1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐和水组成的混合电解液中三价铬电沉积铬的研究

本文在[BMIM]OAc-H₂O电解液中研究了Cr³⁺的电沉积反应. 经循环伏安研究表明,Cr³⁺的还原属于受扩散控制的分步还原过程, 即Cr³⁺ + e →Cr²⁺和Cr²⁺ + 2e → Cr⁰. 在40℃下通过Rendle-Sevcik方程计算得到Cr³⁺的扩散系数为1.2×10^-8 cm²/s. 采用计时电流法探讨了Cr的三维瞬时成核机理. 对沉积的铬镀层进行了XRD、SEM表征, 结果表明经600℃氩气保护下煅烧后的镀层由Cr和Cr₂O₃纳米球状颗粒聚集而成, 其平均粒径为0.48μm. 对40℃,-3.0V条件下所得镀层进行EDX检测,发现Cr与O的能级峰十分明显,其中Cr的质量分数为83.8%. 通过在[BMIM]OAc、[BMIM]BF₄和[BMIM]PF₆三种离子液体体系中电镀得到的Cr镀层质量的比较, 表明OAc-的确有利于Cr的电沉积.     

Pt在多晶Au微盘电极上电沉积成核与晶体生长

于不同H2PtCl6浓度和超电势下,应用Fleischmann的电结晶成核及晶体生长模型和Barradas Bosco的电化学成相吸附成核模型,拟合多晶Au微盘电极( =30μm)上电沉积Pt的恒电势阶跃电流暂态曲线.得出:在稀H2PtCl6溶液中,上述沉积过程初期,发生H2PtCl6吸附并遵循二维瞬时成核与圆柱形生长模型.二维生长速率常数随超电势线性增加.跟随其后的是核的层状生长,其速率常数随超电势呈非线性变化.而在高浓H2PtCl溶液中,沉积机理转变为H2PtCl6的吸附、瞬时成核及三维正圆锥形的生长模式.其晶核的垂直生长速率常数kPERP比水平生长速率常数kPARA大两个数量级以上.况且,logkPERP随超电势线性增加,而logkPARA则随超电势呈反S形变化的关系.相同超电势下,无论kPERP还是kPARA,均比稀H2PtCl6溶液中的二维层状生长速率常数大几个数量级.     

ZrO2掺杂铌基二氧化铅电极制备及其甲基橙降解电催化性能

本文利用电沉积制得ZrO₂掺杂铌基二氧化铅电极,通过扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）观察表征了Nb/ZrO₂+PbO₂电极表面形貌特征及组成. 用线性伏安曲线、电化学交流阻抗和循环伏安曲线测试了Nb/ZrO₂+PbO₂电极电化学性能,及其甲基橙（MO）的降解电催化效果. 结果表明,ZrO₂掺杂使Nb/PbO₂电极表面更致密、粗糙,结晶尺寸更小,增大了电极比表面积,提高了电极电催化活性. Nb/ZrO₂+PbO₂电极活性层主要由β-PbO₂和少量的α-PbO₂以及部分ZrO₂共沉积而成. 有较高的析氧电位、吸附电容和较低的电荷转移电阻,其甲基橙（MO）降解电催化活性更佳,降解过程受扩散控制.     

玻碳电极表面复合配位银电结晶机理研究

以具有实际应用价值的复合配位体系无氰镀银电解液为研究对象, 运用循环伏安和电位阶跃等实验方法, 结合 Scharifker-Hill 经典理论模型分析, 成功获得了Ag在玻碳电极（GCE）表面电沉积的成核机理及成核动力学参数, 并分析了温度对成核方式及成核动力学参数的影响. 结果表明, 该体系下Ag在GCE表面的电沉积是由扩散控制的不可逆过程, 遵循三维瞬时成核生长机理. 随着阶跃电位从-750 mV 负移至-825 mV, 峰值还原电流Im逐渐增大, 达到峰值还原电流所需时间tm逐渐缩短; 扩散系数D变化不大, 基本稳定在（7.61±0.34）×10^-5 cm²·s^-1; 成核密度数N₀则从3.26 ×10⁵ cm^-2提高至10.2×10⁵ cm^-2. 银沉积初期的形貌观察, 验证了其三维瞬时成核生长机理. 提高温度可以显著改善电解液中具备活性的银配位离子的扩散能力, 缩短成核时间, 提升成核密度数N0.     

ITO上电沉积Pd的成核机理及电催化性质

采用循环伏安技术和计时电流技术, 研究了ITO上电沉积Pd的过程, 发现Pd在ITO表面的电沉积是过电位成核且为不可逆的扩散控制过程; 根据Cottrell方程计算得到[PdCl₄]^2-的扩散系数为2.19×10^-5 cm²/s; 根据Scharifker的理论模型, 归一化处理电流-时间曲线, 与理论成核曲线对照, 判断Pd 的成核机理. 通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)对Pd 的形貌进行分析, 讨论了沉积电位和沉积时间对Pd纳米粒子形貌的影响. 用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)对Pd纳米粒子进行结构分析, 并在0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄溶液中研究了其电化学性质及在碱性条件下乙醇分子的电催化性质.     

铅锑电极上PbO2生长过程的研究

应用电位阶跃和阻抗跟踪法,考虑基底铅氧化电流的影响,研究了铅锑电极上PbO₂的生长过程,探讨了锑对这一过程的影响。铅锑电极上PbO₂生长过程符合二维瞬时成核和生长过程机理,锑将抑制这一过程的进行。     

氟硼酸镀液二氧化铅电沉积

研究了在氟硼酸或其掺杂镀液中于Pt基底电沉积PbO2镀层的电化学和结构性质.循环伏安测试、XRD分析和SEM形貌观察表明,BF4-可提高二氧化铅电沉积速率;电沉积的PbO2晶型为β-PbO2;F-、Fe3+共掺杂影响晶体生长的择优取向及镀层形貌,电沉积的FB/F-Fe-PbO2镀层整齐致密;电沉积过程增大电流密度可改变生长晶面取向.     

聚乙二醇对二氧化铅电沉积机理的影响

为研究有机添加剂聚乙二醇(PEG)对电沉积PbO_2的影响,在含有PEG的硝酸盐体系中,制备了Ti/PbO_2电极材料。利用XRD,SEM,研究了PbO_2电极材料的物相组成及镀层形貌;利用循环伏安法和计时电流法,结合Scharifker-Hill(SH)三维成核模型,研究了PEG对PbO_2电沉积行为及电结晶动力学过程的影响。结果表明:制备的镀层为β-PbO_2,PEG可改变晶面择优生长取向,但不改变晶型;PbO_2晶粒的长大遵循"广义电化学综合生长机理",PEG可细化PbO_2晶粒,消除镀层缺陷;PEG不仅提高了PbO_2在基体上的沉积量,而且加强了PbO_2自身的催化效果,促进其进一步沉积;PEG的加入提高了Pb~(2+)的扩散系数,有利于Pb~(2+)向电极界面的扩散;PEG使PbO_2电结晶由连续成核转变为瞬时成核,同时,也使二氧化铅形核速率加快,但其成核量却显著减少。     

钕掺杂二氧化铅复合阳极的电化学性能研究

利用电沉积法制备了钕（Nd）掺杂钛（Ti）基二氧化铅（PbO₂）复合阳极,采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X 射线衍射（XRD）、电化学阻抗谱、线性扫描伏安法、循环伏安法等对所制备电极的表面形貌、物相组成及电化学性能进行了分析. 结果表明,Nd 掺杂使得 PbO₂ 阳极表面颗粒变小、结构更加致密,增大了电极比表面积,改善了电极电化学性能. PbO₂ 和 PbO₂-Nd 阳极表层主要为β- PbO₂,Nd 掺杂提高了β- PbO₂ 的结晶纯度,改变了表面相的相对丰度,促进了β(101)晶面形成. PbO₂-Nd 阳极具有更小的电化学反应电阻,更高的析氧电位,更强的电子交换能力和更长的使用寿命. 将所制备电极应用于处理苯酚模拟难降解有机废水,PbO₂-Nd 阳极对苯酚具有更好的电催化氧化效果,降解3 h,苯酚去除率达85.7%,COD 去除率达73.8%. 循环使用6 次,PbO₂-Nd 阳极电催化活性无明显衰减,显示出更好的电催化耐久性.     

镍钨硼合金电沉积机理及镀层微晶尺寸

应用循环伏安、恒电位阶跃和X射线衍射 (XRD)等方法研究了Ni_W_B合金电沉积特点和镀层微晶尺寸 .结果表明 ,在以柠檬酸铵为络合剂的溶液中 ,Ni_W_B合金沉积层较Ni_W合金有较低的电化学活性 .电位阶跃i～t曲线分析表明 ,在玻碳电极上Ni_W_B合金电结晶过程遵循扩散控制瞬时成核三维成长模式 ,且随过电位的增加 ,电极表面晶核数增多 .XRD测试结果表明 ,随沉积电流密度提高 ,合金镀层微晶尺寸逐渐增大 ,说明电流密度提高将更加有利于Ni_W_B合金电结晶过程中的晶核生长 .     

在(TPA)2O-Na2O-SiO2-H2O系统中MFI型硅沸石的结晶行为(Ⅰ)──结晶动力学的研究

以四丙基溴化按作模板剂,以白炭黑(Ⅰ)、硅溶胶(Ⅱ)和水玻璃(Ⅲ)为不同硅源在140～180℃合成MFI型硅佛石(Silicalite－1).反应物配比相同,其结晶动力学曲线有明显差异.从它们的成核诱导期及生长速度计算出各体系硅佛石晶核形成活化能与生长活化能,在体系(Ⅰ)中为46/76kJ/mol,体系(Ⅱ)中为41/43kJ/mol,体系(Ⅲ)中为38/78kJ/mol.产物结晶粒径的大小由各体系成核活化能与生长活化能的差值决定.合成产物的结晶度以白炭黑为硅源时最高.提高温度有利于提高产物结晶度.     

蓝宝石衬底上化学气相沉积法生长石墨烯

化学气相沉积(CVD)法是制备大面积、高质量石墨烯材料的主要方法之一,但存在衬底转移和碳固溶等问题,本文选用蓝宝石衬底弥补了传统CVD法的不足。利用CVD法在蓝宝石衬底上生长石墨烯材料,研究生长温度对石墨烯表面形貌和晶体质量的影响。原子力显微镜(AFM)、光学显微镜(OM)、拉曼光谱和霍尔测试表明,低温生长有利于保持材料表面的平整度,高温生长有利于提高材料的晶体质量。研究氢气和碳源对蓝宝石衬底表面刻蚀作用机理,发现氢气对蓝宝石衬底有刻蚀作用,而单纯的碳源不能对衬底产生刻蚀效果。在1200 ℃下,直径为50 mm的晶圆级衬底上获得平整度和质量相对较好的石墨烯材料,室温下载流子迁移超过1000 cm²·V^-1·s^-1。     

单层和双层二硫化钼化学气相沉积生长的动力学蒙特卡罗模拟研究

Controllable synthesis of MoS₂ with desired number of layers via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) remains challenging. Hence, it is highly desirable to develop a theoretical model that can be used to predict the single- and multilayer growth of MoS₂ quantitatively, and provide guidelines for experimental fabrication. Herein we have established a kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) model to predict the CVD growth of mono- and bilayer MoS₂. First, we proposed that the growth rates of layer 1 and layer 2 were governed by the distribution of the adatom concentration, and the growth kinetics of compact triangular MoS₂ followed the kink nucleation-propagation mechanism. The adatom concentration was formulated in terms of adatom flux, effective lifetime of adatoms, growth temperature, binding energies, edge energies, and nucleation criterion. The kink nucleation and propagation were determined by energy barriers of the adatom attachments to the zigzag and armchair edges. We then employed an analytic thermodynamic criterion to extract these parameters. Using the calibrated model, we found that the growth rate of layer 2 strongly depended on the size of layer 1 and decreased monotonically with increasing size of layer 1, and might even become prohibited at the maximum size of layer 1. Furthermore, we analyzed the size and morphology evolutions of bilayer MoS₂ at different growth temperatures and adatom fluxes. Throughout the growth processes of bilayer MoS₂, the morphologies of layers 1 and 2 maintained triangular shapes with compact edges, consistent with the kink nucleation-propagation growth mechanism. Our simulations revealed that the growth of bilayer MoS₂ was promoted by increasing the growth temperature or decreasing the adatom flux, which corroborated the experimental observations. The increase in growth temperature led to reduced adatom concentration at the edge of layer 2 in accordance with the adatom concentration far from the edge of layer 2, resulting in a consistent difference in the adatom concentration to promote the growth of bilayer MoS₂. Similarly, the decrease in adatom flux lowered the difference between the adatom concentrations far from the edge and at the edge of layer 1, decelerating the growth of layer 1. The decelerated growth of layer 1 reduced the difference between the adatom concentrations far from the edge and at the edge of layer 2 to zero, permitting the growth of bilayer MoS₂. To guide the experimental synthesis, we constructed a phase diagram to delineate the permitted or prohibited growth of bilayer MoS₂ at different growth temperatures and adatom fluxes. Hence, this work not only unveils the conditions for the growth of mono- and bi-layer MoS₂, but also provides guidelines for controllable synthesis of MoS₂ with the desired number of layers.     

Performance of PbO2/activated carbon hybrid supercapacitor with carbon foam substrate

PbO₂/activated carbon（AC） hybrid supercapacitor in H₂SO₄ with a carbon foam current collector is studied.The PbO₂/AC hybrid is designed with electrodeposited PbO₂ thin film as positive electrode to match with AC negative electrode.The discharge curve shows capacitive characteristics between 1.88 V and 0.65 V.The hybrid system exhibits excellent energy and power performance,with specific energy of 43.6 Wh/kg at a power density of 654.2 W/kg.The use of carbon foam current collector ensures stability of the PbO₂ electrode in H₂SO₄ environment.After 2600 deep cycles at 15 C high rate of charge/discharge,the capacity remains nearly unchanged from its initial value.     

方形锐钛矿TiO2纳米晶的合成及表征

在不添加任何模板剂或形状控制剂的条件下,以TiCl₄为前体,经氨水沉淀、乙醇洗涤和超临界干燥(AS制备法)选择性地合成了方形锐钛矿TiO₂纳米单晶.热稳定性研究结果表明,当焙烧温度不超过650℃时,方形锐钛矿TiO₂纳米晶的表面积、孔容、晶粒/颗粒尺寸基本保持不变.XRD和拉曼光谱分析表明,方形锐钛矿TiO₂纳米晶在800℃下焙烧后仍能保持晶相不变,表现出很强的抗晶相转变能力.但在1000℃焙烧后,样品可以完全转变成金红石相TiO₂.     

纯相Li_2MnO_3薄膜的制备及作为锂离子电池正极材料的电化学行为

采用固相烧结法制备了纯相Li2MnO3正极材料及靶材,采用脉冲激光沉积(PLD)法在氧气气氛、不同温度下沉积了Li2MnO3薄膜.通过X射线衍射(XRD)和拉曼(Raman)光谱表征了薄膜的晶体结构,采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察薄膜形貌及厚度,利用电化学手段测试了Li2MnO3薄膜作为锂离子电池正极材料性能.结果表明,PLD方法制备的纯相Li2MnO3薄膜随着沉积温度升高薄膜结晶性变好.25℃沉积的薄膜难以可逆充放电,400℃沉积的薄膜具有较高的电化学活性和循环稳定性.相对于粉末材料,400与600℃制备的Li2MnO3薄膜电极平均放电电位随着循环次数的衰减速率明显低于相应的粉体材料.     

Research on Ice Crystal Growth Inside the Vitrified Vs55 with Magnetic Nanoparticles During Devitrification by Cryomicroscopy

The effect of magnetic nanoparticles(mNPs) on the devitrification crystallization of typical vitrification solution Vs55 was systematically explored by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and cryomicroscope system. The results show tliat,(i) the mNPs coated by both carboxylic acid(CA) and polyethylene glycol(PEG) had little effect on the glass transition temperature(rg) of Vs55, but had significant effect on the devitrification transition temperature(7a) and devitrification enthalpy(Hrd),(ii) in the range of the devitrification area(-85- 0℃), the MNPs coated by CA can significantly accelerate the devitrification of Vs55 as the isothermal temperatures and the cooling rates increased, and the ice growth rate was 0.37 p.m/s at the isothermal temperature of-85 ℃, and was about 2.19 gm/s at -75℃. Also, the ice growth rates rose from 1.72 pm/s to 3.54 pm/s when the cooling rates were increased from 2 ℃/min to 100 ℃/min(at the isothennal temperature of -75℃),(iii) magnetic nanoparticles coated by both PEG and CA could promote the devitrification of Vs55, for instance, without any crystal growth inside Vs55 at the isothermal temperature of-80℃, but 1.04 and 2.31 gm/s for adding magnetic nanoparticles coated by CA and PEG, respectively. Compared with the samples coated by CA, PEG promoted the devitrification of Vs55 in a much more positive way, and the ice growth rates were 0.62 and 6.25 μm/s at the isothermal temperatures of -85 and -75 ℃, respectively. Tliese results indicate that the surface coating of MNPs could significantly affect tlie recrystallization of Vs55, and further work should be conducted in the future research.     

On synthesis, structure, and thermal stability of mercury and lead sulfates and oxide sulfates

Reactions between HgO, PbO, or PbO₂ and 2.5–95 wt.% H₂SO₄ are studied at temperatures up to the boiling point of the acid. Depending on the oxide reactant, the H₂SO₄ concentration, and synthesis temperature, HgSO₄, Hg₃O₂(SO₄), PbSO₄ and Pb₂O(SO₄) are obtained as identified reaction products. The thermal stability of HgSO₄, Hg₃O₂(SO₄), PbSO₄, Pb₂O(SO₄), and PbO₂ is examined and the results supplement and modify earlier findings. The redetermined crystal structure of Hg₃O₂(SO₄) on the basis of powder neutron diffraction data shows that its space group (P3₁) is of lower symmetry than earlier reported (P3₁2₁).