高分散钴氮共掺杂碳纳米纤维氧还原催化剂

过渡金属氮掺杂碳基催化剂已成为替代铂基氧还原反应(ORR)电催化剂的理想选择。本文通过静电纺丝技术制备了高比表面、高度分散的钴原子配位氮掺杂的碳纳米纤维催化剂(Co-N/C)。X射线衍射(XRD)和高分辨率透射电镜(HRTEM)结果证实Co元素高度分散于制备的Co-N/C催化剂中。X射线光电子能谱结果表明N元素主要以吡啶N和石墨N形式存在。该Co-N/C催化剂对ORR反应呈现出较高的电催化活性,其氧还原起始和半波电位分别为0.92 V和0.80 V(相对于标准氢电极),接近于商业化Pt/C催化剂的性能。以制备的Co-N/C催化剂作为阴极,25℃下锌空气燃料电池的开路电位1.54 V、最大功率密度达到了190 m V·cm~(-2)表明该催化剂具有良好的应用前景。     

片层WC/C的原位合成及其在甲醇氧化中的应用

以片层二硫化钨(WS2)为前驱体,氯化钠(Na Cl)为介质,CO为气体碳源,采用程序升温法一步合成片层碳化钨/碳复合材料(WC/C)。通过X射线衍射(XRD),X射线近边吸收谱(XANES)和扫描电镜(SEM)等一系列手段对样品的化学组成、形貌、结构等进行表征。研究发现,在高温渗碳过程中,不仅利用WS2的片层结构和Na Cl的锚定作用合成了具有薄层孔洞的WC,而且Na Cl和WS2金属面对碳膜生长的催化作用使WC表面覆有原位生长的碳膜,为电子传输提供了有效通道。将该材料作为载体材料进行电化学性能测试,结果表明:负载少量Pt后制得的Pt/WC/C电催化剂,在甲醇氧化反应(MOR)中表现出良好的电催化活性、稳定性及优异的抗CO中毒能力。     

氮硫共掺杂多孔碳纳米片的制备及催化氧还原性能研究

高效、廉价、稳定性和选择性好的氧还原电催化剂的研发是燃料电池大规模应用的关键。以廉价生物质——胖大海为碳源,亚甲基蓝为氮源和硫源,通过一步高温热解法,制备了氮硫共掺杂多孔碳纳米片。用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、全自动气体吸附(BET)等表征了催化剂的物相、形貌、组成、比表面积和孔径分布,用多种电化学方法考察了材料在碱性介质中电催化氧气还原反应(ORR)的活性、稳定性和甲醇选择性。结果表明,一步热解成功制备了大比表面积的氮硫共掺杂多孔碳纳米片,该材料具有与商品Pt/C相当的电催化ORR活性,且其稳定性和甲醇选择性明显优于商品Pt/C。     

质子交换膜燃料电池Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂的电催化性能

通过对Pt催化剂表面进行Pd修饰提高质子交换膜燃料电池阴极催化剂的氧还原反应(ORR)活性. 采用乙二醇还原法制备了不同比例的Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂. 透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)测试结果表明, 制备的催化剂贵金属颗粒粒径主要分布在1.75～2.50 nm之间, 并均匀地分散在碳载体表面. 循环伏安方法(CV)研究表明Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂的电化学活性面积低于传统的Pt/C催化剂. 但通过旋转圆盘电极(RDE)测试研究发现, 制备的催化剂具有比传统Pt/C催化剂高的ORR活性.     

磷钨酸对甲酸在碳载Pt催化剂上电氧化的促进作用

用X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电化学等测试技术研究了电解液中的磷钨酸(PWA)对甲酸在碳载Pt(Pt/C)催化剂电极上氧化的促进作用。 结果表明,PWA不但能提高甲酸在Pt/C催化剂电极上氧化的电催化活性,而且也能提高其电催化稳定性。 这种促进作用与电解液中PWA的浓度有关,当电解液中PWA的质量浓度为0.10 g/L时,这种促进作用最佳。 这主要是由于电解液中PWA质量浓度＞0.10 g/L时,吸附到电极表面的PWA的量太多,占据了Pt/C催化剂电极中Pt表面的部分活性位点,从而降低了催化剂的电催化性能。     

新型钴-聚吡咯-碳载Pt燃料电池催化剂的制备与表征

采用脉冲微波辅助化学还原法制备了钴-聚吡咯-碳(Co-PPy-C)载Pt催化剂(Pt/Co-PPy-C),其中Pt的总质量占20%.利用透射电镜(TEM)、光电子射线能谱分析(XPS)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究了催化剂的结构,用循环伏安(CV)、线性扫描伏安(LSV)等方法考察了其电化学活性及氧还原反应(ORR)动力学特性及耐久性.Pt/Co-PPy-C电催化剂的金属颗粒直径约1.8 nm,略小于商用催化剂Pt/C(JM)颗粒尺寸(约2.5 nm);催化剂在载体上分散均匀,粒径分布范围较窄.Pt/Co-PPy-C的电化学活性比表面积(ECSA)(75.1 m2·g-1)高于商用催化剂的ECSA(51.3 m2·g-1).XPS测试表明,自制催化剂表面的Pt主要以零价形式存在.而XRD结果显示,自制催化剂中Pt(111)峰最强,Pt主要为面心立方晶格.Pt/Co-PPy-C具有与Pt/C(JM)相同的半波电位;在0.9 V下,Pt/Co-PPy-C的比活性(1.21 mA·cm-2)高于商用催化剂的比活性(1.04 mA·cm-2),表现出更好的ORR催化活性.动力学性能测试表明催化剂的ORR反应以四电子路线进行.CV测试1000圈后,Pt/Co-PPy-C和Pt/C(JM)的ECSA分别衰减了13.0%和24.0%,可见自制催化剂的耐久性高于商用Pt/C(JM),在质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)领域有一定的应用前景.     

热处理碳载Fe-三聚氰胺及Fe-g-C3N4催化剂的氧还原催化性能

分别以三聚氰胺和三聚氰胺的聚合物为配体, 采用浸渍法合成了两种氧还原反应(ORR)催化剂Fe-N/C(1)和Fe-N/C(2). 通过X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和电化学测试对催化剂的成分、形貌和电催化性能进行了表征. 结果表明, 以三聚氰胺聚合物为配体制备的Fe-N/C具有更高的ORR催化活性. 在高温热处理过程中, 催化剂表面能形成更多的石墨N活性点, 是其ORR性能提高的重要原因.     

Pt/C催化剂对甲酸电催化氧化的粒径效应

在甲醇溶剂中,利用SnCl2作为还原剂,通过控制反应条件制备了具有不同粒径Pt粒子的炭载Pt(Pt/C)催化剂.X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)的结果表明,Pt/C催化剂中Pt粒子具有高度的均一性和良好的分散度.电化学研究结果显示,对于甲酸的电催化氧化,Pt/C催化剂存在着明显的粒径效应.当Pt粒子粒径为3.2 nm时,Pt/C催化剂对甲酸的电催化氧化活性最佳.Pt/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的粒径效应与其表面含氧基团含量、Pt粒子的比表面积及相对结晶度相关.     

Fe对Pt-Fe/C催化剂电催化氧还原反应活性的影响

制备了用作直接甲醇燃料电池的碳载Pt-Fe(Pt-Fe/C)阴极催化剂, X射线能量色散谱(EDX)、X射线衍射谱和电化学测量的结果表明, 在Pt-Fe/C催化剂中, Fe以3种形式存在. 质量分数大约为20％的Fe进入Pt的晶格, 形成Pt-Fe合金, 质量分数大约为80％的Fe没有进入Pt的晶格而以Fe和Fe2O3的形式单独存在. 该催化剂经酸处理后, 非合金化Fe和Fe2O3被溶解, 而使Pt-Fe/C催化剂的电化学活性比表面积要比未经酸处理前的增加约30％左右, 导致Pt-Fe/C催化剂对氧还原的电催化活性优于未经酸处理前的Pt-Fe/C催化剂. 研究结果表明, Pt-Fe/C催化剂的电化学活性比表面积对氧还原的电催化活性起重要的作用, 另外, 只有与Pt形成合金的Fe能提高Pt对氧还原的电催化活性, 而非合金化的Fe对Pt催化剂对氧还原的电催化活性基本没有影响.     

吡啶掺杂碳载钴酞菁催化氧还原的电化学性能及在燃料电池中的应用

以碳黑(Vulcan XC-72R)为载体, 吡啶(Py)和钴酞菁(CoPc)为催化剂前驱体, 经溶剂分散法制备了Py掺杂碳负载纳米钴酞菁复合催化剂(Py-CoPc/C). 通过扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析和X射线衍射(XRD)分析技术对催化剂的组成和微观结构进行了表征, 并运用线性扫描循环伏安法(LSV)和旋转圆盘电极(RDE)技术考察了不同Py掺杂含量对碳载钴酞菁(CoPc/C)催化氧还原反应(ORR)活性的影响及稳定性. 结果显示: Py掺杂可以明显改善CoPc/C 对ORR的电催化性能, 其中掺杂20%Py下所制备的20%Py-20%CoPc/C 催化剂对ORR表现出最佳的催化活性, 以其制备的气体扩散电极在O₂气氛饱和的0.1 mol·L^-1 KOH 电解质溶液中, 0.2 V (相对于标准氢电极)即可产生明显的氧还原电流, 半波电位为-0.03 V. 相比于40%Py/C 和未掺杂的40%CoPc/C, 20%Py-20%CoPc/C催化剂的半波电位分别正移了160 和15 mV. 进一步运用RDE理论研究表明, 在Py-CoPc/C 电极上ORR的电子转移总数为2.38, 高于CoPc/C电极上的电子转移总数1.96, 从而使ORR的选择性明显提高. SEM-EDS和XRD分析表明Py掺杂提高了CoPc/C催化剂的分散性和N含量, 更利于O₂的吸附. XPS分析表明: 吡啶结构的N与石墨结构的N均存在于Py-CoPc/C 催化剂中,与催化剂表面的Co离子配位可能是促使ORR活性提高的原因. 最后以20%Py-20%CoPc/C制备了膜电极组装(MEA)电极, 应用于H₂/O₂ 燃料电池单电池发电, 室温下获得最大发电功率密度为21 mW·cm^-2, 相对于CoPc/C提高至2.4倍.     

Enhanced oxygen reduction at Pd catalytic nanoparticles dispersed onto heteropolytungstate-assembled poly(diallyldimethylammonium)-functionalized carbon nanotubes

Both Keggin-type phosphotungstic acid (HPW) and Pd are not prominent catalysts towards the oxygen reduction (ORR), but their composite Pd-HPW catalyst produces a significantly higher electrochemical activity for the ORR in acidic media. The novel composite catalyst was synthesized by self-assembly of HPW on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged HPW and positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium (PDDA)-wrapped MWCNTs, followed by dispersion of Pd nanoparticles onto the HPW-PDDA-MWCNT assembly. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TEM images show that Pd nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on the surface of MWCNTs even when the Pd loading was increased to 60 wt%. Electrochemical activity of the catalysts for the ORR was evaluated by steady state polarization measurements using a rotating disk electrode. Compared with the acid treated MWCNTs, Pd nanoparticles supported on the HPW-assembled MWCNTs show a much higher ORR activity that is comparable to conventional Pt/C catalysts. The high electrocatalytic activities could be related to high dispersion of Pd nanoparticles as well as synergistic effects originating from the high proton conductivity of HPW. The Pd/HPW-PDDA-MWCNTs system as the cathode catalyst in proton exchange membrane fuel cells is demonstrated.     

Fabrication of graphene-supported tetraferrocenylporphyrin electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and its unique electrochemical response in both alkaline and acid media

A novel high-performance non-noble metal electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was fabricated by anchoring cobalt tetraferrocenylporphyrin (CoFcP) onto poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) modified graphene (PSS-Gr) through solvothermally assisted π–π assembling method. The morphology of the assembled composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The interactions between CoFcP moieties and graphene sheets were confirmed by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic properties of the CoFcP/PSS-Gr catalyst towards the oxygen reduction reaction were assessed using rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) measurements in both alkaline and acidic media. In addition, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometric measurements were utilized to evaluate the catalytic activity and stability of the CoFcP/PSS-Gr composite in alkaline solution. The results showed that CoFcP supported on graphene exhibited an outstanding electrocatalytic performance towards the ORR comparable with commercial Pt/C catalyst in alkaline media, such as high onset potential (0.889 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), half wave potential (0.789 V vs. RHE), better tolerance to methanol, excellent stability (84.1 %, retention after 10000 s), and efficient four-electron pathway. Moreover, the proposed hybrid presented excellent catalytic activity in terms of onset potential (0.72 V vs. RHE) and high-electron transfer number compared with Pt/C in acidic media.     

In-Situ Electrodeposition of Rhodium nanoparticles Anchored on Reduced Graphene Oxide nanosheets as an Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst

A simple, versatile, and cost-effective one-pot electrochemical deposition is used to fabricate rhodium (Rh) nanoparticles decorated surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) functionalized glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. The chemical and physical structure of the sample is probed via transmission electron microscopy, rotating disk electrode (RDE), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, and Raman spectroscopy. The synergistic effects between the unique properties of Rh nanoparticles and rGO creates such innovative hybrid that exhibits a catalytic activity comparable to that of the commercial platinum electrocatalyst (Pt/C). As a result, the as-electrodeposited Rh@rGO hybrid exhibits outstanding ORR activity in alkaline media, as evidenced by a larger diffusion-limited current, greater positive onset potential, much better stability and methanol tolerance than Pt/C under the same conditions.     

Facile preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene as a metal-free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Nitrogen-doped graphene (nG) is a promising metal-free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode of fuel cells. Here we report a facile preparation of nG via pyrolysis of graphene oxide with melamine. The morphology of the nG is revealed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy while the successful N doping is confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The resulting nG shows high electrocatalytic activity toward ORR in an alkaline solution with an onset potential of -0.10 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The nG catalyzed oxygen reduction exhibits a favorable formation of water via a four-electron pathway. Good stability and anti-crossover property are also observed, which are advantageous over the Pt/C catalyst. Furthermore, the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the structure and activity of nG is systematically studied to gain some insights into the chemical reactions during pyrolysis.     

不同结构及氮掺杂NiO/rGO氧还原催化剂的制备与性能研究

本文以还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）为载体制备了片状NiO/rGO和球形NiO/N-rGO结构的氧还原催化剂. 通过X-射线衍射（XRD）、Raman（拉曼）测试、X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）等方法表征了两种催化剂的结构和形貌. 采用循环伏安法（CV）、Tafel曲线、线性扫描伏安法（LSV）、旋转圆盘电极（RDE）和旋转环盘电极（RRDE）等技术测试研究了两种催化剂的电化学催化氧还原性能. 研究结果表明,球形NiO/N-rGO催化剂催化氧还原的峰电流密度和起始电位（0.89 V vs. RHE）与商业化的Pt/C（20%）催化剂相近. 旋转圆盘电极（RDE）和旋转环盘电极（RRDE）测试证明,在碱性电解液中NiO/rGO和NiO/N-rGO催化的氧还原反应均主要通过4?鄄电子途径反应途径发生,球形NiO/N-rGO催化剂展现出替代Pt/C基催化剂的潜力.     

氮、硫共掺杂的碳负载的钴@碳化钴:一种高效的非贵金属氧还原电催化剂

Development of high-efficiency and low-cost electrocatalysts for large-scale oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remains a challenge. In this study, we employed melamine, trithiocyanuric acid, and cobaltous nitrate to fabricate a novel ORR electrocatalyst with cobalt and cobalt carbide supported on carbon co-doped with nitrogen and sulfur (hereafter referred to as MTC-0.1-900) by two-step pyrolysis. The MTC-0.1-900 was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical performance for ORR was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry in 0.1 mol·L^-1 KOH solutions. The results showed that the onset potential and half-wave potential of MTC-0.1-900 were 29 and 5 mV superior to the commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. After 12000 s operation at the potential of -0.3 V (vs Ag/AgCl), the current retention capacities of MTC-0.1-900 and Pt/C were 97.1% and 76.7%, respectively. MTC-0.1-900 also showed better methanol tolerance than Pt/C. These unique properties of MTC-0.1-900 provide us with an alternative for replacing or reducing the use of Pt catalyst in metal-air battery cathode materials.     

新型钴-聚吡咯-碳载Pt燃料电池催化剂的制备与表征

采用脉冲微波辅助化学还原法制备了钴-聚吡咯-碳（Co-PPy-C）载Pt 催化剂（Pt/Co-PPy-C）,其中Pt 的总质量占20%. 利用透射电镜（TEM）、光电子射线能谱分析（XPS）和X射线衍射（XRD）研究了催化剂的结构,用循环伏安（CV）、线性扫描伏安（LSV）等方法考察了其电化学活性及氧还原反应（ORR）动力学特性及耐久性. Pt/Co-PPy-C电催化剂的金属颗粒直径约1.8 nm,略小于商用催化剂Pt/C（JM）颗粒尺寸（约2.5 nm）;催化剂在载体上分散均匀,粒径分布范围较窄. Pt/Co-PPy-C的电化学活性比表面积（ECSA）（75.1 m²·g^-1）高于商用催化剂的ECSA（51.3 m²·g^-1）. XPS测试表明,自制催化剂表面的Pt 主要以零价形式存在. 而XRD结果显示,自制催化剂中Pt（111）峰最强,Pt 主要为面心立方晶格. Pt/Co-PPy-C具有与Pt/C（JM）相同的半波电位;在0.9 V下,Pt/Co-PPy-C的比活性（1.21 mA·cm^-2）高于商用催化剂的比活性（1.04 mA·cm^-2）,表现出更好的ORR催化活性.动力学性能测试表明催化剂的ORR反应以四电子路线进行. CV测试1000 圈后,Pt/Co-PPy-C和Pt/C（JM）的ECSA 分别衰减了13.0%和24.0%,可见自制催化剂的耐久性高于商用Pt/C（JM）,在质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）领域有一定的应用前景.     

Synthesis and characterization of a novel binuclear iron phthalocyanine/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for non-precious electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction

Binuclear iron phthalocyanine/reduced graphene oxide(bi-Fe Pc/RGO) nanocomposite with good electrocatalytic activity for ORR in alkaline medium was prepared in one step. High angle annular dark field image scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy element mapping results show bi-Fe Pc was uniformly distributed on RGO. An obvious cathodic peak located at about-0.23 V(vs. SCE) in CV and an onset potential of-0.004 V(vs. SCE) in LSV indicate the as-prepared bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite possesses high activity which is closed to Pt/C for ORR. The ORR on bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite follows four-electron transfer pathway in alkaline medium. Compared with Pt/C, there is only a slight decrease(about 0.02 V vs. SCE) for bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite when the methanol exists. The excellent activity and methanol tolerance in alkaline solutions proves that bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite could be considered as a promising cathode catalyst for alkaline fuel cells.     

热解条件对氮杂有序介孔炭材料电催化性能的影响

氧还原反应是燃料电池及金属空气电池中极其重要的电化学反应之一,贵金属铂基催化剂被认为是最有效的氧还原反应电催化剂.然而,贵金属铂的资源稀缺以及高成本问题阻碍了相关技术的大规模应用,探索发展廉价高效的贵金属替代型催化剂是推动燃料电池发展的根本解决方案.近年来,人们在非贵金属催化剂开发方面取得了显著进展,其中新型纳米结构掺杂炭材料研究尤为活跃.氮杂有序介孔炭材料由于其高比表面积和独特的孔结构,在燃料电池技术上具有广泛的应用前景.在氮杂有序介孔炭材料的制备过程中,热解条件对炭材料组成、结构及电催化性能有着重要影响.然而,目前尚未见对氮杂炭材料制备过程中热解条件的影响进行系统研究.
　　本文采用我们发展的蒸汽化-毛细管冷凝法,以SBA-15为硬模板浸渍前驱体吡咯,制备出具有高比表面积和独特孔结构的氮杂有序介孔炭材料,系统研究了热解条件(包括热解温度、热解时间和升温速率)对炭材料组成、结构及电催化性能的影响,采用N2吸附-脱附等温线、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及Raman光谱等方法考察了氮杂有序介孔炭材料的结构和组成,采用循环伏安法与旋转环盘电极研究了其电化学行为与氧还原反应电催化活性及选择性.
　　N2吸附-脱附等温线显示,氮杂炭材料对应IV型吸附-脱附等温线,孔径主要分布在2–10 nm,表明所制材料具有介孔结构.随着热处理温度升高,氮杂有序介孔炭材料比表面积先增加而后降低,热处理时间的延长有利于比表面积增大,但升温速率对所制炭材料比表面积没有明显影响,当升温速率为30 oC/min,900 oC焙烧3 h时,氮杂有序介孔炭材料的比表面积达到最大值888 m2/g. XPS测试结果表明,随着热处理温度升高,氮杂有序介孔炭材料中含氮基团的分解进一步加深,使N含量逐渐降低.延长热处理时间亦然,而升温速率的改变对N含量无明显影响.在热处理温度较低时(600 oC),所得材料中N主要以吡咯氮和吡啶氮的形式存在;当温度达到800 oC以上,吡咯氮转化为吡啶氮和骨架氮,且主要以骨架氮形式存在,说明氮杂有序介孔炭材料的石墨化程度逐渐升高. Raman光谱结果显示,随着热处理温度升高, ID/IG逐渐降低,进一步印证了温度对石墨化程度的影响.
　　电化学测试结果表明,随着热处理温度升高,氮杂有序介孔炭材料的氧还原反应电催化活性逐渐升高,但是当热处理温度从900 oC升至1000 oC时,氧还原反应活性增加很小;升温速率与热处理时间对氧还原反应电催化活性的影响均不明显.与商品Pt/C催化剂相比,900 oC以上所制催化剂均表现出更优异的氧还原电催化活性与选择性.由此可见,热处理温度是决定碳源热化学行为的关键因素,进而决定炭材料表面组成与结构.电化学研究结果表明,800 oC以上进行热处理碳化,所生成石墨化微晶可有效促进电子传递,降低欧姆极化损失,同时,较高的处理温度可促进骨架氮掺杂,从而构建出高效氧还原反应活性位点.因此,氮杂型炭催化剂的组成、结构与电化学性能更多地受控于热处理过程中的热力学,而非热解动力学过程.