Kinetic investigation of the textile bleaching process

Volumetric H₂-uptake measurements on an Mo₂N (79 m²g^–1) sample reduced at 673 K have been carried out and the uptake isotherms in the temperature range of 308–623 K have been determined. Both the total and reversible hydrogen uptake increased with the uptake temperature. The irreversible hydrogen uptake increased abruptly when the uptake temperature was raised up to 423 K. The maximum of irreversible hydrogen uptake was measured at 473 K. The H_IR/Mo ratio calculated from the uptakes obtained in the temperature range of 308–623 K varies in the range of 0.0010–0.0202. One possible mechanism for hydrogen adsorption is proposed to be heterolytic dissociation on Mo-N paris, in which the molybdenum atoms are in unsaturated coordination.     

The performance of a Ru?Mo sulfide catalyst for H2S decomposition

A γ-alumina-supported bimetallic Ru-Mo sulfide catalyst preparedvia precipitation from homogeneous solution (PFHS) has been used to effect the abstraction of H₂ from H₂S. The decomposition reaction was also carried out over Al₂O₃-supported RuS₂ and MoS₂ catalysts synthesizedvia PFHS. The performance of bimetallic system exceeded (ca. 40%) the simple additive activities of the constituent monometallic sulfide catalysts and about 2–3 times the individual activities of the monometallic sulfide samples, suggesting chemical synergism between Ru and Mo in the Ru-Mo catalyst. In particular, comparison with other catalysts in the literature showed that specimens preparedvia PFHS exhibited better activities than those from direct sulfidation of the metal oxide. Kinetic study over the Ru-Mo bimetallic sulfide catalyst in a quartz micro-reactor at 110 kPa and between 783–973 K revealed a 1st order dependency on H₂S partial pressure and an activation energy of about 92 kJ mol⁻¹. The irreversible adsorption of H₂S on a coordinatively unsaturated site is thought to be the rate-limiting step.     

Chromium(III) Hydroxide Solubility in The Aqueous Na+-OH?-H2PO?4-HPO2?4-PO3?4-H2O System: A Thermodynamic Model

Chromium(III)-phosphate reactions are expected to be important in managing high-level radioactive wastes stored in tanks at many DOE sites. Extensive studies on the solubility of amorphous Cr(III) solids in a wide range of pH (2.8–14) and phosphate concentrations (10^–4 to 1.0 m) at room temperature (22±2)°C were carried out to obtain reliable thermodynamic data for important Cr(III)-phosphate reactions. A combination of techniques (XRD, XANES, EXAFS, Raman spectroscopy, total chemical composition, and thermodynamic analyses of solubility data) was used to characterize solid and aqueous species. Contrary to the data recently reported in the literature,⁽¹⁾ only a limited number of aqueous species [Cr(OH)₃H₂PO^–₄, Cr(OH)₃(H₂PO₄)^2–₂), and Cr(OH)₃HPO^2–₄] with up to about four orders of magnitude lower values for the formation constants of these species are required to explain Cr(III)-phosphate reactions in a wide range of pH and phosphate concentrations. The log K^o values of reactions involving these species [Cr(OH)₃(aq)+H₂PO^–₄⇌Cr(OH)₃H₂PO^–₄; Cr(OH)₃(aq)+2H₂PO^–₄⇌Cr(OH)₃(H₂PO₄)^2–₂; Cr(OH)₃(aq)+HPO^2–₄⇌Cr(OH)₃HPO^2–₄] were found to be 2.78±0.3, 3.48±0.3, and 1.97±0.3, respectively.     

Hydrogen desorption of reduced Pt/TiO2 catalyst

The temperature-programmed desorption of hydrogen from a Pt/TiO₂ catalyst reduced in a wide temperature range (RT-773 K) has been studied. It is found that the presence of labile surface oxygen species increases the amount of hydrogen species formed at room temperature, and greatly decreases the quantities of adsorbed hydrogen species at medium temperatures. After the catalyst was reduced at high temperature, it is observed that two strong hydrogen desorption peaks appear at 450–600 K and above 600 K, which are ascribed to surface titanium hydride and the hydrogen species stored in the sublayer and bulk of the support, respectively.     

Solubility of 13 nonpolar gases in deuterium oxide at 15–45°C and 101.325 kPa. Thermodynamics of transfer of nonpolar gases from H2O to D2O

Using a computer controlled version of the Ben-Naim and Baer apparatus, the solubilities of He, Ne, Ar, Kr, H₂, D₂, N₂, O₂, CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, CF₄, and SF₆ in D₂O (and the solubility of CF₄ in H₂O) were determined at four temperatures in the range 288 to 318 K and at a partial pressure of gas of 101.325 kPa. The precision of the measurements was 0.3–1.0%. The experimental data were processed using rigorous thermodynamic methods and were fitted to the Clarke-Glew-Weiss equation. Changes in the thermodynamic properties on solution were calculated from the smoothing equations. Scaled-particle theory (SPT) was used to determine the Lennard-Jones (6,12) pair potential parameters for D₂O: =0.275 nm and /k=83.4 K. Experimental mole fraction solubilities and thermodynamic functions at 298.15 K were compared with results calculated using the SPT. The thermodynamic transfer functions of gases from H₂O to D₂O were calculated. The changes induced by the solvation process on the structure of water were estimated from the Gibbs energy of transfer and the difference in the hydrogen bond energies for D₂O and H₂O.     

Promoting effect of Mg in supported Mo/HBeta–Al2O3 catalyst for cross-metathesis of ethene and butene-2 to propene

Promoting effects of Mg in heterogeneous Mo/HBeta–Al₂O₃ catalyst have been carefully studied for cross-metathesis of ethene and butene-2 to propene. The catalyst shows good stability with Mg content in the range of 1–2 wt%. Such effect may be attributed to the elimination of weak acid sites through introduction of Mg which suppresses the side olefin oligomerization reaction, as evidenced from NH₃-TPD and ¹H MAS NMR results. Addition of more Mg content to 3 wt% may change the state and reducibility of Mo species, as indicated from the UV–vis, UV-Raman and H₂-TPR measurements. The increasing difficulty for the reduction of Mo(VI) species is closely related with the poor performance of 3 wt% Mg–4Mo/HBeta–30% Al₂O₃ catalyst in the metathesis reaction.     

Reaction of oxygen with adsorbed hydrogen species of a reduced Pt/TiO2 catalyst

Reaction of oxygen with the adsorbed hydrogen species of Pt/TiO₂ catalysts reduced in the temperature range of RT-773 K has been studied by temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO). It is obtained that the Pt-assisted reaction of oxygen with both the surface hydroxy groups and titanium hydride species occurs in the temperature range of 320–450 K; direct oxidation of the surface hydrogen species takes place on the surface of TiO₂ in the temperature range of 500–600 K; and oxygen reacts with the stored hydrogen species in the sublayer and bulk of the TiO₂ support when the temperature was increased to above 600 K.     

Oscillations during partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over Ru/Al2O3 catalyst (Special column of methane transformation, Article)

Oscillations in temperatures of catalyst bed as well as concentrations of gas phase species at the exit of reactor were observed during the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over Ru/Al₂O₃ in the temperature range of 600 to 850 °C. XRD, H₂-TPR and in situ Raman techniques was used to characterize the catalyst. Two types of ruthenium species, i.e. the ruthenium species weakly interacted with Al₂O₃ and that strongly interacted with the support, were identified by H₂-TPR experiment. These species are responsible for two types of oscillation profiles observed during the reaction. The oscillations were the result of these ruthenium species switching cyclically between the oxidized state and the reduced state under the reaction condition. These cyclic transformations, in turn, were the result of temperature variations caused by the varying levels of the strongly exothermic CH₄ combustion and the highly endothermic CH₄ reforming (with H₂O and CO₂) reactions (or the less exothermic direct partial oxidation of methane to CO and H₂), which were favored by the oxidized and the metallic sites, respectively. The major pathway of synthesis gas formation over the catalyst was via the combustion-reforming mechanism.     

C_2(a~3П_u)自由基与含硫小分子反应的温度效应

运用脉冲激光光解-激光诱导荧光(PLP-LIF)的方法在298-673 K的温度范围内测量了C2(a3Пu)自由基与含硫小分子(H2S,SO2,CS2)气相反应的双分子反应速率常数.获得的速率常数可以用Arrhenius公式表达如下(单位:cm3·molecule-1·s-1):k(H2S)=(1.61±0.06)×10-12exp[-(180.91±15.73)/T],k(SO2)=(1.26±0.10)×10-15×exp[(2230.68±27.77)/T],k(CS2)=(1.17±0.02)×10-10exp[(253.31±7.69)/T];误差为2σ.由获得的双分子速率常数及所表现的正温度效应,认为C2(a3Пu)与H2S反应遵循抽氢反应机理;C2(a3Пu)与SO2反应是无能垒的过程,反应速率表现出强的负温度依赖关系;根据较大的双分子速率常数及其呈现的负温度效应我们认为,C2(a3Пu)与CS2反应遵循加成反应机理.     

Ab initio study of the HCO 3 − /H2O exchange in the (NH3)3 ZnII(HCO 3 − ) complex

Summary The displacement of bicarbonate anion in the (NH₃)₃Zn^II(HCO ₃ ^– ) complex with water has been studied throughab initio calculations. It has been found that H₂O binds to the (NH₃)₃Zn^II(HCO ₃ ^– ) species yielding a stable pentacoordinate (NH₃)₃Zn^II(HCO ₃ ^– )(H₂O) complex. The results also indicate that deprotonation of water in the pentacoordinate species facilitates the release of HCO ₃ ^– , although, the presence of HCO ₃ ^– in the coordination sphere of Zn^II makes such deprotonation more difficult. Environmental effects have been considered in the study of HCO ₃ ^– /H₂O exchange.A contribution from the Grup de Química Quàntica de l'Institut d'Estudis Catalans     

Catalytically Promoted NOx Sorption by ZrO2-Based Oxides

Metal promoted zirconia-based oxide sorbents, such as Pt–ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ for NO _x have been investigated. To clarify the role of the catalyst component, sorption of NO and NO₂ was compared using the samples with and without Pt. The catalytic oxidation of NO to NO₂ and successively to nitrate ions is an important role for the Pt catalyst. The experimental results indicate that a high-temperature calcination is essential to remove residual Cl from Pt–ZrO₂–Al₂O₃ prepared from H₂PtCl₆ in order to provide more active NO _x sorption sites. Of M–ZrO₂–Al₂O₃ samples investigated, ruthenium as well as Pt demonstrated relatively good performance as a catalyst component in the sorbent. The FT-IR spectra after sorption of NO and NO₂ demonstrated a strong band attributed to stored nitrate ions. The Pt catalyst was more resistant to sulfur poisoning than a base metal catalyst. However, the NO _x sorptive capacities of the Pt–ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ sorbents were expected to be deteriorated in dilute SO₂ as far as observed from FT-IR spectra.     

The solubility of H2S in liquid sulfur

The need for fundamental data describing the dissolution of hydrogen sulfide, H₂S, in Claus recovered liquid sulfur prompted an examination of equilibrium H₂S solubility at typical industrial condensation temperatures and partial pressures. An FT/IR absorption technique has been described and new H₂S solubility measurements have been reported for partial H₂S pressures from 0.4 to 56 kPa and temperatures from 120 to 155 °C. The measurements were combined with previously reported values for atmospheric pressures of H₂S and used to calibrate a semi-empirical equation for the Henry's law solubility in liquid sulfur as a function of temperature. Estimations were compared to Claus plant field data and appear to underestimate the H₂S solubility for the first and second catalyst condenser stages. This underestimation was attributed to rapid condensation resulting in super-saturation of the recovered sulfur liquid, or an inaccurate measurement of the condensation temperatures.     

二苯并噻吩和吲哚在NiMoS/γ-Al2O3上加氢脱硫和加氢脱氮反应的相互影响

在固定床高压微反装置上考察了预硫化型NiMoS/γ-Al2O3催化剂上二苯并噻吩（DBT）加氢脱硫（HDS）反应和吲哚加氢脱氮（HDN）反应之间的相互影响。结果表明,吲哚对DBT的加氢脱硫反应具有抑制作用,其中对加氢路径（HYD）比对氢解路径（DDS）的抑制作用强,温度升高后,吲哚的抑制作用减弱。吲哚对DBT加氢脱硫反应的抑制作用源于吲哚及其HDN反应的中间产物在活性位上的竞争吸附。DBT和原位生成的H2S促进了催化剂表面硫阴离子空穴（CUS）向B酸位的转化,从而提高1,2-二氢吲哚（HIN）分子中C(sp3)—N键的断裂能力,使得吲哚的转化率和产物中邻乙基苯胺（OEA）的相对含量增大。HDN活性相的形成虽然需要硫原子的参与,但是活性相的保持并不需要大量的硫原子,较高含量硫化物存在时加氢活性位减少,不利于脱氮反应。     

NOx-Sorbing Metal Oxides, MnOx–CeO2. Oxidative NO Adsorption and NOx–H2 Reaction

(n)MnO_x–(1–n)CeO₂ binary oxides have been studied for the sorptive NO removal and subsequent reduction of NO_x sorbed to N₂ at low temperatures (150 °C). The solid solution with a fluorite-type structure was found to be effective for oxidative NO adsorption, which yielded nitrate (NO^– ₃) and/or nitrite (NO^– ₂) species on the surface depending on temperature, O₂ concentration in the gas feed, and composition of the binary oxide (n). A surface reaction model was derived on the basis of XPS, TPD, and DRIFTS analyses. Redox of Mn accompanied by simultaneous oxygen equilibration between the surface and the gas phase promoted the oxidative NO adsorption. The reactivity of the adsorbed NO_x toward H₂ was examined for MnO_x–CeO₂ impregnated with Pd, which is known as a nonselective catalyst toward NO–H₂ reaction in the presence of excess oxygen. The Pd/MnO_x–CeO₂ catalyst after saturated by the NO uptake could be regenerated by micropulse injections of H₂ at 150 °C. Evidence was presented to show that the role of Pd is to generate reactive hydrogen atoms, which spillover onto the MnO_x–CeO₂ surface and reduce nitrite/nitrate adsorbing thereon. Because of the lower reducibility of nitrate and the competitive H₂–O₂ combustion, H₂–NO reaction was suppressed to a certain extent in the presence of O₂. Nevertheless, Pd/MnO_x–CeO₂ attained 65% NO-conversion in a steady stream of 0.08% NO, 2% H₂, and 6% O₂ in He at as low as 150 °C, compared to ca. 30% conversion for Pd/–Al₂O₃ at the same temperature. The combination of NO_x-sorbing materials and H₂-activation catalysts is expected to pave the way to development of novel NO_x-sorbing catalysts for selective deNO_x at very low temperatures.     

Complex compounds of tetracycline with WO 4 2− and MoO 4 2− ions. Investigation by pH-metric and conductometric methods

By using pH-metric and conductometric methods it has been found that tetracycline (H₃TC) forms with WO ₄ ^2– and MoO ₄ ^2– ions the following complex compounds: [WO₃HTC]^2–, [WO₃(H₂TC)₂]^2– and [MoO₃(H₂TC)₂]^2–. Stability constants log/gb ₁ ^k =7.86 and log ₁ ^k =7.80 for [WO₃HTC]^2– and [MoO₃HTC]^2–, respectively, have been calculated from pH-metric measurements.     

Determination of sulfur contents of SO3, S2O3 and S based on the electrocatalytic interaction with homogeneous mediator tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)Ru(II)

A sensitive voltammetric method has been developed for the determination of total or single species of sulfur anions containing sulfide, sulfite and thiosulfate. The method is based on the catalytic effect of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)Ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)₂^+ 2) as a homogeneous mediator on the oxidation of those anions at the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. A reversible redox couple of Ru(II)/Ru(III) were observed as a solute in aqueous solution. Cyclic voltammetry study showed that the catalytic current of the system depends on the concentration of the anions. Optimum pH values for voltammetric determination of sulfite, thiosulfate and sulfide has been found to be 5.6, 10.0 and 10.0, respectively. Under the optimized conditions the calibration curves have been obtained linear in the concentration ranges of 0.8–500.0, 0.4–1000.0 and 0.5–5000.0 µmol L^− 1 of SO₃²⁻, S₂O₃²⁻ and S²⁻, respectively. The detection limits have been calculated to be 0.40, 0.17 and 0.33 µmol L^− 1 for SO₃²⁻, S₂O₃²⁻ and S²⁻, respectively. The diffusion coefficients of sulfite and thiosulfate have been estimated using chronoamperometry. The chronoamperometric method also has been used to determine the catalytic rate constant for catalytic reaction of the Ru(bpy)₂^+ 2 with sulfite and thiosulfate. Finally the proposed method has been used for the determination of total sulfur contents in real samples of water and wastewater. Moreover the sulfite content in sugar and sulfur dioxide in air has been determined with satisfactory results.     

Study of solid-state hydrogen isotope exchange in a Pd/organic compound system

A kinetic study of hydrogen isotope exchange was carried out in a H₂/Pd membrane/organic compound system for a number of compounds in the 0.2–20 kPa H₂ pressure range. The results suggest a low specificity of the reaction kinetics for the compounds used. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed and analyzed.     

Theoretical calculations of95Mo-NMR chemical shifts for compounds [MoO4−n S n ]2−

Summary Theoretical calculation of⁹⁵Mo-NMR chemical shifts for [MoO_4–n S _n ]^2– (n=0–4) compounds is reported here for the first time on the basis of Fenske-Hall method and Sum-Over-State (SOS) perturbation theory. A systematic decrease in shielding of⁹⁵Mo nuclei with increase of number of sulfur in [MoO_4–n S _n ]^2–, which is observed experimentally, can be reasonably explained by our calculation. A good linear relationship between chemical shifts of calculation and experiment is obtained. The electronic structure and bonding in these compounds are also discussed.Supported by Nature Science Foundation of China     

Infrared spectra (700–200 cm−1) and6Li/7Li and H2O/D2O isotope effects for four isotopically substituted lithium formate monohydrates

The infrared spectra, in the 700–200 cm^–1 region, have been reported for⁶LiHCO₂ · H₂O,⁶LiHCO₂ · D₂O,⁷LiHCO₂ · H₂O and⁷LiHCO₂ · D₂O and the observed fundamental bands have been discussed taking into account the⁶Li/⁷Li and H₂O/D₂O isotope wavenumber shifts on the fundamental vibrations.

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Infrarotspektren (700–200 cm^–1) und⁶Li/⁷Li- und H₂O/D₂O-Isotopeneffekte für vier isotopensubstituierte Lithiumformat-monohydrate

Zusammenfassung Die Infrarotspektren in der Region von 700–200 cm^–1 werden für⁶LiHCO₂ · H₂O,⁶LiHCO₂ · D₂O,⁷LiHCO₂ · H₂O und⁷LiHCO₂ · D₂O angegeben und die beobachteten Grundschwingungen zusammen mit den isotopischen Verschiebungen der Wellenzahlen diskutiert.

     

Effect of the structure of frozen solutions of H2SO4 on radiothermoluminescence

A pronounced effect of structural heterogeneity (cracks) of glass-like solutions of 4.9M H₂SO₄ on their radiothermoluminescence (RTL) was found. In perfect glasses one RTL peak was observed at 115 K. Additional luminescence peaks appeared at 165, 195, and 240 K in glasses having cracks. The effect observed was explained by elevated thermal stability of the SO₄ ^– radical stabilized on the surface of sulfuric acid crystal hydrates: H₂SO₄ · 4H₂O and H₂SO₄· 6.5H₂O.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1566–1568, June, 1996.