Design Sensitivity Analysis of Truss Structures with Elastoplastic Material*

ABSTRACT

A continuum-based design sensitivity analysis (DSA) method is presented for configuration (or layout) design of nonlinear structural systems with rate-independent elastoplastic material. Configuration design variables are characterized by shape and orientation changes of the structural component. A continuum-based shape DSA method that utilizes the material derivative of continuum mechanics is extended to account for effects of shape and orientation variations. The incremental analysis method, with updated Lagrangian formulation, is used to derive the design sensitivity for the nonlinear structural system.

To derive the design sensitivity, incremental energy and load forms are utilized. The first variations of energy and load forms and the static response with respect to configuration design variables are described using the material derivative. Direct differentiation is utilized to obtain the first variation of the performance measure explicitly in terms of variations of configuration design variables. With the consistent tangent stiffness matrix employed at the end of each load step to compute the design sensitivity, it is found that no iterations are necessary to compute design sensitivity. In addition, the linear design velocity is used to account for configuration design changes, with the velocity field being updated at each load step of the incremental analysis.     

可靠性敏度分析方法及其在非线性蠕变疲劳失效模型中的应用

针对非线性极限状态方程,发展了两种基本随机变量为非正态情况下的可靠性敏度分析方法:基于改进一次二阶矩的近似解析法和基于Monte-Carlo的数字模拟法.近似解析法中非正态变量首先被等价变换为正态变量,然后用正态变量的敏度分析法和隐函数求导法则来得到失效概率对非正态变量分布参数的灵敏度,求解敏度的数字模拟法是从计算失效概率的所有样本点中选取合适的抽样点,利用回归分析和隐函数求导法则来求取可靠性灵敏度的.所提方法被用于非线性蠕变疲劳失效模式的可靠性灵敏度分析,近似解析法和数字模拟法结果的一致说明了所提方法的合理可行.蠕变疲劳失效的可靠性灵敏度随参数的变化趋势分析为工程设计提供了有益指导.     

非线性随机系统的独立失效模式可靠性灵敏度

较好地解决了具有独立失效模式的多自由度非线性随机参数振动系统的可靠性灵敏度分析问题．应用四阶矩技术和Edgeworth级数把未知的响应和状态函数的概率分布展开成标准的正态分布的表达式，从而确定了系统的可靠度和可靠性灵敏度，并放松了随机参数的分布概型和激励类型．     

Stochastic sensitivity analysis of coupled acoustic-structural systems under non-stationary random excitations

This paper presents a new sensitivity analysis method for coupled acoustic–structural systems subjected to non-stationary random excitations. The integral of the response power spectrum density (PSD) of the coupled system is taken as the objective function. The thickness of each structural element is used as a design variable. A time-domain algorithm integrating the pseudo excitation method (PEM), direct differentiation method (DDM) and high precision direct (HPD) integration method is proposed for the sensitivity analysis of the objective function with respect to design variables. Firstly, the PEM is adopted to transform the sensitivity analysis under non-stationary random excitations into the sensitivity analysis under pseudo transient excitations. Then, the sensitivity analysis equation of the coupled system under pseudo transient excitations is derived based on the DDM. Moreover, the HPD integration method is used to efficiently solve the sensitivity analysis equation under pseudo transient excitations in a reduced-order modal space. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.     

对称抛物型模糊变量下的可靠性及灵敏度分析

当模糊变量的隶属函数为正态型时,可以将模糊随机可靠性及可靠性灵敏度转化为随机可靠性及可靠性灵敏度,并利用复合函数求导法则求解模糊随机失效概率对正态型隶属函数分布参数的灵敏度.对于对称抛物型隶属函数,文中提出了"改进最大最小"法和"改进等面积"法两种近似等价正态化方法,从而将模糊随机可靠性问题转换为随机可靠性问题,并利用线抽样方法分析之.算例结果表明,由于"改进最大最小"法所得的等价正态型隶属函数能在函数图形尾部更好地近似对称抛物型隶属函数,因而"改进最大最小"法更适用于模糊变量的隶属函数为对称抛物型分布时模糊随机可靠性及可靠性灵敏度的近似计算.     

强迫谐振动下连续体结构拓扑优化

应用结构拓扑优化ICM(独立连续映射)方法,对强迫谐振动下结构拓扑优化问题建立了以重量极小为目标,位移幅值为约束的优化模型.位移幅值采用一阶泰勒展式近似,由于拓扑优化中设计变量数目通常很多,对强迫谐振动位移幅值的敏度分析推导了伴随法公式,使得一次敏度分析可以计算出对所有设计变量的偏导数,克服了采用直接法敏度分析中一次只能计算出对一个设计变量的偏导数的不足.算例表明用伴随法分析敏度在结构拓扑优化中可以大幅提高计算效率,ICM方法采用独立于截面及形状参数的拓扑优化设计变量更清晰地反映了拓扑优化的本质.     

热结构稳态响应的耦合灵敏度分析方法

研究结构稳态热变形和热应力的灵敏度分析方法，给出了直接法和伴随法两种算法。考虑了温度场的耦合作用，在直接法中需要计算温度场对设计变量的导数，在伴随法中需要计算热载荷对温度场的导数。对尺寸和形状两类设计变量的灵敏度分析算例，验证了本文方法的精度。伴随法在应用程序中的实现，为大型结构优化提供了高效率的灵敏度计算方法。     

基于响应面方法的破损-安全结构可靠性拓扑优化

传统结构由于缺少冗余,忽略了不确定性因素的影响,更容易受到局部刚度损失的影响,文章针对载荷不确定性下破损-安全结构的设计问题提出了一种有效的基于响应面的可靠性拓扑优化方法,以提高结构的安全性,确保结构在发生局部破损时仍能满足服役性能及可靠性要求.为此,建立了柔度概率约束下的结构体积比最小化的双循环可靠性拓扑优化模型,其中内层循环实施可靠性分析,外层循环实施拓扑优化.为了有效处理可靠性分析中响应函数关于随机变量的导数计算高成本问题,基于响应面方法建立了响应函数关于随机变量的显式表达式.详细推导了响应函数关于设计变量和随机变量的解析灵敏度列式,并采用移动渐近线方法(method of moving asymptotes, MMA)对优化问题进行求解.将基于响应面的可靠性拓扑优化方法与基于解析导数的方法作对比,并实施蒙特卡洛仿真验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性,讨论了随机载荷标准差对优化结果的影响.结果表明,本文方法可以有效设计满足指定可靠性水平的破损-安全结构,优化后结构可靠性指标的相对误差不超过1.3%,另外基于响应面的可靠性设计方法相对于基于解析导数的可靠性设计方法可节省约74%的可靠性...     

正态变量相关情况下可靠性灵敏度分析的新方法

基于独立正态变量情况下可靠性灵敏度分析的线抽样法,提出了一种求解正态相关变量情况下可靠性灵敏度的新方法。在所提方法中,首先将正态相关变量等效变换为正态独立变量,然后利用线抽样方法独立完成等效独立变量情况下失效概率对独立变量的所有分布参数的灵敏度分析,最后依据等效变换前后变量分布参数之间的解析关系和复合函数求导公式,求得...     

基于功能度量法的刚性结构可靠性拓扑优化

相对尺寸优化和形状优化,结构拓扑优化可以更大程度上节约材料和改善设计;实际工程中必然存在着各种不确定性因素,从而考虑不确定性的可靠性拓扑优化逐渐成为研究热点。本文考虑载荷和材料参数的不确定性,采用功能度量法进行可靠性评估,基于变密度法开展了刚性结构的可靠性拓扑优化设计。通过四角支撑平面板、L型梁和二维三维悬臂梁算例,分析拓扑构型与体积分数随目标可靠指标、随机变量个数以及变异系数的变化情况,结果表明,可靠性拓扑优化设计能得到既符合最优传力路径又满足可靠性要求的刚性结构。     

Design Sensitivity Analysis in Structural Mechanics. I. Static Response Variations

ABSTRACT

The dependence of the solution of boundary-value problems of structural mechanics on design variables that specify material properties and distribution is characterized. Prototype problems treated include beams, plates, and plane elastic solids. Symmetry and positive definiteness properties of the elliptic differential operators that govern system response are used to show that their inverses, hence the displacement fields, are Frechet differentiable with respect to design variables. Formulas for the derivatives are given and used to obtain computable formulas for design sensitivity coefficients (first variation) of integrals that arise in optimal design formulations. The results establish an extension of the concept of “well-posed” problems of structural mechanics to include continuity (in fact, differentiability” of static structural response with respect to distributed design variables and design parameters     

Calculation of turbulent combustion of propane in furnaces

An evaluation of some numerical methods for turbulent reacting flows in furnace-like geometries is carried out. The Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the two-equation k–? model together with either finite-rate or infinite-rate reaction models are solved numerically. Either single- or multiple-step reactions together with the ‘eddy dissipation concept’ (EDC) are used to model reacting flows with finite reaction rates. The numerical scheme is finite difference based, together with a multi-grid method and a local grid refinement technique. These methods have been used to calculate the combustion of propane in a single- and multiple-burner configurations. In the former case, the sensitivity of the solution to variations in some model parameters (determining the reaction rate) and numerical parameters (mesh spacing) has been studied. It is noted that different dependent variables exhibit different levels of sensitivity to the variation in model parameters. Thus, calibration and validation of models for reacting flows require that one compares the most sensitive variables. For engineering purposes, on the other hand, one may calibrate and validate models with respect to the most relevant variables. Our conclusion is that since sensitivity of the temperature distribution is relatively mild, one can still use EDC-like methods in engineering applications where details of the temperature field are of minor importance.     

非完全相关荷载下钢筋混凝土框架结构体系可靠度分析

目前框架结构体系可靠度分析大多是在荷载完全相关的假定下完成的,对于非完全相关荷载作用下的体系可靠度研究则鲜有涉及,对于非理想弹塑性或弹脆性的结构尤其如此.本文在随机系统分析的概率密度演化理论的基础上,结合结构非线性全过程分析的位移控制算法,推导了基于归一化位移参数的结构非线性发展概率密度演化方程和承载力裕度的概率密度演化方程.采用纤维梁柱单元进行非线性分析,研究了钢筋混凝土框架结构在非完全相关荷载下的体系可靠度,并与Monte Carlo法进行了对比分析,证明了文中建议方法的可行性.基于文中方法,分析了荷载相关性对可靠度的影响,计算结果表明,荷载相关性对体系可靠度有比较明显的影响.     

Probabilistic finite element analysis of a non-gasketed flange

Stress analysis of a non-gasketed flange was computationally simulated by a finite-element method and probabilistically evaluated in view of several uncertainties in the performance parameters. Cumulative distribution functions and sensitivity factors were computed for overall heat transfer rate due to the structural and thermodynamic random variables. These results can be used to quickly identify the most critical design variables in order to optimize the design and make it cost effective. The analysis leads to the selection of the appropriate measurements to be used in structural and heat transfer analysis and to the identification of both the most critical measurements and parameters Published in Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 133–143, May 2008.     

模糊桁架结构有限元分析的随机因子法

研究模糊桁架结构在模糊力作用下的有限元分析方法。考虑桁架结构材料物理参数、几何尺寸和外荷载同时为模糊变量，利用信息熵将模糊变量转变为随机变量。基于随机因子法，利用代数综合法推导出结构位移和应力响应的均值、方差的计算表达式。通过算例，分析了结构物理参数、几何尺寸和外荷载的模糊性对结构位移和应力响应的影响，并验证了本文模型和方法的合理性与可行性。本方法的优点是能够反映结构某一参数的模糊型对结构响应的影响。     

可靠性灵敏度函数及其特征指标的条件概率模拟求解方法

可靠性分析中基本变量分布参数为区间均匀变量时,失效概率为分布参数的函数。基于条件概率马尔科夫链模拟,提出了一种可靠性灵敏度函数的求解方法,并提出了一种新的可靠性灵敏度度量指标,它为参数可靠性灵敏度函数在参数空间上的期望。文中推导了线性极限状态正态变量下全局灵敏度函数及新指标的计算式.并提出了高效的基于条件概率马尔科夫链...     

Lower bound limit analysis of three-dimensional elastoplastic structures by boundary element method

IntroductionThelimitanalysisofstructuresisoneofthemostpracticalandusefulbranchesinplasticity .Ithasimportantapplicationbackgroundforproblemssuchasthedeterminationofloadcarryingcapacityandplasticformingofmetal.Thepurposeofthelimitanalysisofstructuresistoprovidereliabletheoreticalbasesforengineeringdesignandsafetyassessment.Asasimplifiedmethodforelastoplasticproblems,limitanalysisneednotrequirethehistoryofloadandcancomputethelimitloadsdirectlyinsteadofelastoplasticincrementalcomputationwhichisus…     

平面结构可靠性预测的随机边界元逆分析法

在结构可靠性计算的随机边界元理论和逆分析法基础上,用随机边界元方程结合改进的卡尔曼滤波算法来预测结构的可靠性,提出了用于平面机械结构可靠性预测的边界元逆分析法理论;并将方法应用于同时存在未知缺陷和随机边界载荷模型,进行了结构可靠性预测,在识别缺陷的同时预测出随机边界载荷的分布参数及结构体上各点的结构可靠度指标,给出了平面结构模型的数值示例。     

考虑平稳随机响应的显式结构拓扑优化

随机载荷是工程结构在服役中经常承受的一种复杂的载荷形式,通常采用统计学特性对其进行描述。对随机载荷作用下的结构进行拓扑优化设计是一项极具挑战性的工作,其主要难点在于,(1) 传统隐式拓扑优化方法的设计变量数巨大,且用于结构动态性能拓扑优化问题时存在虚假模态等数值不稳定问题; (2) 对结构的随机动力响应统计量及其灵敏度进行计算需要极大的计算量; (3) 隐式拓扑优化框架下的分析模型与优化模型强耦合,导致结构有限元模型具有极高的自由度,进一步加剧了上述困难。本文基于移动可变形组件框架和虚拟激励法理论,提出了一种平稳随机载荷作用下结构的显式拓扑优化设计方法。通过将一系列可移动和可变形的结构组件作为优化的基础单元,实现了使用少量设计变量描述结构拓扑构型的目的。采用虚拟激励法、自由度删除技术和模态位移法有效降低了对结构进行随机振动分析和灵敏度分析的计算量。在此基础上,以结构柔顺度的标准差为目标函数、以设计域内实体材料的体积为约束条件,实现了限带白噪声作用下结构的拓扑优化设计,并通过数值算例验证了本文方法的有效性。