软X射线双频光栅干涉诊断等离子体

针对高温稠密激光等离子体临界密度附近电子密度的诊断需求,发展了基于软X射线激光的软X射线双频光栅干涉诊断技术。利用波长13.9nm的类镍银软X射线激光作为探针,掠入射式的双频光栅作为分光干涉元件,对激光辐照金平面靶产生的等离子体进行诊断尝试。实验获得了清晰的干涉条纹图像,充分表明该技术的实用性。但结果中存在靶面不清晰等问题,为此,提出了初步的解决方案。     

利用软X射线双频光栅剪切干涉技术诊断金等离子体

激光辐照靶产生的等离子体电子密度的诊断对于惯性约束聚变、等离子体物理、高能量密度物理等相关领域的研究具有重要意义,特别是中、高Z材料等离子体临界面附近的电子密度分布信息的测量.采用波长13.9 nm的类镍银软X射线激光作为探针,利用双频光栅剪切干涉技术尝试诊断了激光辐照金平面靶产生的等离子体的电子密度分布.实验获得了清晰的干涉条纹图像,通过对条纹的初步处理,测量到的最高密度达到了约1.4倍临界密度.通过与相关理论程序模拟结果对比,发现实验与模拟存在一定的偏差,为进一步优化模拟程序提供了有益的参考.通过实验,充分表明了软X射线激光双频光栅干涉技术在诊断中、高Z材料临界密度附近区域等离子体方面的实用性.     

错位双光栅色散元件设计及衍射效率研究

设计了一种错位双光栅色散元件,与条纹相机耦合实现了0.1~5keV范围X射线时间分辨谱的测量.该色散元件由2 000lp/mm和5 000lp/mm两块子光栅在空间错位排布而成,低密度光栅测量低能段软X射线(100~1 000eV),高密度光栅测量中能段软X射线(1 000~5 000eV),通过空间错位实现能谱拼接.在同步辐射源上使用单色能点对其进行标定,获得了错位双光栅衍射效率的实验结果.根据光栅的结构特性,结合标定结果与严格耦合波分析理论,计算得到了100~5 000eV能区光栅的绝对衍射效率曲线,并给出了错位双光栅的解谱方法.该错位双光栅能够有效提升透射光栅谱仪的性能,为高温等离子体诊断提供宽谱X射线时间分辨谱定量测量.     

大面积10000线/毫米软X射线金属型透射光栅的设计、制作与检测

基于严格的矢量耦合波理论,优化设计了用于13.4nm软X射线干涉光刻的透射型双光栅掩模版. 采用电子束光刻技术,在国内首次成功制作了周期为100nm的大面积金属型透射光栅.光栅面积为1.5mm ×1.5mm,Cr浮雕厚度为50nm,Gap/period为0.6,衬底Si₃N₄厚度为100nm. 此光栅将用于上海光源软X射线干涉光刻实验站.利用其1级衍射光和2级衍射光将可以经济高效地制作周期为50和25nm的大面积周期结构.最后,测量了该光栅对波长为13.4nm 同步辐射光的衍射光强度,并且推算得出该光栅的1级和2级衍射效率分别为4.41%和0.49%,与理论设计值比较符合.实验结果与理论模拟结果的对比表明该光栅侧壁陡直,Gap/period的控制也与设计值符合. 关键词： 软X射线金属型透射光栅 严格耦合波方法 衍射效率 软X射线干涉光刻     

受控核聚变——现代物理学的一个重要前沿领域(之七)

 高温等离子体中原子的特征谱线密集在真空紫外区.所以掠入式光栅光谱仪成为一种重要的诊断工具,一直到软X射线区才逐渐为晶体光谱仪取代、晶体谱仪实质上就是利用晶体中的原子点阵来代替光栅进行光谱分析.在聚变等离子体中随着电子温度的提高,等离子体的轫致辐射和高电离态杂质的线辐射将有相当大的部分是处在软X射线区.这些X射线辐射引起的能量损失是高温等离子体能量损失的重要组成部分,因此从能量损失的观点来看,对X射线的监测是相当重要的.另一方面,X射线的探测和能谱分析可以用来确定等离子体的某些重要物理参数.例如,通过X射线连续谱的测量,可以测定等离子体电子温度;通过X射线杂质谱线多普勒展宽的测量可以测定等离子体离子温度;X射线测量还可以用来诊断等离子体中的杂质成份并用来研究杂质的空间分布及输运过程.因此,X射线的测量在高温等离子体诊断中起着非常重要的作用.     

激光等离子体光源软X射线反射率计

介绍了所研制的激光等离子体光源软X射线反射率计,该反射率计由激光等离子体光源、掠入射光栅单色仪、样品室、真空系统、样品台、光电探测系统和计算机控制系统组成,工作波段8～30 nm,测量样品的最大尺寸为130 mm×120 mm×120 mm(长×宽×高),可以利用这台反射率计对软X射线波段光栅、滤光片和多层膜反射镜等光学元件进行测量和评估。为检验反射率计的性能指标,利用该反射率计对本室研制的软X射线多层膜反射镜的反射率进行了测量,测量结果与理论计算结果符合较好,反射率测量重复性为±0.6%。     

透射光栅对软X射线衍射效率的研究

在北京同步辐射源上，对无底衬透射光栅在844eV X射线能量点的绝对衍射效率进行了实验标定，利用光栅模型，得到了光栅所有结构参数，并由此得到了透射光栅对100—2000eV能区软X射线的各级绝对衍射效率理论计算曲线. 关键词：     

双频光栅纹影剪切干涉法对温度场的诊断

用双频光栅纹影剪切干涉法对无限热平板的自然对流温度场进行诊断。纹影系统光线从轴外入射造成的系统象散、彗差对剪切干涉图的系统误差可以通过减小入射角、增大纹影仪球反镜的曲率半径以及调节双频光栅的位置控制在给定精度范围内。     

利用聚束透镜获得高功率密度软X射线源

研制了针对Z-pinch强X射线辐射源的软X射线聚束透镜,利用西北核技术研究所"强光一号"加速器产生的钨丝阵高温等离子体辐射,对在高功率密度软X射线入射条件下的聚束透镜开展了实验.研究表明:由2401根X光导管组成的透镜,在输入软X射线功率密度达1.0×108W/cm2时,透镜的平均传输效率为9.6%,在软X射线传输过程中等离子体溅射被导管内壁吸收,透镜后焦点处能获得洁净的软X射线源,平均功率桁度达到1.15×109W/cm2.     

13.4nm软X射线干涉光刻透射光栅的优化设计

基于严格的矢量耦合波方法,结合纳米级光栅实际制作工艺,定量分析了在13.4 nm软X射线(TE偏振)正入射条件下,光栅材料、厚度、占空比、梯形浮雕底角大小等因素对光栅一级衍射效率的影响.结果表明,在此波段处,Si3N4、Cr、Au浮雕的相位作用对光栅衍射起重要影响,其中非金属材料Si3N4比金属材料Cr、Au的相位作用更明显.最后优化得到了用Si(或Si3N4)做衬底的si3N4、Cr、Au光栅,分析结果显示,其一级衍射效率优于目前用于13.4 nm软X射线干涉光刻的Cr、Si3N4复合光栅.     

All-reflective Michelson, Sagnac, and Fabry-Perot interferometers based on grating beam splitters

All-reflective Michelson, Sagnac, and Fabry-Perot interferometers based on grating beam splitters are experimentally demonstrated at a wavelength of 1064 nm. A 1200-groove/mm grating diffracting 0 and -1 orders with an efficiency of 48.2% for each order was used as a near-50/50 beam splitter. The all-reflective Sagnac and Michelson interferometers were formed by reintroducing both of the diffracted beams back to the grating. The Fabry-Perot interferometer was formed in a Littrow configuration by using a 1700-groove/mm grating with a blazing efficiency of 91% as a cavity coupler. These interferometers encompass all the fundamental configurations of all-reflective laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, promising improved wave-front quality by avoiding volume thermal effects in transmissive optics under high-power laser illumination.     

Angular Multiplexing Storage in Azo-polymer Liquid Crystal Films Using Shearing Interferometer of Double-frequency Grating

In this paper, the shearing interferometer of a double-frequency grating (DFG) and a small compact Nd∶YVO4 double frequency laser at 532 nm are used to study the multiple storage in azo-polymer liquid crystal (PLC) films. In a principle experiment, the angle-encoded multiple gratings are recorded and the experimental results give triplex gratings at the same region in azo-PLC films, the angle between two adjacent grating vectors being 45°. Compared to the two-beam interferometer and four-wave mixing method, this method has simple configuration, high fringe contrast and quake-proof. A compatible angular multiplexing storage system in azo-PLC films is proposed.     

Holographic grating recorded by He–Ne laser operating at 632.8 nm in polymer film containing push–pull azo dye

Holographic gratings were optically recorded by two beams from a He–Ne laser operating at 632.8 nm in poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film containing push–pull azo dye. The holographic characteristics of the recorded gratings were dependent on the polarization direction of the recording beams and the relationship between the diffractive signals and the power density of recording beams was investigated. The formation of holographic gratings accompanied by 532 nm (double-frequency of Nd:YAG laser) irradiation was studied in detail. It was found that the effect of 532 nm laser to the holographic grating lay in two aspects. The acceleration effect of 532 nm laser to the formation of holographic grating is predominant when the power density of 532 nm laser is low. While at relatively high power density of 532 nm laser, the erasure is the main factor to the holographic grating. Moreover, the holographic grating was probed by 532 nm laser at low power density and the dependence of the first order diffractive signal on the recording beam power density was also presented.     

Talbot effect in metallic gratings under Gaussian illumination

Metallic gratings can be found in applications such as optical metrology. Due to their fabrication process, the surface presents a certain roughness. In this work, the effect of roughness on Talbot effect has been analyzed when the grating is illuminated with a Gaussian beam. A model based on Fresnel regime is used in order to determine the intensity distribution in the near field. Contrast of the self-images is obtained and it is found that it decreases in terms of the distance between the grating and the observation plane. When the autocorrelation function of roughness presents a Gaussian behaviour, the diffracted beams are still Gaussian although some of their properties change. For example, the width of the diffracted beams increases with respect to the case of the standard chrome on glass gratings. On the other hand, the power of each diffracted beam is independent on the roughness properties of the surface.     

超短脉冲激光光束被局域体全息光栅衍射的性质分析

利用二维耦合波理论,分析了超短脉冲激光光束被完全重叠型的局域体全息光栅衍射的时空变化性质,给出了衍射和透射脉冲激光光束沿光栅出射边界的强度时空分布。以LiNbO3晶体为例,数值研究了衍射光脉冲强度沿光栅出射边界的分布和脉冲波形的变化及光栅的总衍射效率受光栅二维尺寸、入射角度、光栅折射率调制度及入射脉冲的脉冲时域半峰全宽等条件的影响而变化的情况。与一维体全息光栅对超短脉冲激光光束衍射的性质,及此光栅对连续光衍射的性质作比较,给出了合理选择光栅参量及入射条件以在光栅出射边界上得到总衍射效率较大且分布较均匀的衍射光脉冲的方法。     

Analysis on the laser beam pointing instability induced fringe shift and contrast dilution from different interferometers used for writing fiber Bragg grating

This paper presents an analysis on the effect of laser beam pointing instability on the fringe shift and hence the contrast dilution of superposed fringes from two beam interferometers. The interferometers analyzed are those commonly used in writing fiber Bragg grating (FBG) such as phase mask, bi-prism and phase mask based Talbot/Holographic type. The beam pointing instability is incorporated as slight change in the angle between two interfering beams. The relative immunity of different interferometers to laser beam pointing is discussed vs location of FBG writing plane from the beam splitter. The effect of the beam pointing was minimum in proximity FBG writing by phase mask. The effect, in terms of fringes contrast dilution, was worst in case of large length interferometers e.g. phase mask based-Talbot interferometer. For intermediate length prism interferometers, the effect was moderate. For a given length interferometer, the fringe shift was directly proportional to beam pointing angle and inversely proportional to fringe separation. Theoretical analysis is verified experimentally by studying the fringe instability of interference pattern formed by a bi-prism of angle 2^o with the copper vapour laser (CVL, λ = 510 nm) beams of different beam pointing instabilities.     

Measurement of Dynamic Flow Field by Optical Computed Tomography with Shearing Interferometers

A system of interferometric computed tomography (CT) for measuring temporal variation of refractive index distribution in a transparent medium such as a flow field has been developed. The system adopts shearing interferometers with double-period diffraction gratings to obtain path-length differences between sheared rays. In order to obtain projection images simultaneously six shearing interferometers are placed in six different directions. The image data for the six interferometers are stored in image memories at the rate of 30 frames per second. Refractive index distribution in the sectional plane of the flow field is calculated with the data using the algorithm of CT modified for shearing interferometers. In experiments temporal variations of refractive index distributions due to a flame and gas flow from a nozzle are measured. These experiments verified that the shearing interferometers are suitable for interferometric computed tomography because they are simple in arrangement and insensitive to disturbances such as mechanical vibration. Potential of the shearing technique and comparison between the CT with the shearing type of interferometer and that with another type of wavefront sensor are discussed.     

基于二维光栅分光的同步移相干涉测量技术

为了干涉测量的抗振目的,提出了一种新的同步移相干涉测量方案并搭建了实验装置。整个测量系统在迈克耳孙偏振移相干涉仪的基础上,利用一个正交的二维光栅产生对称分光,选取对于理想光栅衍射效率一致的(±1,±1)级衍射光作为测量分光路,使之分别通过偏振方向依次相差45°的一个偏振片组,从而分别形成0°、90°、180°和270°相移的四幅移相干涉图,按照传统的四步移相算法,对被测波面进行了复原。分析了光强畸变和移相误差对系统的测量误差的影响。利用该系统测量一球面系统,结果与在ZYGO干涉仪上相比较,球面系统的均方根误差相差0.012λ,峰谷值相差0.051λ。     

Airy beam laser

A method to design lasers that emit an arbitrary beam profile is studied. In these lasers, output-coupling is performed by a diffraction grating that imposes a phase and amplitude distribution onto the diffracted light. A solid-state laser emitting beams with a two-dimensional Airy intensity profile is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. In this case, the diffraction grating adds a transverse cubic phase to the diffracted light. An Airy beam is obtained by performing optical Fourier transform of the out-coupled light. The laser beam profile and power characteristics are shown to agree with theory.