复合磁场引导的小型化二极管初步设计

设计了一种非浸没式小型化轴向无箔二极管,其阴极发射区位于螺线管中心孔以外,采用螺线管、永磁体和软磁体构成的复合引导磁场系统。采用CST优化设计二极管结构,使其满足800 kV电压下绝缘要求; 优化设计磁场系统结构及物理参数,使其满足引导强流相对论电子束高效率传输的要求。采用粒子模拟(PIC)软件仿真电子束产生及传输过程,验证其高传输效率。设计的阳极筒直径比原结构缩小约40%,在产生同样均匀区轴向磁场强度情况下,引导磁场重量和功耗比原结构降低约40%,仿真结果显示主引导磁场0.85 T下,8 kA电流能够实现100%传输效率。     

磁场引导双电子束传输模拟和实验研究

 利用外加纵向磁场把单台加速器驱动双阴极二极管产生的同步双电子束引出双漂移管,是双电子束实用化的关键环节。在实心束情况下,对双电子束约束磁场进行了3维PIC模拟。在粒子模拟的基础上搭建了双电子束磁场引导系统,进行了磁场引导环形双电子束传输实验研究,在二极管电压约380 kV时,环形双束流值分别为5.10 kA和4.92 kA。实验结果表明,所设计磁场系统能够对环形双电子束进行有效约束,有效约束磁场约0.5 T。     

多脉冲强流真空电子二极管研究

研究了猝发脉冲串条件下真空强流电子二极管状态和输出电子束参数的变化规律, 建立了阴极等离子体膨胀效应的强流电子二极管参量的方程组, 并提出了阴极等离子体柱状膨胀模型. 实验研究了猝发多脉冲电子二极管输出多脉冲强流电子束的能力和束品质的变化, 给出了以天鹅绒为阴极发射体, 阴极等离子体膨胀速度小于1cm/μs时二极管输出的双脉冲电子束包络的变化和电子束的发射度及亮度.     

重复脉冲强流电子束传输技术研究

分析并推导出了环形强流电子束的稳定传输条件，通过静电磁场模拟计算对CHP01强流电子加速器二极管引导磁场的位形分布、幅值大小及磁场电源进行了优化设计.经实验调试及束斑测量，表明设计的1秒磁场满足束流稳定传输条件，能使电压800kV、电流8kA、脉冲宽度40ns、脉冲重复频率100Hz的环形强流电子束稳定传输，并已成功运用于CHP01强流电子加速器束流传输系统. 关键词： 束流传输 引导磁场 二极管 重复脉冲 电子束     

x强流相对论环形电子束在低磁场中传输分析

 用理论和粒子模拟相结合的方法分析了强流薄环形相对论电子束在低磁场导引下，在均匀波导，无箔二极管，以及锥形波导和渐减磁场位形条件下的传输过程，研究了束包络的波动和如何减少波动的问题。分析表明：在无箔二极管中一个适当渐增的磁场位形可以有效地抑制束电子的径向运动，从而减少电子在波导中的波动幅度；电子束在锥形波导和渐减磁场位形中运动，不会增加束电子的波动。因此适当的磁场位形可以降低微波器件对导引磁场的要求，有利于实现永磁包装微波器件。     

低阻抗二极管产生的强流电子束能谱分布的数值模拟

 给出了低阻抗二极管产生的电子束能谱分布及外加磁场对二极管阻抗影响的数值模拟研究结果。结果表明，即使在外加电压恒定的条件下，二极管产生的电子束也具有一定的能谱分布，这说明用二极管电压、电流波形计算脉冲电子束能谱分布是不正确的。另外,外加磁场对低阻抗二极管的阻抗特性具有较大影响，其阻抗随外加磁场的增大而减小。分析认为这是由于外加磁场强度的变化改变了二极管中束电子的运动轨迹。当没有外加磁场或外加磁场较小时，低阻抗二极管产生的电子束发生自箍缩，此时二极管电流是自箍缩饱和顺位流；当外加磁场足够强时，电子束的自箍缩被抑制，二极管电流是没有箍缩时的空间电荷限制电流。束电流小于自箍缩临界电流的二极管其阻抗将不随外加磁场的变化而变化。     

脉冲强流电子束的发射度测量

本文描述了利用多孔板测量脉冲强流电子束发射度的原理和方法。考虑了空间电荷和轴向磁场对测量的影响。实验参量是阴极形状、阳极网孔、二极管距离和电压、电流幅值。在直线感应加速器上、用天鹅绒平面阴极和腐蚀的钨网阳极,当束能为1.32MeV、束流为2kA时,测得均方根发射度ε_(rm)=79cm.mrad,相应规一化亮度B_n=4.8×10~3A/(cm.rad)~2。     

同轴引出电子束相对论返波振荡器的粒子模拟

 设计了一种L波段同轴引出电子束相对论返波振荡器,采用KARAT 2.5维全电磁粒子模拟程序研究了器件内束-波作用的物理过程,分析了二极管电压和导引磁场对产生微波频率和束-波转换效率的影响。模拟结果表明:该器件在小型化,中等磁场的条件下具有较高的束-波作用效率。在电子束能量700 keV,电子束流10 kA,导引磁场为1.0 T时,器件在频率1.62 GHz处获得较高的微波输出,饱和后微波的平均功率达2.2 GW,平均效率约为30%,器件最大径向半径仅为5.0 cm。     

周期会切磁场聚焦强流相对论带状电子束的理论分析和粒子模拟

对低幅值、短周期、有偏置磁极的周期会切磁场中300 keV,3 kA带状电子束的传输进行了理论分析和粒子模拟。给出了将波导宽度考虑在内的轴向均匀带状电子束的空间电荷场和作用在有限厚度的带状电子束的短边和宽边上的聚焦力的表达式,并利用束匹配的方法得到了磁场的幅值和周期,以及电子束通道的宽度和高度等参数。最后根据理论计算的结果进行了3维粒子模拟验证,结果表明:束宽边上聚焦良好,而在短边上带状电子束的轴向有限长效应使得聚焦力与散焦力沿轴向不能完全匹配,在束包络上产生了Betatron振荡,但在300 mm的距离上传输效率仍能达到98%以上,说明有偏置磁极的周期会切磁场聚焦强流带状电子束在理论上是可行的。     

小型化长脉冲二极管设计与实验

在长脉冲高功率微波源研究中关键的部件是二极管，由于阴极爆炸发射产生的阴极等离子体的热扩散，为防止二极管短路，长脉冲二极管通常比一般二极管阴阳极间距大，尺寸也相应较大。原有的长脉冲加速器使用的二极管如图1所示，这也是美国BANSHEE加速器采用的二极管结构。使用的二极管是为满足L波段高功率微波器件的需要，产生电子束电压500kV，电流3kA，脉宽1．5μs，束截面内外径为φ5．7，φ7．3cm。现在为了满足开展S波段相对论速调管研究需要，设计了新的小型化二极管，产生电子束环内外直径约φ4.3，φ3．7cm。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.