稀土顺-1,4-聚丁二烯的分子量及分子缠结对结晶行为的影响

本工作以线膨胀、体膨胀、DSC、扭辫等方法,在较宽的分子量和结晶温度范围内研究了稀土顺-1,4-聚丁二烯(Ln-PB)的分子量与结晶速率,结晶熔点,玻璃化温度及结晶比表面能之间的关系。进一步考察了分子链缠结对结晶速率的影响,并在结晶成核理论的基础上引入链缠结的影响,导出Ln-PB的结晶动力学方程,得到了与实验符合较好的结果。     

稀土高顺式聚丁二烯等温结晶动力学及结晶形态的研究

通过稀土催化丁二烯配位聚合制备了一系列不同分子量、分子量分布及顺-1,4结构含量的稀土高顺式聚丁二烯(cis-PB),采用扫描示差量热仪法(DSC)研究了cis-PB在-18~-27℃范围内等温结晶过程,采用配有在线冷热台的偏光显微镜(POM)观测结晶形态.结果表明,在cis-PB等温结晶过程中,Avrami指数(n)在2.0~3.0之间,呈现三维球晶的生长方式,与微观结构参数及结晶温度无关,但其球晶尺寸与微观结构有关,并随着顺-1,4结构含量升高而增大;当顺-1,4结构含量小于98.4%时,半结晶期(t1/2)随其含量增加而缩短,结晶速率加快,但若其含量继续增加至99.0%左右时,结晶速率反而有所降低;若同时提高聚合物分子量及顺-1,4结构含量或者在分子量及顺-1,4结构含量相近的前提下使分子量分布变窄,均有利于提高结晶速率;随顺-1,4结构含量增加,过冷度(ΔT)增加,结晶驱动力增大;结晶活化能(ΔE)为负值,降低结晶温度有利于提高结晶速率,当顺-1,4结构含量大于98.2%时,ΔE值接近(~-137 k J/mol),结晶速率对温度的依赖程度相近.     

顺1,4及反1,4聚丁二烯共混及共聚物结晶形态结构研究

本文用电镜、电子衍射及DSC等研究了顺1,4PB及反1,4PB的共混及共聚物的形态结构。观察了室温下两相结构分布随组分变化的规律及反1,4PB含量对顺1,4PB低温结晶、片层厚度和球晶大小的影响。进一步讨论了这两种不能形成类质同象结构物质结晶的相互影响。     

内应力对顺-1,4-聚丁二烯结晶的影响

本工作用线膨胀仪观察了顺-1,4-聚丁二烯(PB)生胶恒温及等速降温条件下的结晶行为,发现某些胶样在结晶前出现长度增加,而加热至结晶融化时出现长度收缩,随样品退火程度的增加所述现象逐渐减小,直至消失。本工作用含凝胶样品受外力作用后能产生内应力并生成束状结晶的模型来进行解释,其结果得到DSC的验证。     

分子量分布对双烯类聚合物粘弹性能的影响—Ⅰ.分子量分布对顺-1,-4聚丁二烯粘弹性能的影响

本文采用沉淀分级和溶液混合的方法制备分子量相近但分子量分布不同的顺-1,4-聚丁二烯样品,通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和应力松弛的方法,研究分子量分布宽度对生胶粘弹性能的影响,并考察低分子量级份对缠结网络密度的作用和高分子量级份对生胶粘弹性能的影响。结果表明,聚合物本体的稳流切变粘度对分子量分布最为敏感。随分子量分布的变宽,低分子量级份增多,缠结网络密度变小,当高分子量级份增加时,生胶的弹性记忆效应加强。     

顺-1,4-聚丁二烯的工艺性质——Ⅰ.钛盐催化聚合顺-1,4-聚丁二烯的性质

研究了用钛盐催化剂制备而具有不同分子量的顺-1,4-聚丁二烯的性貭。 各种具有不同分子量的顺-1,4-聚丁二烯生胶的性貭很相似:(1)凝胶含量低于1％,(2)玻璃化温度在—110至—114℃之间,(3)顺-1,4结构含量在93至97％(表1A)。但门尼粘度则随[η]值而激增(图1)。从生胶的应力-应变曲线可见各种顺-1,4-聚丁二烯样品在拉伸时并没有结晶现象(图2)。 顺-1,4-聚丁二烯在滚筒上的加工性能对配炼温度极敏感。在25℃,40℃和60℃滚筒温度下的加炭黑配炼试验中,发现唯有在25℃下配炼才得到光滑的混合物,由此可制得抗张强度超过200公斤/厘米~2的硫化物中,如果配炼系在40℃或60℃下进行,则顺-1,4-聚丁二烯趋向于破碎(图4),得不到光滑的混合物,由此而制得的硫化物丧失抗张强度(图3)。 根据下列试验结果:(1)将顺-1,4-聚丁二烯分别在25℃,40℃和60℃下进行素炼,在素炼过程中都不产生疑胶,无明显的降解(图6),又素炼后链节结构并无变化(表3);(2)温度对滚炼的影响是可逆的(表4)。我们认为,在40℃或60℃下配炼得到的硫化物之所以丧失抗张强度可能由于炭黑没有均匀分散。从合炭黑硫化物断面的显微镜照片亦可看到在25℃下配炼的硫化物确不同于在40℃和60℃下配炼者(图5A)。 当含炭黑硫化物的定伸强度(M_(300％))超过60公斤/厘米~2     

~(13)C-NMR研究聚丁二烯的序列结构

本文采用~13C-NMR方法研究了不同催化体系制备的聚丁二烯。经分析指出,聚丁二烯分子链的三种序列(顺-1,4-序列、反-1,4-序列和1,2-序列)和十七类脂碳碳核为~13C-NNR谱贡献了十六个谱峰。经数据的解析,得到一组计算聚丁二烯脂碳部分各谱峰化学位移的经验参数。在本文条件下,应用该组参数得到的计算值与实验值符合较好。本文确认了聚丁二烯反-1,4-序列第四峰(T_4)的存在。初步研究了聚丁二烯~13℃-NMR谱图的定量处理问题。     

~(13)C-NMR研究聚丁二烯的链结构——顺-1,4与1,2-乙烯基-CH-键合点的S峰

<正> 聚丁二烯(简写PB)是合成橡胶中的一个重要品种,它由顺式-1,4(简写C)、反式-1,4(简写T)和1,2乙烯基(简写V)三种基本单元构成。PB的性能不仅与上述三种结构单元的相对含量与分子量有关,还和C、T、V之间的连接方式,即序列结构有关。例如,高-1,4顺丁橡胶性能有不足之处,在开展改性的PB新品种(如顺丁链结构中引进不同量的T、V链节等)的研究中,对不同催化剂制备的不同序列的PB进行链结构表征,从而找出有关结构与性能的关系,是十分有意义的。     

稀土催聚顺-1,4-聚异戊二烯的表征

稀土催化聚合的顺-1,4-聚异戊二烯(Ln—PIR)的顺式含量比天然橡胶(NR)略低,其长链分子无支化.Ln—PIR生胶本体结晶的Avrami指数n值高达7以至8.与Ti-PIR及NR相同,松弛模量依赖于缠结链段的分子量.屈服过程的开始与链的解缠结的开始相当,两个过程的活化能各约为8KJ/mol.,不论是屈服或缠结的出现,用屈服强度法与应力松弛法这两种独立方法所测得的临界分子量Mc值等于(5.4±0.2)×104,此值又与用折合屈服强度法所求得的Mc值相当.     

稀土催聚的顺-1,4-聚丁二烯的表征

本文研究了镧系稀土元素催化聚合的顺-1,4-聚丁二烯(Ln-PB),其顺式含量不小于97％,最近测得达99.8％,比过渡元素(如Ti,Co,Ni等)催聚为高,并可与铀催聚的U-PB相比拟.对Ln-PB的表征,文中考察了它与Ni等经典催聚的异同,结果认为稀土催化聚合的高顺-1,4-聚丁二烯的大分子以线性良好,不易缠结为其分子结构特征,导致稀溶液性质、结晶行为、本体粘度、应力松弛、屈服强度等性能与支化的Ni-PB相区别。     

CHAIN ENTANGLEMENT AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF cis-1, 4-POLYBUTADIENE

The morphological structure and mechanism of nucleation and growth of Ln-PB and Ni-PBwith different molecular weight were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The crys-tallization of low molecular weight fraction is primarily from predetermined nuclei, crystallizationfor the high molecular weight fraction is primarily from sporadic nuclei. Two types morphologyof spherulite with different lamellar entanglement have been observed. The entanglement of highermolecular weight fractions are found to be of significance in the morphology and rate of crystallizationof polymer.     

Morphology and modulus–temperature behavior of semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)

The influence of the thermal history on the morphology and mechanical behavior of PET was studied. The degree of crystallinity (density measurements) and the morphological structure (electron microscopy and small-angle x-ray diffraction) depend on the crystallization temperature. The viscoelastic parameters obtained from the modulus–temperature curves are mainly determined by the morphology of the samples. The glass-transition temperature, T_i, is a function of the crystallinity and the crystallization temperature. It is maximum for a crystallinity between 0.34 and 0.39 for a sample crystallized isothermally between 120 and 150°C. This dependence on crystallization conditions is ascribed to the conformation of the amorphous chain segments between the crystalline lamellae as well as the concentration and the molecular weight of the polymer material rejected during isothermal crystallization. Both factors are supposed to be temperature-dependent. The value of the rubbery modulus is a function of both the volume concentration of the crystalline lamellae and the structure of the interlamellar amorphous regions (chain folds, tie molecules, chain ends, and segregated low molecular weight material). Annealing above the crystallization temperature of isothermally crystallized samples has a marked influence on their morphology and mechanical behavior. The morphological structure and the viscoelastic properties of annealed PET samples are completely different from those obtained with samples isothermally crystallized at the same temperature.     

Study on Melting and Recrystallization of Poly(butylene succinate) Lamellar Crystals via Step Heating Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been widely applied to study crystallization and melting of materials.However,for polymeric lamellar crystals,the melting thermogram during heating process usually exhibits a broad endothermic peak or even multiple endotherms,which may result from changes of metastability via recrystallization process.Sometimes,the recrystallization exotherm cannot be observed due to its overlapping with the melting endotherm.In this work,we employed a step heating procedure consisting of successive heating and temperature holding stages to measure the metastability of isothermally crystallized poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) crystals.With this approach we could gain the fraction of crystals melted at different temperature ranges and quantitatively detect the melting-recrystallization behavior.The melting-recrystallization behavior depends on the polymer chain structure and the crystallization temperature.For instance,PBS block copolymer hardly shows recrystallization behavior while PBS oligomer and high molecular weight PBS homopolymer demonstrate remarkable melting-recrystallization phenomenon.High molecular weight PBS isothermally crystallized in the low temperature range shows multiple melting-recrystallization while those isothermally crystallized at elevated temperatures do not exhibit observable recrystallization behavior.Furthermore,the melting endotherms were fitted via the melting kinetics equations.The original isothermally crystallized lamellae demonstrate quite different melting kinetics from the recrystallized lamellar crystals that melt at the highest temperature range,which is attributed to the different degrees of stabilization.Finally,the mechanism of melting-recrystallization is briefly discussed.We propose that apparent meltrecrystallization phenomenon be observed when melting of preformed lamellar crystals and recrystallization of thicker lamellae have similar free energy barrier.     

Study on melting and recrystallization of poly(butylene succinate) lamellar crystals <Emphasis Type="Italic">via</Emphasis> step heating differential scanning calorimetry

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been widely applied to study crystallization and melting of materials. However, for polymeric lamellar crystals, the melting thermogram during heating process usually exhibits a broad endothermic peak or even multiple endotherms, which may result from changes of metastability via recrystallization process. Sometimes, the recrystallization exotherm cannot be observed due to its overlapping with the melting endotherm. In this work, we employed a step heating procedure consisting of successive heating and temperature holding stages to measure the metastability of isothermally crystallized poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) crystals. With this approach we could gain the fraction of crystals melted at different temperature ranges and quantitatively detect the melting-recrystallization behavior. The melting-recrystallization behavior depends on the polymer chain structure and the crystallization temperature. For instance, PBS block copolymer hardly shows recrystallization behavior while PBS oligomer and high molecular weight PBS homopolymer demonstrate remarkable melting-recrystallization phenomenon. High molecular weight PBS isothermally crystallized in the low temperature range shows multiple melting-recrystallization while those isothermally crystallized at elevated temperatures do not exhibit observable recrystallization behavior. Furthermore, the melting endotherms were fitted via the melting kinetics equations. The original isothermally crystallized lamellae demonstrate quite different melting kinetics from the recrystallized lamellar crystals that melt at the highest temperature range, which is attributed to the different degrees of stabilization. Finally, the mechanism of melting-recrystallization is briefly discussed. We propose that apparent melt-recrystallization phenomenon be observed when melting of preformed lamellar crystals and recrystallization of thicker lamellae have similar free energy barrier.     

Temperature-dependent x-ray small-angle scattering from melt-crystallized polyethylene

The temperature dependence of x-ray small-angle scattering from fractionated linear polyethylene crystallized from the melt was determined experimentally over a range of temperatures from room temperature to the melting point. It was found in general that only the most intense of the several small-angle peaks exhibited a thermally dependent behavior. Below the crystallization temperature this peak increased in intensity with temperature, at constant peak position. Recrystallization was manifest in a discontinuous shift of the peak. During isothermal crystallization, the peak intensity first increased, then decreased, with time. It is concluded from supplementary electron microscopy and from the behavior of the peak that its position reflects the period of stacking of lamellae and that its intensity is controlled primarily by the thickness of the layer separating lamellae. The reversible peak intensity effect is attributed to an entropydriven growth of the interlamellar layer at the expense of the crystalline lamellae. The intensity effects observed during crystallization are associated with the primary and secondary phases of crystallization. Lamellar surface free energies were computed from melting point observations and were found to increase with molecular weight.     

分级聚丙烯的取向结晶过程

聚丙烯熔体在剪切或应变应力作用下 ,分子链发生取向形成伸直链纤维晶 ,这些先取向形成的纤维晶成为其后结晶的晶核 .这种线形排列的特殊自晶核被称作排核 ( Row nuclei) [1] .排核诱导的结晶温度高于异相核和均相核 .折叠链片晶在排核上附生生长 ,形成具有柱状对称性的超分子结构 ,称为柱状晶 ( Cylindrite) [2 ,3] .聚合物的分子量 ,剪切温度和剪切速度等因素对柱状晶的生成有很大影响 [4 ,5] .本文选用不同级分的聚丙烯样品 ,利用高分子 (特别是取向结晶 )的记忆效应 [6,7] ,研究了剪切后薄膜试样在熔融重结晶过程中柱状晶的形成和发展…     

In situ SAXS investigations of isothermal crystallization in poly(TMPS) fractions

The isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(TMPS) has been measured by ISSAXS and results obtained for a molecular weight fraction (21,000) below the critical entanglement molecular weight (25,000) and another one above it (371,000). The SAXS intensity vs. time curves suggest that a single transformation mechanism exists. The SAXS long period is independent of crystallization time for both poly(TMPS) fractions. However the interlamellar thickness contribution to the long period is dependent upon molecular weight and crystallization temperature, increasing with temperature and molecular weight. The crystallite contribution also increases over the range studied. Both fractions exhibit a significant, but reversible decrease in thickness on cooling the sample from the crystallization temperature to room temperature and recyling again. The change is more pronounced for 371,000 specimen in keeping with its lower crystallinity. The path dependence of lamellar dimensions has significant implications in the morphological characterization of polymers annealed or crystallized at one temperature and then measured at another one.Paper presented at the American Physical Society March 25–29, Baltimore, MD (1985).     

Light scattering studies of mixtures and fractions of linear polyethylene

Previous work on the small-angle light scattering of polyethylene films, to determine the supermolecular structure, has been continued. One of the main efforts has been the study of a binary mixture whose low molecular weight component forms well defined spherulites and whose high molecular weight component yields a poorly defined rod-like morphology. The addition of the high molecular weight fraction causes a progressive deterioration of the initial spherulitic morphology; a relatively small amount of the high molecular weight species causes a major decrease in the spherulitic size. However, there are no indications of any spherulitic structures when the weight fraction of the high molecular weight species is 0.5 or greater. The isothermal crystallization of a fraction M = 6.6 × 10⁵ was also studied. Spherulites were formed at low crystallization temperatures while at the higher crystallization temperatures the morphology became nondistinct. Preliminary studies with solvents indicate that high molecular fractions, which do not form spherulites when crystallized in the pure state, do so when crystallized from highly swollen solutions.     

Fractionation of linear polyethylene during bulk crystallization under high pressure

Two linear polyethylene fractions (M_η, 11,260 and 100,000) and mixtures of these fractions have been isothermally crystallized from the melt under pressures up to 3000 atm. Characterization of individually crystallized fractions with transmission electron microscopy indicates that pressure can be used to produce a crystallite whose thickness is a measure of the chain length within it. Although the high molecular weight fraction yields spherulites containing individually varying lamellae thicknesses, the maximum thickness of each lamella is a measure of the chain length within it. Both electron micrographs and differential thermal analysis results show that crystallization of homogeneous mixtures of the high and low molecular weight fractions under high pressure results in a distinct fractionation and segregation according to molecular weight.     

The influence of thermoelastomers on the crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene under shear

The crystallization behaviors of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and its blends with thermoelastomers have been investigated with in situ X‐ray scattering and optic microscopy. At quiescent condition, the crystallization kinetics of iPP is not affected by the presence of elastomers; while determined by the viscosity, the differences are observed on sheared samples. With a fixed shear strain, the crystallization rate increases with increasing the shear rate. The fraction of oriented lamellar crystals in blends is higher than that in pure iPP sample, while the percentage of β phase is reduced by the presence of the elastomers. On the basis of experimental results, no direct correlation among the fraction of oriented lamellae, the percentage of β phase, and growth rate can be deduced. The evolution of the fraction of oriented lamellae supports that shear field promotes nucleation rather than growth process. Shear flow induces the formation of nuclei not only with preferring orientation but also with random orientation. The total density of nuclei, which determines the crystallization kinetics, does not control the ratio between nuclei with and without preferring orientation, which determines the fraction of oriented lamellae. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1188–1198, 2006