磁控溅射气体团簇源中团簇形成的DSMC研究

利用直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法(DSMC) ,模拟了磁控溅射气体团簇源中Cu+ (Cu-)的含量比例不同的条件下,Cu团簇的尺寸分布。模拟结果表明：随着含量比例的增加,团簇的尺寸分布变窄了,不带电的团簇的比例增加,不带电的铜团簇分布的最大值减小,相应的带正电荷和带负电荷团簇的比例减小;相同的含量比例下,带正电的团簇的尺寸分布与带负电荷的团簇的尺寸分布基本相同;初始Cu- 比Cu+ 的含量比例大时,输出的主要是带负电荷的团簇,带正电荷和不带电的团簇占很小的比例;Cu-含量比例的增加,负Cu团簇的尺寸分布减小。     

磁控溅射气体团簇源中团簇形成的DSMC研究

利用直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法(DSMC) ,模拟了磁控溅射气体团簇源中Cu+ (Cu-)的含量比例不同的条件下,Cu团簇的尺寸分布。模拟结果表明：随着含量比例的增加,团簇的尺寸分布变窄了,不带电的团簇的比例增加,不带电的铜团簇分布的最大值减小,相应的带正电荷和带负电荷团簇的比例减小;相同的含量比例下,带正电的团簇的尺寸分布与带负电荷的团簇的尺寸分布基本相同;初始Cu- 比Cu+ 的含量比例大时,输出的主要是带负电荷的团簇,带正电荷和不带电的团簇占很小的比例;Cu-含量比例的增加,负Cu团簇的尺寸分布减小。     

惠斯通电桥实验的分析

惠斯通电桥的灵敏度是影响电阻测量精度的一个主要因素。本论文探究了惠斯通电桥的灵敏度与电源的电动势、桥臂的电阻、桥臂的比例之间的关系。理论分析显示了，电路的总电流保持恒定的情况下，桥臂的比例越大，惠斯通电桥的灵敏度越低，电阻测量的精度越低。另外，桥臂的比例保持不变且电路总电流不大的情况下，电路的总电流越大，惠斯通电桥的灵敏度越高，电阻测量的精度越高。实验测量得到的数据肯定了理论分析得到的结论。     

GW170817:爱因斯坦对了吗?

来自双中子星并合的引力波事件GW170817和伴随的电磁波段的观测,是天文学研究上的一个重要突破。它不仅带给人类史无前例的关于中子星、伽马暴、千新星的知识,也提供了一个检验强场引力的极端天体实验室。爱因斯坦的广义相对论在不同的方面得到了全新的检验,包括引力的速度、引力子的质量、时空的对称性、引力波的辐射和偏振等。这些检验在更高的精度与更广的视角上肯定了广义相对论的预言。     

带有任意自旋粒子衰变产物的角分布

本文研究了具有任意自旋的粒子衰变为一个自旋为零,另一个自旋为1/2的粒子的角分布。给出了球谐函数展开式系数的表式。发现偶次球谐函数项的系数是和引起衰变的相互作用哈密顿量具体形式无关的。但是在球谐函数展开式的奇次项的系数却和一个参变数α有关,而α的值却反映了宇称守恒的相互作用和宇称不守恒的相互作用之间干涉作用的大小。我们给出了这些系数的极大值,发现凡是偶次项系数的极大值是随着衰变粒子自旋的增加而增加的,而奇次项系数的极大值却随着衰变粒子自旋的增加而减小。本文还给出了衰变着的粒子的密度矩阵作为展开式的系数的函数的表式。当这些展开式系数已经知道以后,用这些函数就能决定衰变前的粒子的极化状态,决定宇称守恒相互作用和宇称不守恒相互作用之间的干涉的程度。     

世界范围发光研究的现状

当今的发光研究涉及到一些新奇的和有结构的材料,涉及到尖端的实验技术和高深的理论方法。材料在成分和结构上是多种多样的,并且包括:纯的半导体,例如杂质浓度低于10~9杂质/cm~3的锗;同位素掺杂的有机晶体,例如在质子化的蒽基质中的氘化的蒽;大原胞的化学配比材料,其激活剂是有序排列的,不象在通常的发光体中那样位于无规的格位上;结构性很强的材料,包括用分子束外延制备的异质结、在组分上有单调梯度变化的材料     

光量子信息传输技术

指出光量子信息传输与常规光通信不同的特点。量子信息的传输的载体选用单光子。单光子是由复振幅概率波迭加的波函数来表示的。其本征函数是一组完全正交的偏振态。量子编码即是由表征光子量子态的复数概率波振幅的变化来实现的，传输光纤的双折射和光子的偏振性质是要考虑的一个关键问题。指出用于量子信息编码的三组互为共轭的量子态之间的转化及相位调制对量子态演化的作用，由此比较了各种量子信息传输的方法。     

论散射过程相分析中的不定性问题

从散射过程的相分析中存在不同的相移的选取所必须满足的条件出发,在本工作中,讨论了任意自旋粒子的弹性散射过程的相分析中的不定性问题。给出了全部不同的相的集合之间的变换矩阵,其中所含的实参数由二阶代数方程组决定,因此相分析中的不定性问题化为解这些代数方程的实根的问题。指出此实根的组数之半即为相分析中不同选取的组数。这样,相分析中的运动学不定性问题已完全解决。当道自旋为1/2时,只存在两组不同的相移,当道自旋为1时,也只有两组不同的相移,因此证明了,已知的南氏不定性是这样的自旋值下的全部不定性。在道自旋为3/2时,给出了四给不同的相移。因此除已找出的相移间的变换外,还存在两种新的变换。物理上说,相分析中的不定性相应于自旋的某种运动,它保持自旋张量在动量方向的分量不变,且表征此种运动的参量取一定数值。从讨论中得出,道自旋为整数的情况和为半整数的情况,相移的变换矩阵中所含的实参数所满足的代数方程组具有十分不同的性质,因此实根的组数也不同。这表示,道自旋为整数和为半整数的情况的相移的不同选取的组数也完全不同。一般的推测是,道自旋为整数的情况时的相移不同选取要比为半整数时的少很多。 关键词：     

习题教学后的反思点剖析

习题教学的根本,在于知识点的应用和思维与能力点的突破．常规教学中重视习题的求解过程,即物理过程的展示、物理量之间的等量、常量及关系量的寻找．教学后的反思重在知识点的综合与衔接．其实习题教学的反思应该重在思维和能力的突破,形成解决物理的方法和能力．下面从例题的反思中展现思维与能力的反思点．     

费因曼对凝聚态物理的贡献

费因曼是一位著名的物理学家,他对理论物理的很多方面作出过重要贡献.费因曼的思想是十分机敏且具有独创性的.他喜欢用不同于其他人的角度去注视物理学中的每一个问题,不论是重要的或不重要的,他经常喜欢说的一句话是:“看看问题的其他方面.”正是这种独特的思维方式加上他的极端努力,使费因曼成为一个与众不同的人.任何一个从事创造性工作的人,为了摆脱常规的思想,去掉一些看来是可接受的但却是错误的方式,而需要找出解决问题的更好的途径时,总是以各种方式冲击着原有的传统.但费因曼的这种“看看问题其他方面”的做法,往往与别人不同.其结…     

Determination of the Disperse Composition of a PbO Suspension Containing Aggregates of Particles of Lamellar Shape by the Laser-Polarimetry Method

The results of measurements of the scattering matrix at a wavelength of 0.63 μm in the range of scattering angles of 10°–155° are presented for an aqueous suspension of lead oxide containing particles of plate form and their aggregates of monomers with dimensions of ~5 nm. The results of the measurements are compared with the results of calculations for axially symmetric scatterers (ellipsoids of rotation, cylinders). It is shown that the presence of aggregates affects the scattering properties of such a medium. The results of reconstructing the distribution of particles of a disperse medium in sizes from the measurements data of the scattering matrix are presented. The reconstruction of the distributions was carried out by solving the problem of optimizing the sum of the squared deviations of the experimental and calculated values of matrix elements in the framework of the model of axially symmetric scatterers. It is shown that the distribution of particles by sizes is more accurately reconstructed by minimizing the sum of the squares of the deviations for the sum of the diagonal elements. The obtained distribution is compared with the distribution measured by the method of dynamic light scattering.     

Application of the neural network method for determining the characteristics of homogeneous spherical particles

The problem of reconstructing the characteristics of disperse particles from measurements of scattered radiation is considered. To solve this problem, the neural network method, based on the approximation of the parameters of particles by a linear combination of the results of measurements, is used. The capabilities of the method are studied on the examples of the reconstruction of the radius and the refractive index of spherical particles from measurements (for example, in flow-type cytometers) of the luminance of radiation scattered by individual particles, as well as the reconstruction of the mean radius, the coefficient of variation, and the refractive index from measurements of the luminance of radiation scattered by an ensemble of particles. Errors in the reconstruction of the characteristics of disperse particles depending on the structure of the neural network and the parameters of particles are studied.     

Modeling of the vibrational structure of the vibronic spectra of diphenylpolyenes by the parametric method

The structures of the electronic-vibrational spectra and of the excited states of a number of diphenylpolyene molecules are determined within the framework of the second approximation of the parametric method. The system of parameters of the structural fragments of molecules is improved and good agreement with spectral experiment is obtained. It is shown that there is a high degree of transferability of the polyene and acene parameters of the method and that the models obtained are adequate to the real structure of molecules. It is also shown that the method proposed makes it possible to perform predictive qualitative and quantitative calculations of the spectra of these molecules, as well as of the spectral characteristics necessary for modeling photochemical molecular transformations. In the series of diphenylpolyene molecules, an interpretation of the vibrational structure of the spectra is proposed and the specific features of variation of the geometry upon excitation of molecules are considered.     

The concept of the use of recycled uranium for increasing the degree of security of export deliveries of fuel for light-water reactors

The present paper deals with investigation of the possibilities for reducing the risk of proliferation of fissionable materials by means of increasing the degree of protection of fresh fuel intended for light-water reactors against unsanctioned use in the case of withdrawal of a recipient country of deliveries from IAEA safeguards. It is shown that the use of recycled uranium for manufacturing export nuclear fuel makes transfer of nuclear material removed from the fuel assemblies for weapons purposes difficult because of the presence of isotope ²³²U, whose content increases when one attempts to enrich uranium extracted from fresh fuel. In combination with restricted access to technologies for isotope separation by means of establishing international centers for uranium enrichment, this technical measure can significantly reduce the risk of proliferation associated with export deliveries of fuel made of low-enriched uranium. The assessment of a maximum level of contamination of nuclear material being transferred by isotope ²³²U for the given isotope composition of the initial fuel is obtained. The concept of further investigations of the degree of security of export deliveries of fuel assemblies with recycled uranium intended for light-water reactors is suggested.     

Nanostructures with Ge–Si quantum dots for infrared photodetectors

In this paper questions of optimization of growth conditions in the method of molecular beam epitaxy for creation of high-efficient quantum dot infrared photodetectors are considered. As a model material system for theoretical investigations, heterostructures with germanium-silicon quantum dots on the silicon surface are chosen. For calculations of the dependencies of quantum dots array parameters on synthesis conditions the kinetic model of growth of differently shaped quantum dots based on the general nucleation theory is proposed. The theory is improved by taking into account the change in free energy of nucleation of an island due to the formation of additional edges of islands and due to the dependence of surface energies of facets of quantum dots on the thickness of a 2D wetting layer during the Stranski–Krastanow growth. Calculations of noise and signal characteristics of infrared photodetectors based on heterostructures with quantum dots of germanium on silicon are done. Dark current in such structures caused by thermal emission and barrier tunneling of carriers, as well as detectivity of the photodetector in the approximation of limitation by generation-recombination noises are estimated. Moreover, the presence of dispersion of quantum dots by size is taken into account in the calculations of the generation-recombination noises. Results of calculations of the properties of structures with quantum dots and their dependencies on growth parameters, as well as the characteristics of quantum dot photodetectors are presented. Comparison of the estimated parameters of quantum dots ensembles and the characteristics of quantum dot photodetectors with experimental data is carried out.     

Theoretical study of the effect of temperature differential and ionizing radiation on the current–voltage characteristics of HEM transistors

Requirements to the modeling of the effects of temperature differential and ionizing radiation on the current–voltage characteristics of high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) were formulated. The results of modeling of the effects of temperature differential on the current–voltage characteristics of HEMTs were described. The results of analysis of the effects of ionizing radiation on the current–voltage characteristics of HEMTs were given. The results of modeling of the effects of ionizing radiation on the current–voltage characteristics of HEMTs were presented.     

Specific features of determination of the energy of excited electronic states in the formalism of density functional theory

Possibilities for application of the theory of subspaces to determination of the energy of excited electronic states are studied in terms of density functional formalism. Specific features of computer implementation of the theory in a basis of spherical Gaussian functions, whose parameters are determined by minimizing the energy of the corresponding subspace of states, are discussed. The results of calculation of the energy of excited states and the excitation energies of simple atoms and molecules are presented to demonstrate the potential of the approach.     

A sufficient condition of applicability of the model of a chemical equilibrium mixture to describing the state of detonation products

A sufficient condition of applicability of the model of a chemical equilibrium mixture to gasdynamic calculations based on a comparison of the rate of change of the equilibrium concentrations of the products in gas-dynamic process with the rate of chemical reactions leading to the establishment of chemical equilibrium is obtained. An example of using this condition in examining the applicability of the model of a chemical equilibrium mixture to the products of detonation of spherical charges of oxyacetylene and hydrogen-air mixtures the in the air is presented.     

Discrete gravity,the problem of fermion state doubling,and quantum anomalies

The problem of doubling of fermion states is studied in the framework of the theory of discrete gravitation. Examples of amorphous lattices (simplicial two-, three-, and four-dimensional complexes) free of doubling of fermion states are given. Possible consequences of this fact, such as the absence of quantum anomalies in divergence of axial currents, are considered. On the basis of the absence of axial anomalies and the finiteness of the number of physical degrees of freedom in the model of discrete quantum gravity proposed in [1] and of the continuum theory of gravitation constructed with the help of the dynamic quantization method [2], the following conclusion has been drawn: discrete quantum gravity [1] in the continuum limit is transformed into the theory of gravitation constructed in accordance with the algorithm of the dynamic quantization method [2].     

Visualization of scattering media upon backscattering of a linearly polarized nonmonochromatic light

The method of polarization visualization of multiply scattering macroinhomogeneous media, based on analysis of the spatial distributions of polarization characteristics of a linearly polarized radiation backscattered from a medium, is discussed. The effect of optical characteristics of the medium and the scattering geometry on the quality of the images obtained in the case of visualization of an absorbing heterogeneity immersed into a multiply scattering medium is considered. The comparative analysis of the quality of formed images was performed with the use of different polarization characteristics of the backscattered radiation as a visualization parameter. The theoretical interpretation of the obtained experimental results is given within the framework of the phenomenological approach based on the concept of the distribution of the effective optical paths of partial components of the scattered optical field. To calculate the probability density of the effective optical paths, the statistical simulation method was used.