体积排阻高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海产贝类中镉的形态

运用体积排阻高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS)分析了高镉积累扇贝和低镉积累菲律宾蛤仔中镉的存在形态,并结合体外全仿生消化技术,研究了在唾液、胃、肠无机物和有机物(含消化酶)作用下,扇贝和菲律宾蛤仔中镉的主要存在形态.结果发现:扇贝中Cd总量约为菲律宾蛤仔的10倍;在扇贝中检测到3种Cd形态:金属硫蛋白(MT)-Cd、谷胱甘肽(GSH) Cd和半胱氨酸(Cys)-Cd;在菲律宾蛤仔中检测到2种Cd形态:MT-Cd和GSH-Cd;以峰面积作参考进行比较,扇贝中MT-Cd和GSH-Cd含量分别约为菲律宾蛤仔的5 6和2.0倍.结合体外全仿生模型发现,在扇贝胃全仿生提取液中,检测到1种未知小分子有机镉形态(Cd-X),在扇贝肠全仿生提取液中检测到4种Cd形态,其中MT-Cd是主要形态;而在菲律宾蛤仔胃、肠全仿生提取液中均仅检测到1种未知小分子有机态镉(Cd-X).本实验证明贝类中的MT-Cd,GSH-Cd,Cys-Cd中络合的Cd在生物体胃肠消化液作用下会发生解离.     

牡蛎、缢蛏和菲律宾蛤仔中微量元素的分析研究

采用硝酸-高氯酸法消解样品,应用ICP—AES法测定了牡蛎、缢蛏和菲律宾蛤仔中Ca、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn、Ni、Se、Sr、V和Zn共12种微量元素。实验结果表明,3种贝类中均含有大量的Ca、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Mg,还含有Co、Cr、Ni、Se、Sr和V等对人体有益的微量元素,是营养价值较高的海产品,可以作为人体补充微量元素的重要来源。     

应用体外仿生模型分析海藻水煎液中微量金属的形态和生物可给性

将体外"半仿生消化"和"全仿生消化"法分别应用于海藻分析前处理,即模拟人体消化环境,加入消化液所含有机物和无机物,模拟海藻(海带和紫菜)水煎液在胃肠中的吸收和转运机制.鉴于消化管和血管间的生物膜是类脂质膜,以单层脂质体为细胞生物膜模型考察海藻水煎液中微量金属在单层脂质体-水体系中的分配行为.以单层脂质体结合态、水溶态界定水煎液中微量金属的形态; 以单层脂质体结合态含量评价微量金属的生物可给性; 比较单层脂质体结合态金属在胃肠中浓度,确定微量金属的主要吸收部位.消化酶对海藻中微量元素的形态和生物可给性影响明显.水煎液全仿生消化后,海带和紫菜中的Fe均主要在胃被吸收,海带中的Mn和Zn主要在肠被吸收;紫菜中的Mn和Zn在胃与肠均有吸收.     

火焰原子吸收法测定树头发的微量元素

使用灰化法处理样品,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了药用真菌树头发中的Zn、Se、Fe、Cu、Ag、Cd的含量。结果表明,除Cd未检出外,树头发中的微量元素含量Zn、Se、Fe、Cu、Ag分别为12．835、2．376、35．256、1．029、0．078μg／g,各元素含量由高到低顺序为：Fe、Zn、Se、Cu、Ag,加标回收率为96．3％-106．7％。     

九死还魂草中微量元素的分析

为测定九死还魂草中6种微量元素的含量,并给该检测提供科学方法,采用浓硝酸微波消解法处理样品,利用火焰原子吸收光谱法对九死还魂草中Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn 6种元素的含量进行了测定.结果表明,九死还魂草中含有丰富的微量元素,Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn的含量分别为3 012.421、1 911.325、1...     

微波消解ICP-AES法同时测定蒙药新-Ⅱ中多种微量元素及Ca/Mg,Cu/Zn比值的分析

采用微波消解ICP—AES法同时测定蒙药新-Ⅱ中Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Ni、Mn、Cu、Pb等15种微量元素,并对蒙药新-Ⅱ中Ca／Mg,Cu／Zn比值进行了初步的分析。结果表明,蒙药新-Ⅱ中含有多种微量元素,其中人体有益的微量元素Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn的量相对高,即Ca〉Mg〉Fe〉Mn〉Zn〉Ni〉Cu,而人体有害微量元素Cd、Pb、Ag的量相对较低,Ca／Mg和Cu／Zn比值分别为4．1760、0．6077。加标回收率在97．5％～105．5％之间,相对标准偏差RSD≤2．7％,检出限≤0．008μg／mL。     

火焰原子吸收法测定夏枯草果穗的微量元素

使用灰化法处理样品,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定夏枯草果穗中的铬、银、锌、镍、镉、铁、铜的含量。结果表明,除Ag元素未检出外,夏枯草果穗的微量元素含量Cr、Zn、Ni、Cd、Fe、Cu分别为1．024、1．096、36．152、0．580、0．656、6．872μg/g,各元素含量由高到低顺序为：Ni,Cu,Zn,Cr,Fe,Cd,加标回收率为98．6％～115．2％,该法测定快速、简单,原子吸收光谱法测定夏枯草果穗中微量元素具有可行性。     

ML-7对动脉粥样硬化兔肝脏微量元素含量的影响

探讨实验性动脉粥样硬化兔肝脏组织中Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Cr、Pb、Cd和Se含量的变化。高脂饮食复制兔动脉粥样硬化模型,然后给予ML-7建立治疗组模型,获取肝脏,微波消解样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定肝脏组织中Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Cr、Pb和Cd的含量。原子荧光光谱法测定肝脏组织中Se的含量。高脂组肝脏组织Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Cr、Pb、Cd和Se含量分别为86.09、277.1、11.07、5.366 mg/kg、115.2、286.0、210.5μg/kg,2.139 mg/kg,治疗组肝脏组织Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Cr、Pb、Cd和Se含量分别为82.10、273.5、9.072、5.824 mg/kg、102.5、273.6、224.6μg/kg,2.511 mg/kg。经过ML-7治疗后,Zn/Cu、Mn、Se含量升高,Cu含量下降,Fe、Cr、Pb和Cd基本不变。     

微波消解-GFAAS测定浅水湖泊底泥中重金属元素

探讨了采用微波消解作为底泥样品的前处理方法,运用石墨炉原子吸收法测定浅水湖泊底泥中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr含量的实验条件.方法的RSD为2.0％～4.1％,平均回收率为97.4％～101.5％,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr的检出限分别为0.4,5,2.8,0.25,2.5ng.该法适合于浅水湖泊底泥中重金属含量的测定.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定紫斑牡丹胚乳和胚中矿物质元素

为了给离体体细胞胚的人工胚乳配制提供矿物质元素种类和数量方面的参考,用浓硝酸-高氯酸(4∶1)的混合溶液消解紫斑牡丹的胚乳和胚样品,采用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了样品中的(K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Li、Ni、B、Ag、Cd、Pb)14种矿物质元素含量。结果表明:各元素的校准曲线的回归系数在0.9990～0.9999之间,线性良好;方法精密度高,能多元素同时分析;紫斑牡丹胚乳和胚中均含有植物生长必需的K、Ca、Mg 3种大量元素,Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、B 6种微量元素,1种有益元素Na,及Li和Pb,Ag、Cd则未被检测到。在被检测到的12种元素中,Mg、Zn、Mn、Fe、K、Na、Li与Ni 8种元素在胚乳中的含量低于胚中的含量,Ca、Cu、Pb与B在胚乳中的含量则高于胚中的含量。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).