2D dynamic analysis of cracks and interface cracks in piezoelectric composites using the SBFEM

The dynamic stress and electric displacement intensity factors of impermeable cracks in homogeneous piezoelectric materials and interface cracks in piezoelectric bimaterials are evaluated by extending the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). In this method, a piezoelectric plate is divided into polygons. Each polygon is treated as a scaled boundary finite element subdomain. Only the boundaries of the subdomains need to be discretized with line elements. The dynamic properties of a subdomain are represented by the high order stiffness and mass matrices obtained from a continued fraction solution, which is able to represent the high frequency response with only 3–4 terms per wavelength. The semi-analytical solutions model singular stress and electric displacement fields in the vicinity of crack tips accurately and efficiently. The dynamic stress and electric displacement intensity factors are evaluated directly from the scaled boundary finite element solutions. No asymptotic solution, local mesh refinement or other special treatments around a crack tip are required. Numerical examples are presented to verify the proposed technique with the analytical solutions and the results from the literature. The present results highlight the accuracy, simplicity and efficiency of the proposed technique.     

黏弹性人工边界等效荷载计算的改进方法

黏弹性人工边界在场地地震反应和结构-地基动力相互作用等问题的计算中已得到了广泛的应用.地震波在黏弹性人工边界中的输入是通过将地震波转化为作用于人工边界处的等效载荷来实现的.计算等效节点载荷的常规方法默认边界节点对应区域内的应力为均布力,但实际上该节点对应区域内的应力分布通常是不均匀的.本文在有限元方法结合黏弹性局部人工边界的显式时域波动方法的基础上,建立了无限域散射问题地震波等效载荷计算的一种改进方法.该方法采用细化网格与应力积分相结合的方法计算人工边界等效节点力,有效地降低了人工边界上等效节点力的计算误差.以不同角度入射地震波的二维算例为例,算例给出的波场位移云图和节点位移时程曲线验证了本文方法的有效性,其计算精度与网格尺寸和地震波入射角度密切相关,且网格越小、入射角度越小,计算精度越高.对于相同的网格尺寸,本文采用方法的计算精度明显高于常规方法,尤其是对于斜入射问题优势更为明显.     

基于图像四叉树的改进型比例边界有限元法研究

为提高数值计算的精度,断裂力学问题的数值模拟需要在裂纹扩展的局部区域采用较密的网格,而远离裂纹扩展的区域可采用较疏的网格,且对于裂纹扩展问题的数值模拟,大多数数值方法又存在局部网格重剖分的问题.论文提出了一种基于图像四叉树的改进型比例边界有限元法用于模拟裂纹扩展问题,该方法可根据结构域几何外边界的图像全自动进行四叉树网格剖分,无需任何人工干预,网格剖分效率极高,由于比例边界有限元法本身的优势,四叉树网格的悬挂节点可以直接地视为新的节点,无需任何特殊处理.通过引入虚节点的思想,将裂纹与四叉树单元边界交叉点作为虚节点,虚节点的自由度作为附加自由度处理,并采用水平集函数表征材料内部的裂纹面,含不连续裂纹面的子域可通过节点水平集函数识别,使得裂纹扩展时无需进行网格重剖分,界面的几何特征通过比例边界有限元子域的附加自由度表征.最后,通过若干算例验证了该方法的性能,建议的改进型比例边界有限元法在求解复合型应力强度因子和模拟材料内部裂纹扩展路径时均具有较高的精度.     

平面弹性力学问题的离散元法

根据离散元的基本原理,基于变形体的理论提出了适用于平面弹性力学问题的界面位移、应变和应力模式,建立了求解平面弹性力学问题的离散元方程和相应的迭代求解方法.通过界面位移可以简洁地将位移和力的边界条件引入离散系统的控制方程,也可以方便地求解节点位移.数值算例表明,与具有相同网格的有限元结果相比,离散元能同时给出精度相对较高的应力解和精度相当的位移解.     

Goal‐oriented space–time adaptivity in the finite element Galerkin method for the computation of nonstationary incompressible flow

This paper presents a general strategy for designing adaptive space–time finite element discretizations of the nonstationary Navier–Stokes equations. The underlying framework is that of the dual weighted residual method for goal‐oriented a posteriori error estimation and automatic mesh adaptation. In this approach, the error in the approximation of certain quantities of physical interest, such as the drag coefficient, is estimated in terms of local residuals of the computed solution multiplied by sensitivity factors, which are obtained by numerically solving an associated dual problem. In the resulting local error indicators, the effects of spatial and temporal discretization are separated, which allows for the simultaneous adjustment of time step and spatial mesh size. The efficiency of the proposed method for the construction of economical meshes and the quantitative assessment of the error is illustrated by several test examples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

直接计算应力强度因子的扩展有限元法

系统地给出了直接计算应力强度因子的扩展有限元法。该方法以常规有限元法为基础,利用单位分解法思想,通过在近似位移表达式中增加能够反映裂纹面的不连续函数及反映裂尖局部特性的裂尖渐进位移场函数,间接体现裂纹面的存在,从而无需使裂纹面与有限元网格一致,无需在裂尖布置高密度网格,也不需要后处理就可以直接计算出应力强度因子,并且大大简化了前后处理工作。最后通过两个简单算例验证了该方法的精度,分析了影响计算结果的因素,并与采用J积分计算的应力强度因子作了对比,得出了两种方法计算精度相当的结论。     

弹性力学问题的一阶有限元解法

求解弹性力学问题的应力时,如果采用常规的位移有限元法,需要先求得单元的节点位移,再经过求导运算得到。为了解决这种求解方式引起的应力精度下降的问题,提出了弹性力学问题的一阶多变量形式,使得应力与位移精度同阶,并推导了弱形式。采用有限元方法,对弹性力学问题给出了一阶解法的二维、三维数值算例,并且将一阶解法的结果与常规位移有限元法的解进行了比较。数值计算结果表明,一阶解法有效提高了应力的精度,并且应力的误差和节点位移的误差具有相同的收敛阶,验证了本文方法的有效性,为提高有限元法的应力精度提供了新的思路。     

Enriched goal-oriented error estimation for fracture problems solved by continuum-based shell extended finite element method简

An enriched goal-oriented error estimation method with extended degrees of freedom is developed to estimate the error in the continuum-based shell extended finite element method. It leads to high quality local error bounds in three-dimensional fracture mechanics simulation which involves enrichments to solve the singularity in crack tip. This enriched goal-oriented error estimation gives a chance to evaluate this continuum- based shell extended finite element method simulation. With comparisons of reliability to the stress intensity factor calculation in stretching and bending, the accuracy of the continuum-based shell extended finite element method simulation is evaluated, and the reason of error is discussed.     

海洋平台K型管节点的疲劳裂纹扩展分析 II:数值分析

对于已含初始裂纹平台管节点的寿命预测很大程度上依靠应力强度因子的精确值,而复杂载荷条件下的节点应力强度因子的计算尚无参数方程直接确定。本文提出了一种含表面裂纹的K节点的有限元网格产生方法,即把整个K节点划分为几个子区域,每个子区域的网格具有不同类型的单元和不同的密度。这种方法在控制网格密度,尤其是控制沿着裂纹边缘单元的边长比方面有其独特的优越性,当所有子区域的网格自动产生后,容易得到整个结构的有限元模型。同时用J积分和位移外推插值法分别计算了一个K型节点沿着裂纹前缘的应力强度因子值,发现:试验得到的应力强度因子值和提出的模型计算结果非常吻合,证明了所提有限元模型的准确性。     

改进型扩展比例边界有限元法

结合了扩展有限元法(extended finite elementmethods,XFEM)和比例边界有限元法(scaled boundary finite elementmethods,SBFEM)的主要优点,提出了一种改进型扩展比例边界有限元法(improvedextended scaled boundary finite elementmethods,$i$XSBFEM),为断裂问题模拟提供了一条新的途径.类似XFEM,采用两个正交的水平集函数表征材料内部裂纹面,并基于水平集函数判断单元切割类型;将被裂纹切割的单元作为SBFE的子域处理,采用SBFEM求解单元刚度矩阵,从而避免了XFEM中求解不连续单元刚度矩阵需要进一步进行单元子划分的缺陷;同时,借助XFEM的主要思想,将裂纹与单元边界交点的真实位移作为单元结点的附加自由度考虑,赋予了单元结点附加自由度明确的物理意义,可以直接根据位移求解结果得出裂纹与单元边界交点的位移;对于含有裂尖的单元,选取围绕裂尖单元一圈的若干层单元作为超级单元,并将此超级单元作为SBFE的一个子域求解刚度矩阵,超级单元内部的结点位移可通过SBFE的位移模式求解得到,应力强度因子可基于裂尖处的奇异位移(应力)直接获得,无需借助其他的数值方法.最后,通过若干数值算例验证了建议的$i$XSBFEM的有效性,相比于常规XFEM,$i$XSBFEM的基于位移范数的相对误差收敛性较好;采用$i$XSBFEM通过应力法和位移法直接计算得到的裂尖应力强度因子均与解析解吻合\较好.      

一类面向高阶精度自适应流动计算的流场插值方法

网格自适应技术和高阶精度数值方法是提升计算流体力学复杂问题适应能力的有效技术途径. 将这两项技术结合需要解决一系列技术难题, 其中之一是高阶精度流场插值. 针对高阶精度自适应流动计算, 提出一类高精度流场插值方法, 实现将前一迭代步网格中流场数值解插值到当前迭代步网格中, 以延续前一迭代步中的计算状态. 为实现流场插值过程中物理量守恒, 该方法先计算新旧网格的重叠区域, 然后将物理量从重叠区域的旧网格中转移到新网格中. 为满足高阶精度要求, 先采用k-exact最小二乘方法对旧网格上的数值解进行重构, 获得描述物理量分布的高阶多项式, 随后采用高阶精度高斯数值积分实现物理量精确地转移到新网格单元上. 最后, 通过一个具有精确解的数值算例和一个高阶精度自适应流动计算算例验证了本文算法的有效性. 第一个算例结果表明当网格规模固定不变时, 插值精度阶数越高, 插值误差越小; 第二个算例显示本文方法可以有效缩短高精度自适应流动计算的迭代收敛时间.      

A conformal decomposition finite element method for modeling stationary fluid interface problems

A method is developed for modeling fluid transport in domains that do not conform to the finite element mesh. One or more level set functions are used to describe the fluid domain. A background, non‐conformal mesh is decomposed into elements that conform to the level set interfaces. Enrichment takes place by adding nodes that lie on the interfaces. Unlike other enriched finite element methods, the proposed technique requires no changes to the underlying element assembly, element interpolation, or element quadrature. The complexity is entirely contained within the element decomposition routines. It is argued that the accuracy of the method is no less than that for eXtended Finite Element Methods (XFEM) with Heaviside enrichment. The accuracy is demonstrated using multiple numerical tests. In all cases, optimal rates of convergence are obtained for both volume and surface quantities. Jacobi preconditioning is shown to remove the ill‐conditioning that may result from the nearly degenerate conformal elements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种新的求解对流占优问题的自适应网格细化方法

在均匀网格上求解对流占优问题时,往往会产生数值震荡现象,因此需要局部加密网格来提高解的精度。针对对流占优问题,设计了一种新的自适应网格细化算法。该方法采用流线迎风SUPG(Petrov-Galerkin)格式求解对流占优问题,定义了网格尺寸并通过后验误差估计子修正来指导自适应网格细化,以泡泡型局部网格生成算法BLMG为网格生成器,通过模拟泡泡在区域中的运动得到了高质量的点集。与其他自适应网格细化方法相比,该方法可在同一框架内实现网格的细化和粗化,同时在所有细化层得到了高质量的网格。数值算例结果表明,该方法在求解对流占优问题时具有更高的数值精度和更好的收敛性。     

四节点四边形数值流形方法及其改进

本文对四节点四边形流形元提出了改进措施,将覆盖位移函数用自然坐标表示,使得在一般非规则有限数学覆盖网格下,数值积分变得比较容易,克服了现有四节点四边形流形单元数值积分困难的缺点。数值算例将其应用于复合材料数值模拟,计算结果表明,当覆盖位移函数采用完全一阶等参多项式时,计算精度较传统有限元法有很大改进。在力应集中或应力突变的区域,无需网格加密,只需提高覆盖位移函数的阶次即可。     

Anisotropic adaptive stabilized finite element solver for RANS models

Aerodynamic characteristics of various geometries are predicted using a finite element formulation coupled with several numerical techniques to ensure stability and accuracy of the method. First, an edge‐based error estimator and anisotropic mesh adaptation are used to detect automatically all flow features under the constraint of a fixed number of elements, thus controlling the computational cost. A variational multiscale‐stabilized finite element method is used to solve the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations. Finally, the Spalart‐Allmaras turbulence model is solved using the streamline upwind Petrov‐Galerkin method. This paper is meant to show that the combination of anisotropic unsteady mesh adaptation with stabilized finite element methods provides an adequate framework for solving turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers. The proposed method was validated on several test cases by confrontation with literature of both numerical and experimental results, in terms of accuracy on the prediction of the drag and lift coefficients as well as their evolution in time for unsteady cases.     

A Dual Phase Lag Model on Thermoelastic Interaction in an Infinite Fiber-Reinforced Anisotropic Medium with a Circular Hole

The model of generalized thermoelasticity proposed by dual phase lag (DPL), is applied to study the thermoelastic interactions in an infinite fiber-reinforced anisotropic medium with a circular hole. A decaying with time thermal field on the boundary of the hole, which is stress free, causes the thermoelastic interactions. The solutions for displacement, temperature, and stresses are obtained with the help of the finite element procedure. The effects of the reinforcement on temperature, stress, and displacement are studied. The exact solution in the case of isotropic medium is discussed explicitly. The accuracy of the finite element method validated by comparing between the finite element and exact solutions for absence the reinforcement.     

Mesh Adaptation for Stationary Flow Control

We consider local mesh adaptation for stationary flow control problems. The state equation is given by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with Neumann boundary control. As an example, the functional to be minimized is the drag coefficient of an immersed body. We use finite elements on locally refined meshes to discretize the first order necessary conditions based on the Lagrangian. An a posteriori error estimate is derived which is directly related to the control problem. It is used to successively enrich the finite element space until the computed solution satisfies prescribed accuracy requirements.     

A hybrid-stress element based on Hamilton principle

A novel hybrid-stress finite element method is proposed for constructing simple 4-node quadrilateral plane elements, and the new element is denoted as HH4-3fl here. Firstly, the theoretical basis of the traditional hybrid-stress elements, i.e., the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, is replaced by the Hamilton variational principle, in which the number of the stress variables is reduced from 3 to 2. Secondly, three stress parameters and corresponding trial functions are introduced into the system equations. Thirdly, the displacement fields of the conventional bilinear isoparametric element are employed in the new models. Finally, from the stationary condition, the stress parameters can be expressed in terms of the displacement parameters, and thus the new element stiffness matrices can be obtained. Since the required number of stress variables in the Hamilton variational principle is less than that in the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, and no additional incompatible displacement modes are considered, the new hybrid-stress element is simpler than the traditional ones. Furthermore, in order to improve the accuracy of the stress solutions, two enhanced post-processing schemes are also proposed for element HH4-3β. Numerical examples show that the proposed model exhibits great improvements in both displacement and stress solutions, implying that the proposed technique is an effective way for developing simple finite element models with high performance.     

基于p型有限元法和围线积分法计算复合型应力强度因子

传统有限元法由于采用低阶插值计算应力强度因子时,需要划分的网格数较多,收敛速度较慢,得到的应力强度因子精度不足。p型有限元法在网格确定时通过增加插值多项式的阶数来提高计算精度,具有网格划分少、收敛速度快、精度高、自适应能力强等特点。本文采用基于p型有限元法的有限元计算软件StressCheck计算得到应力场和位移场,并由围线积分法导出混合型应力强度因子(SIFs)。通过几个经典算例,分析了围线的选择对计算精度的影响,计算了不同裂纹长度、不同裂纹角度和裂纹在应力集中区域不同位置时的应力强度因子。并将数值结果、理论解与文献中其他数值计算方法所得的部分结果进行了对比分析,结果表明自由度数不大于7000时,导出的应力强度因子相对误差最大不超过1.2%,数值解表现出较高的精度及数值稳定性。     

Versatile anisotropic mesh adaptation methodology applied to pure quantity of interest error estimator. Steady,laminar incompressible flow

We introduce a new flexible mesh adaptation approach to efficiently compute a quantity of interest by the finite element method. Efficiently, we mean that the method provides an evaluation of that quantity up to a predetermined accuracy at a lower computational cost than other classical methods. The central pillar of the method is our scalar error estimator based on sensitivities of the quantity of interest to the residuals. These sensitivities result from the computation of a continuous adjoint problem. The mesh adaptation strategy can drive anisotropic mesh adaptation from a general scalar error contribution of each element. The full potential of our error estimator is then reached. The proposed method is validated by evaluating the lift, the drag, and the hydraulic losses on a 2D benchmark case: the flow around a cylinder at a Reynolds number of 20.