Brill transition of nylon-6 in electrospun nanofibers

Electrospun nylon-6 fibers were prepared from its polyelectrolyte solution in formic acid with different concentrtaions. In situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were performed on the nylon-6 fibers heated to various temperatures until melting. For comparison, stepwise annealing of the solution-cast film having exclusively the α-form was also carried out to elucidate the structural evolution. Our results showed that Brill transition in the electrospun fibers occurs at a lower temperature than that in the solution-cast film due to the crystal size difference. Differential scanning calorimetry heating traces on the as-spun fibers exhibited a unique crystalline phase with a melting temperature of ～235?°C, higher than the equilibrium melting temperature of nylon-6. The content of high melting temperature (HMT) phase increased with increasing nylon-6 concentration; a maximum of 30?% of the fiber crystallinity was reached for fibers obtained from the 22?wt.% solution regardless of the heating rates used. Based on the SAXS and FTIR results, we speculated that the HMT phase is associated with thick α-form crystals developed from the highly oriented nylon-6 chains that are preserved in the skin layer of the as-spun fibers. A plausible mechanism for the formation of the skin/core fiber morphology during electrospinning was proposed.     

热处理对聚偏氟乙烯-酰胺类溶剂所制薄膜结晶行为的影响

使用红外光谱和偏光显微镜对PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯)-DMF(N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)和PVDF-DMAc(N,N-二甲基乙酰胺)体系结晶行为的研究表明,PVDF薄膜的结晶受制备溶剂,后期热处理温度和膜厚度等因素的影响;升高温度,β相含量减小;当温度低于90℃时,PVDF-DMF体系的F(β)值较DMAc体系大,在90~160℃之间则相反,且两种体系的F(β)值分别在约90℃和80℃发生“突变”;同时,结晶还明显受到薄膜厚度的影响,厚度大,结晶较完善.     

退火处理对新型无镁Y0.7La0.3Ni3.25Al0.1Mn0.15储氢合金结构和电化学性能的影响

通过电弧熔炼制备了无镁La-Y-Ni系A₂B₇型Y_0.7La_0.3Ni_3.25Al_0.1Mn_0.15合金, 并在高纯0.2 MPa Ar气氛下分别对合金进行850~1050 ℃真空24 h退火热处理. 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、 中子衍射(ND)、 扫描电子显微镜/能量分散谱(SEM/EDS)和电化学测试方法研究了退火温度对合金结构和性能的影响. 结构分析表明, 铸态合金由CaCu₅, Ce₅Co₁₉, Gd₂Co₇, Ce₂Ni₇多相构成, 随着退火温度升高, CaCu₅, Ce₅Co₁₉, Gd₂Co₇相逐步减少直至消失, Ce₂Ni₇主相相丰度逐步增加. 900~950 ℃退火时, 合金为单相Ce₂Ni₇结构. 退火温度继续升高, 合金中出现少量PuNi₃相. 合金电极的最大放电容量随着退火温度的升高先增加后降低. 从铸态的307.6 mA·h/g增加到900 ℃退火时的最大值393.1 mA·h/g, 后又降到1050 ℃退火时的366.4 mA·h/g. 合金电极的电化学循环稳定性随退火温度的升高而升高, 循环100次后电化学容量保持率(S₁₀₀)从铸态的66%上升到1050 ℃退火后的88.5%, 900~950 ℃退火时, 合金电极具有较好的综合电化学性能.     

马来酸酐封端聚碳酸亚丙酯的大分子偶联反应

自从 1 969年井上祥平[1] 发现二氧化碳 (CO2 )可以同环氧化合物直接共聚合成脂肪族聚碳酸酯(APC)以来 ,这一学科领域受到科学家的广泛关注[2～ 8] .这是因为CO2 所产生的温室效应 ,成为使全球变暖的主要因素[9,10 ] .已经确定CO2 使气侯变暖占诸多因素中的 66% .目前大气中CO2 的体积浓度为 345ppmv,由于人类的各类活动每年以 1ppmv的速度递增 .因此 ,降低CO2 排放量已成为全人类共同关注的热点之一 .另一方面 ,CO2 的固定化以及消耗、利用显然是一个应积极鼓励的研究课题 .目前人们已经将CO2 同环氧乙烷 (EO)、环氧丙烷 (PO)、环…     

四氟乙烯-全氟4-甲基-3,6-二氧杂△~7辛基磺酰氟共聚物的分子运动

本工作用振簧仪,在-150—80℃范围内,测试了四氟乙烯-全氟4-甲基-3,6-二氧杂△~7辛基磺酰氟共聚物的动态力学性能。样品是含有不同侧基数目的部分结晶共聚物。观察到四个松弛过程,按温度下降次序记为α、γ_1-、γ_2-、γ_3-。α峰(室温附近)系玻璃化转变。γ_1峰(-50℃,～215Hz)为主链有阻碍的短链段分子运动。γ_2-峰(-60℃,～230Hz)为侧基的分子运动。γ_3-峰(-77℃,～260Hz)为的链段运动,并且γ_3-峰的强度随结晶度增加而增强。     

罗丹明B敏化TiO2可见光分解水产氢研究

通过低温煅烧处理罗丹明B和P25(TiO₂)的混合物一步合成了罗丹明B敏化的TiO₂复合光催化剂。X射线衍射(XRD)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)表征结果显示,低温煅烧处理未改变P25的晶相结构和形貌。紫外-可见光吸收光谱和红外光谱表征表明,罗丹明B和P25之间发生了强的相互作用,荧光光谱表征结果证实低温煅烧处理导致的强相互作用有利于电子从罗丹明B向P25传输。可见光光催化分解水实验结果表明,250℃下煅烧处理得到的复合光催化剂具有最佳的产氢速率,可达到65.1 μmol/(g·h),是相同光催化反应条件下罗丹明B和P25物理混合光催化剂的1.8倍。     

淬火温度对聚偏氟乙烯形态结构的影响

用透射电子显微镜（ＴＥＭ）和傅里叶交换红外光谱（ＦＴＩＲ）等方法研究了结晶温度对聚偏氟乙烯（ＰＶＦ２）晶相结构的影响．结果表明，从ＰＶＦ２熔体高速淬火到较低温度等温结晶可直接生成β相结晶，临界淬火温度为３０℃．淬火温度在４０—７０℃时，α和β相共存．当淬火温度较高时（８０—１５０℃），生成α相结晶．在淬火温度高于１６５℃时，则得到ＰＶＦ２的γ相结晶．在临界温度以下淬火的ＰＶＦ２薄膜含有β相微晶，而高于临界淬火温度时则生成α相或γ相的片晶或球晶结构．     

外围带咔唑基的联苯桥联PPV齐聚物的稳定性

设计合成了外围带咔唑基团的联苯桥联齐聚对苯撑乙烯撑衍生物, 用核磁共振氢谱、质谱和元素分析对其结构和纯度进行了表征. 热分析测试结果表明: 该化合物具有良好的化学结构稳定性和相态稳定性. 玻璃化转变温度为142.05 ℃, 热失重开始温度为306 ℃. 退火处理前后的旋涂薄膜的吸收光谱的性状和X射线衍射数据说明该化合物的固体薄膜为无定形薄膜, 而且高温下退火4 h没有明显变化. 研究结果表明, 以联苯桥联结构为中心, 外围修饰大体积的咔唑基团的分子设计不仅在减弱分子聚集和抑制π-π相互作用方面取得了良好效果, 而且保持了联苯桥联DSB衍生物的结构稳定性.     

热处理条件对R-PET/LLDPE-g-MA共混物中PET玻璃化转变行为的影响

对回收聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(R-PET)/LLDPE-g-MA马来酸酐改性的线性低密度聚乙烯共混物进行不同条件的热处理, 采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究共混物基体PET的玻璃化转变行为. 结果表明, 当热处理温度低于PET的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)时, PET的玻璃化转变区域出现热焓松弛现象. 随着热处理温度的增加, PET的Tg逐渐升高; 在50~70 ℃下热处理48 h后, PET的Tg逐渐稳定. 当热处理温度高于PET的Tg而低于100 ℃时, PET的玻璃化转变区域出现2个热流转变, FTIR分析表明, PET分子构象开始发生变化. 当热处理温度为100 ℃时, DSC曲线上PET的玻璃化转变消失, PET的结晶度明显增加, 说明PET开始冷结晶的温度在90~100 ℃之间.     

THE RHEO-OPTICAL FTIR STUDY OF POLYESTERPOLYETHER SEGMENTED COPOLYMER

The polyester-polyetber segmented copolymer has been investigated by rheo-optical FTIR during stretehing for the informastion on strain induced crystallizatinn of soft segment chains, hard and soft chain orientation.At room temperature 15℃, the soft segment chains of polyester-polyether being to crystallize at 220% strain and the degree of crystallixation increa(?)e with draw ratio, but there will not be any soft segment chains crystallization above 21℃even at bigber strain. The average orientation of hard segment chains are higher than that of the soft chain at high strain level, both are positive oriented into the stretching direction at allover strain level. This indicates that the b(?)d (?)ent ch(?)ins are dispersed into the elastomeric phase and without forming spherulite.     

退火处理提高P3HT:PCBM聚合物太阳能电池光伏性能

利用旋转涂膜方法制备了以P3HT:PCBM为有源层的聚合物太阳能电池, 器件结构为ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al(氧化铟锡导电玻璃/聚二氧乙基噻吩:聚对苯乙烯磺酸/聚三已基噻酚:富勒烯衍生物/铝),研究了退火温度对聚合物太阳能电池性能的影响. 实验发现: 聚合物薄膜经过120 °C退火10 min处理后, 开路电压(V_oc)达到0.64 V, 短路电流密度(J_sc)为10.25 mA·cm^-2, 填充因子(FF) 38.1%, 光电转换效率(PCE)达到2.00%. 为了讨论其内在机制, 对不同退火条件下聚合物薄膜进行了各种表征. 从紫外-可见吸收光谱中发现, 退火处理使P3HT在可见光范围内吸收加强且吸收峰展宽, 特别是在560和610 nm处的吸收强度明显增大; X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明, 120 °C退火后P3HT在(100)晶面上的衍射强度是未退火薄膜的2.8倍, 有利于光生载流子的输运; 原子力显微镜(AFM)研究结果表明, 退火显著增大了P3HT与PCBM的相分离程度, 提高了激子解离的几率; 傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱验证了退火并没有引起聚合物材料物性的变化.     

NiB和NiP超细非晶合金的退火晶化行为及催化性能

 采用X射线吸收精细结构（XAFS）,X射线衍射（XRD）和差热分析（DTA）等方法研究了以化学还原法制备的NiB和NiP超细非晶态合金催化剂在退火过程中的结构变化．XRD结果表明,在300℃下退火时,NiB超细非晶态合金晶化生成纳米晶Ni3B亚稳物相,NiP超细非晶态合金则主要晶化生成金属Ni和部分晶态Ni3P的混合物相;在500℃退火且近于完全晶化的条件下,大部分超细非晶态合金都晶化为金属Ni．XAFS结果定量地说明,对于NiB和NiP初始样品,第一近邻Ni－Ni配位的平均键长Rj分别为0.274和0.271nm,其结构无序度σS很大,分别为0.033和0.028nm,其热无序度σT分别为0.0069和0.0060nm．300℃退火后,晶化生成的Ni3B的Ni－Ni配位的σS降低到初始样品的33％,仅为0.011nm．500℃退火后,NiB样品的结构参数与金属Ni基本一致,但NiP样品的Ni－Ni配位的σS还远大于σT,仍为0.0125nm,表明NiB和NiP超细非晶态合金的退火晶化行为有很大的差别．纳米晶Ni3B催化苯加氢反应的转化率比超细Ni－B非晶态合金或多晶金属Ni更高,表明纳米晶Ni3B中的Ni与B原子组成了苯加氢催化反应的活性中心．     

Influence of Post-annealing in N2 on Structure and Electrochemical Characteristics of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4

LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ prepared by a spray drying method was re-treated in N₂ at 500, 600 and 700℃, respectively. Their structural and electrochemical properties were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and charge-discharge tests. The space group of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ transforms from P4₃32 to Fd3 m at an annealing temperature of 700℃. The electrochemical characteristics of the treated samples are closely related to the annealing temperature. The sample treated in N₂ at 500℃ shows both an improved rate capability and cyclic performance at a high temperature compared with the as-prepared sample, while the sample treated in N₂ at 700℃ shows dramatically decrease in its reversible capacity.     

锰的硅化物薄膜在Si(111)-7×7表面的固相反应生长

利用超高真空扫描隧道显微镜(STM)对沉积在Si(111)-7×7重构表面上的锰薄膜在300-650℃之间的固相反应进行了研究.锰原子最初在Si(111)衬底上形成锰的纳米团簇的有序阵列,经过300℃退火后,锰纳米团簇的尺寸增大并且纳米团簇阵列由有序变为无序;当退火温度达到400℃左右时,锰纳米团簇与硅衬底发生反应生成富锰的三维岛状物和由MnSi构成的平板状岛;500℃退火后生成物全部转变为MnSi平板状岛;650℃退火后生成物则由MnSi平板状岛全部转变为富硅的不规则的大三维岛,同时被破坏的衬底表面重新结晶形成7×7结构.     

α-甲基苯乙烯/苯乙烯/马来酸酐三元共聚物功能化聚丙烯及增容聚丙烯/尼龙6共混体系的研究

采用溶液聚合的方式合成了α-甲基苯乙烯/苯乙烯/马来酸酐三元共聚物(简称为PASM),研究了单体组成、反应温度和时间等因素对共聚的影响,并进一步研究了三元共聚物对聚丙烯的功能化作用和对聚丙烯/尼龙6(PP/Ny6)共混体系的原位增容作用.GPC和TG等技术对PASM的表征结果显示,随着单体组成中α-甲基苯乙烯(AMS)...     

二维红外相关光谱研究缠结对冷冻升华无规聚苯乙烯分子运动的影响

用冷冻升华法制备了浓度为1×10^－4 和2×10^－5 g/mL的单链无规聚苯乙烯(a-PS). 利用FTIR测试方法, 测定a-PS在等温处理时红外吸收峰的时间依赖性与温度依赖性, 研究样品中链缠结和链结构单元的堆积等因素对红外吸收峰的影响, 进而探讨链缠结对a-PS分子运动的影响. 同时, 也通过二维相关分析来研究a-PS等温实验过程中, 链缠结的变化情况以及官能团之间的变化顺序, 推断在a-PS等温时, 与链结构单元的堆积相联系的苯环振动首先发生, 其次才是与链缠结相关联的CH₂振动发生变化, 并由此确定缠结对冷冻升华a-PS分子运动的影响.     

Characterization and Application of Surface Plasmon-Enhanced Optical Diffraction from Electrodeposited Gold Nanowire Arrays

Arrays of gold nanowires formed by the process of lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) were characterized by a combination of SEM, polarized UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and optical diffraction measurements. A transverse localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) was observed for gold nanowire arrays with an absorption maximum (λ(max)) that varied with nanowire width. Transmission optical diffraction measurements were measured with the even and odd diffraction orders creating an alternating, out of phase sinusoidal intensity pattern characteristic of the LPNE nanowire arrays. The intensities of the even diffraction order maxima were the strongest for nanowires with a width of 115 ± 10 nm; nanowires of this width exhibit a λ(max) of 635 ± 10 nm, verifying that the transverse LSPR has enhanced the optical diffraction signal. Real time total internal reflection diffraction intensity measurements were used to monitor in situ the electrodeposition of silver monolayers onto the gold nanowire arrays.     

铁掺杂钐镓石榴石Sm3Ga5-x Fex O12(x=1,2,3,4)可逆热致变色材料的合成与表征

采用传统高温固相法合成了系列Fe掺杂钐镓石榴石Sm₃Ga_5-xFe_xO₁₂(x=1,2,3,4)可逆热致变色材料, 并通过粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、 红外光谱(FTIR)、 拉曼光谱(Raman)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及固体紫外光谱分析技术研究了物质的结构及性质. 在室温下, 随着铁掺杂量的增加, 样品的颜色从亮黄绿色逐渐变为深墨绿色, 且随着温度从室温升至500 ℃, 样品的颜色也逐渐变为相应的橘黄色和棕色. 样品在室温下所呈现的黄绿色是源于其在紫色光区域及橙红色光区域内有相应的吸收行为, 且随着温度的升高, 吸收行为持续红移, 样品颜色也随之发生变化.     

高岭土对焚烧烟气中Pb、Cd排放的控制特性研究

采用流化床焚烧炉进行焚烧实验,研究了烟气中颗粒物形态Pb和Cd的排放规律以及炉内添加高岭土粉末对Pb、Cd排放的影响。用低压冲击器分级采集颗粒物,原子吸收分光光度计检测Pb、Cd浓度,用扫描电镜/X射线衍射/能谱仪观察高岭土吸附重金属前后表面形貌和反应物的种类并检测表面元素分布。结果表明,PM10中90%以上的Pb和85%以上的Cd分布在亚微米颗粒物中;在焚烧炉内,Pb比Cd更易于向PM10中迁移。高温下高岭土与重金属Pb、Cd蒸气反应而产生共晶融化,随温度升高融化量逐渐增加。共晶融化可以促使颗粒相互黏附,促进亚微米重金属向粗颗粒中迁移。添加高岭土可以有效控制亚微米Pb、Cd排放,对亚微米Pb的最高吸附效率达83%,对亚微米Cd的最高效率达50%。高岭土对Pb吸附效率顺序为950℃1000℃850℃900℃;高岭土与Cd反应所需的温度较高,直至1000℃时才具有明显吸附效果。     

Annealing of melt‐crystallized polyethylene and its influence on microstructure and mechanical properties: A comparative study on branched and linear polyethylenes

Annealing treatments have been performed on two melt‐crystallized polyethylenes (PE) with different topologies, namely highly branched and linear PE, to comparatively investigate the microstructural evolution and corresponding changes of mechanical property. It shows that annealing induced different degrees of variation in the lamellar rearrangement of the two PEs. Branched PE, which incorporates comonomers on the backbones, shows a more versatile annealing effect when compared with the linear counterpart. With respect to PEs, it is for the first time a connection was made between the annealing‐induced microstructural changes and an important but less understood property known as heat distortion temperature (HDT). It shows that at lower annealing temperatures, the improvement of HDT can be well correlated to the increased crystallinity induced by lamellar rearrangement for both PEs. However, for branched PE, the contribution of crystallinity is weakened at higher annealing temperatures and the dominant factor on HDT was replaced by the relaxation of lamellar structure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1347–1359, 2011