困难。本文利用线性应力理论分析了超声应力与残余应力的相互关系,并推导出该叠加应力场在光弹系统中的光强表达式,通过实验验证,证明了该理论的可行性。本文结果可为应力集中区域的散射声场分析提供借鉴。     

高速动光弹系统及其应用

高速动光弹仪是动态光弹性研究的有效诊断工具,主要用于记录各种结构在动载荷作用下,不同瞬间的应力条纹图像。研究应力波的传播规律,裂纹扩展过程,固体高速变形等。通常的动光弹仪为多火花式动光弹仪。国外也有采用静态光弹仪与转镜式高速分幅相机结合的系统。我们研究调试的动光弹系统,是在高速纹影系统中加入偏振光场,即静态光弹系统、纹影系统与转镜式高速分幅相机结合。在雷管动载荷作用下,应用高压脉冲氙灯光源,单色圆偏振光亮场,获得了不同光弹模型的清晰应力条纹图像。给出应力波的传播过程和孔附近产生的应力集中现象。该系统具有摄影频率高、曝光时间短、测试灵敏度高、适于强载荷、远距离研究大尺寸光弹模型,同时具有透射式和反射式光学系统等特点。从而为动态光。弹性研究提供了有效的测试技术和诊断系统。     

表面裂纹对掠入射垂直偏振横波散射的动态光弹实验分析

利用动态光弹法研究掠入射垂直偏振横波(SV波)在表面裂纹处的散射声场,给出不同倾斜角度的表面裂纹引起的散射声场分布和简化波前示意图。以垂直表面裂纹为例,有限元仿真和电法测量分别直接地和间接地证明了光弹实验结果的可靠性。表面裂纹引起的各类散射波与裂纹参量密切相关且容易区分,可使用一阶散射声波到达时间反演表面裂纹的长度和倾角,实验测量值与真实值的相对误差在6%以下。      

固体板中超声驻波场的高阶光弹条纹

利用动态光弹法观测了超声波在固体板内多次反射形成的驻波。通过相干叠加增大声波应力,使得动态光弹实验中偏振光的相位变化大于一个周期,从而观测到固体内超声波由行波转化为驻波的过程,并对高阶干涉条纹反映的驻波场特性进行了讨论。通过对声波应力进行定量测量,评估了固体板中超声驻波的激发效率。本文的工作为利用动态光弹法研究透明固体中的高强度声波提供了一种可行的方法。      

相干梯度敏感干涉测量技术及在静态断裂力学实验中的应用

介绍了相干梯度敏感(CGS)干涉测量技术的基本原理及其在静态Ⅰ型断裂实验中的应用,验证了该方法对裂纹尖端局部变形场和断裂特性进行定量研究的可行性。给出了代表静态Ⅰ型裂纹尖端奇异场光力学信息的CGS控制方程,模拟并分析了Ⅰ型裂纹尖端的CGS条纹模式,对静态Ⅰ型裂纹尖端变形场和断裂特性进行了三点弯曲的CGS试验,并提取了应力强度因子KⅠ。结果表明,试验结果与理论分析结果相吻合。     

光弹在库墨-高斯晶格中传输特性的研究

基于分布傅里叶算法及快速虚时间演化迭代法, 研究了光弹在线性和非线性散射异相调制的库墨-高斯晶格中传输的特性. 结果表明, 线性和非线性相位调制显著地改变了光弹的形状及其稳定范围, 并且非线性调制深度通过传播常数控制稳定性区域的宽度, 稳定时空光孤子的能量随着非线性调制深度的加强而增长. 关键词： 时空光孤子 库墨-高斯晶格 快速虚时间演化迭代法     

不同物理场处理对磷脂分散体系的影响

利用动态光散射研究了脉冲电场、超声波、微射流3种物理场处理对磷脂分散体系的颗粒性质及稳定性的影响。结果表明:当施加的处理条件分别为60kV/cm脉冲电场、500 W超声波及130 MPa微射流时,磷脂的平均粒径由594.4nm分别减小至259.2、88.7和37.8nm;静置24h后,脉冲电场处理样的粒径恢复得较好,而超声波和动态高压微射流处理样基本不恢复。说明维系细胞膜结构与流动性功能的磷脂的粒径随外加物理场能量的输入而逐渐减小,高强脉冲电场处理比较柔和,处理后磷脂粒径的变化表现出较强的可逆性,与脉冲电场对生物细胞膜影响的可逆性相对应。     

形体细胞的MCEM模型及其光散射分布特征

针对光散射细胞微粒测量中真实形体细胞的取向对测量结果的影响问题，基于Rayleigh-Debye-Gans理论和双椭球核式(CEM)模型在应用中的差异，建立了CEM的修正模型(MCEM)，根据此模型系统讨论了细胞在不同入射角变化情况下其光散射强度分布所产生的变化，得到了不同入射角下有核细胞光散射强度分布与有核细胞相关物理特征量的动态响应关系；此外，对有核细胞光散射强度分布进行拟合，得到了有核细胞光散射强度分布函数。误差分析表明：拟合结果可有效地应用于真实细胞光散射测量中的数值反演计算。     

2004年全国物理声学学术会议在镇江召开

2004年全国物理声学学术交流会(第十届)于2004年10月22日至25日在江苏省镇江市召开。本届会议是由中国声学学会物理声学分会和江苏省声学学会物理声学专业委员会联合举办,由南京大学声学所和江苏大学承办。 本届会议的主题是"新世纪4年来声学各分支领域中物理声学研究的新进展"。会议收到论文65篇,其中大会综述报告2篇,非线性声学18篇,量子声学、声传播及其物理效应24篇,光声、热声和检测声     

C掺杂FePt铁磁薄膜光诱导超快退磁动力学研究

FePt合金薄膜由于具有较强的磁各向异性而在磁信息和磁光信息存储中具有重要的应用.C掺杂可精确调控薄膜的磁各向异性,从而可有效地改变薄膜的矫顽场.通过超短激光脉冲与铁磁薄膜相互作用,可以获得非平衡状态下电子、自旋和晶格等自由度之间的动态耦合参数,这是研究超快磁记录材料的物理基础.本文基于瞬态磁光Kerr效应,研究了两种C掺杂浓度下FePt薄膜的超快磁光响应.实验结果表明:瞬态Kerr信号与外加磁场正相关,磁场反向,Kerr信号反号,而瞬态反射率与外加磁场无关;不同C掺杂的FePt薄膜的矫顽场不同,软磁的退磁时间显著小于硬磁薄膜的退磁时间.我们还观测到超快激光在铁磁薄膜中诱导频率约为49 GHz的相干声学声子,该声子的频率与外加磁场无关.实验结果为设计和研制新型磁光薄膜提供了实验依据.     

Dynamic fracture behavior of syntactic epoxy foams: optical measurements using coherent gradient sensing

Dynamic fracture behavior of syntactic foams made of thin-walled microballoons dispersed in epoxy matrix is studied. Monotonically decreasing dynamic Young's modulus with increasing volume fraction of microballoons is observed using ultrasonic pulse-echo and density measurements. The results are also in good agreement with the Hashin–Shtrikman lower-bound predictions for elastic porous solids. Dynamic crack initiation toughness and crack growth behaviors are examined using instrumented drop-tower tests and optical measurements. Crack initiation toughness shows a linear relationship with Young's modulus over the entire range of volume fraction of microballoons studied. A proposed model based on simple extension of micromechanics prediction agrees well with the measurements. The optical method of coherent gradient sensing (CGS) has been used along with high-speed photography to record crack tip deformation histories in syntactic foam samples subjected to impact loading. Pre- and post-crack initiation events have been successfully captured and apparent dynamic stress intensity factor histories are extracted from the interferograms. Results suggest increasing crack speeds with volume fraction of microballoons. No significant dependence of dynamic fracture toughness on crack speed in any of the volume fractions is observed.     

固体介质中超声应力场的定量测量*

回顾了基于动态光弹技术的超声应力测量方法,分析了各方法的优缺点。优化了现有光弹系统的前端光路,提出了电控旋转偏振和自动判读技术,研制了高稳定性的动态光弹实验系统。利用Senarmont补偿法实现了高精度的应力测量。多次重复测量结果表明,该系统测量结果的相对标准偏差小于1%。光弹测量数据与电测结果相比,其相似系数为99.95%,显著性水平小于0.001,证明了测量结果的可靠性。     

Dynamic optical visualization on the interaction between propagating crack and stationary crack

Dynamic interactions between the propagating crack and the static crack in PMMA material are studied by combining high-speed Schardin camera with optical caustic method. A series of dynamic optical bifocal patterns (the specimen-focused image and the off-focused image) around the propagating crack tip and the static crack tip are recorded for PMMA thin strip which contains two collinear-edge-cracks subjected to tensile loading, the variations of the caustic diameter and the distortion of the caustic shape are revealed due to the influence of local stress singularity at the crack tip. Interactions between the moving crack and the static crack are analyzed by means of the evolution of dynamic fracture parameters. The influence of crack interaction on fracture parameters is discussed based on both a K-dominance assumption and a higher order transient crack-tip expansion. These results will be useful to the evaluation of dynamic properties and the design of structures in the cracked polymer material.     

On the plastic zone size and crack tip opening displacement of a sub-interface crack in an infinite bi-material plate

Elastic–plastic stress analysis has been carried out for the plastic zone size and crack tip opening displacement of a sub-interface crack with small scale yielding. In our study, the shape of plastic zone is assumed as a long, slim strip at both crack tips. In the plastic zone, both normal stress and shear stress exist and are considered due to the bi-material interface. The values of the plastic zone size, normal stress and shear stress are determined by satisfying the conditions where both Modes I and II stress intensity factors vanish and Von Mises yield criterion is met. In the present paper, the sub-interface crack is simulated by continuously distributed dislocations which will result in singular integral equations. Those singular integral equations can be solved by reducing them to a set of linear equations. The values of the plastic zone size and crack tip opening displacement are obtained through an iterative procedure. Finally, the effect of normalized loading, normalized crack depth (distance to the interface) and Dundurs’ parameters on the normalized plastic zone size and the normalized crack tip opening displacement is discussed.     

Dynamic caustics and its applications

For the study of elastodynamic problems of propagating cracks it is necessary to evaluate the dynamic stress intensity factor K^d_I which depends on the form of expressions for the stress components existing at the running crack tip at any instant of the propagation of the crack and the corresponding dynamic mechanical and optical properties of the material of the specimen under identical loading conditions. In this paper the distortion of the form of the corresponding reflected caustic from the lateral faces of a dynamically loaded transparent and optically inert specimen containing a transverse crack running under constant velocity was studied on the basis of complex potential elasticity theory and the influence of this form on the value of the dynamic stress intensity factor was given. The method was applied to the study of a propagating Mode I crack in a PMMA specimen under various propagation velocities and the corresponding dynamic stress intensity factor K^d_I evaluated. Also, crack propagation behaviour of notched composites in dynamic loading modes are reviewed and evaluated. A relatively large data base using metal-epoxy particulates, rubber-toughened poly(methyl methacrylate), and Sandwich plates are given. In all cases, a combination of high-speed photography and the optical method of dynamic caustics has been used. Results on the dynamic crack propagation mode, fracture toughness and crack propagation velocities of several rubber-modified composite models are presented. The composite models studied include specimens with one and/or two ‘complex’ two-stage inclusions, i.e. PMMA round inclusions surrounded by concentric rubber rings, one and/or press-fifting inclusions without rubber interface, all under dynamic loading. In all cases both qualitative and quantitative results were obtained. Also, results on crack propagation mode, crack propagation velocity, stress intensity factors and on the influence of the sandwich phases on crack propagation mode are presented.     

Phonon spectrum and related thermodynamic properties of microcrack in bcc-Fe

The phonon spectrum and the related thermodynamic properties of microcracks in bcc-Fe are studied with the recursion method by using the Finnis--Sinclair (F--S) N-body potential. The initial configuration of the microcracks is established from an anisotropic linear elastic solution and relaxed to an equilibrium by molecular dynamics method. It is shown that the local vibrational density of states of the atoms near a crack tip is considerably different from the bulk phonon spectrum, which is closely associated with the local stress field around the crack tip; meanwhile, the local vibrational energies of atoms near the crack tip are higher than those of atoms in a perfect crystal. These results imply that the crack tip zone is in a complex stress state and closely related to the structure evolution of cracks. It is also found that the phonon excitation is a kind of local effect induced by microcracks. In addition, the microcrack system has a higher vibrational entropy, which reflects the character of phonon spectrum related to the stress field induced by cracks.     

The interaction between a screw dislocation and an interfacial cruciform crack and collinear linear cracks

The interaction between a screw dislocation and an interfacial cruciform crack and collinear linear cracks under loads at infinity was investigated. General solutions of complex potentials to this problem were derived by using complex potential theory. As illustrative examples, the closed form solution for a screw dislocation interacting with an interfacial cruciform crack and a linear crack is obtained. The stress intensity factor and critical stress intensity factor for dislocation emission are also calculated. The results show that the shielding effect increases with the increase of the shear modulus and the distance between the two cracks, but it decreases with the increase of dislocation azimuth and the distance between the dislocation and the cruciform crack tip. The critical loads at infinity for dislocation emission increase with the increment of the emission angle, the distance the two cracks and the vertical length of the cruciform crack.     

A QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF ELASTIC WAVE IN SOLID BY STROBOSCOPIC PHOTOELASTICITY

We have developed a method for visually measuring and evaluating stresses emitted from an ultrasonic probe into a model solid similar to the actual material, by using image-processing techniques and stroboscopic photoelasticity. The visualization of wave stress (sound pressure) distribution can be achieved by synthesizing two photoelastic pictures, in which the directions of the principal axes of linear polariscopes are different by 45 degrees. The sound pressure field generated by commercial ultrasonic probes was measured by using the proposed method.