V2O5-CuO/TiO2催化剂中低温选择性催化NOx还原研究

浸渍法制备了一系列V₂O₅-CuO/TiO₂催化剂,考察中低温(200~300℃)条件下,以氨为还原剂选择性催化还原NO_x的活性,并利用比表面积及微孔孔隙分析仪(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)对催化剂进行微观表征和分析。结果表明,500℃焙烧的2V16Cu/TiO₂催化剂展示了最佳的中低温催化活性和较宽的活性温度范围,在空速6.0×10⁴ h^-1、225℃条件下,NO_x转化率达97.3%,250℃时达到100%,温度升至300℃,催化活性仍保持在100%。XRD结果表明,随着Cu负载量的增加,逐渐显现CuO的特征峰。结合活性评价数据说明,CuO是VCu/TiO₂催化剂的主要活性组分之一,是降低SCR催化反应温度的重要因素。BET结果表明,CuO的负载对钒钛催化剂的表面结构有较大影响。耐硫性实验结果表明,添加钒氧化物制备的2V16Cu/TiO₂催化剂的抗硫性能有所改善。     

V2O5/赤铁矿催化剂结构及其NH3选择性催化还原NOx性能

以水热合成针铁矿为前驱体浸渍偏钒酸铵,分别于300,400和500℃空气中焙烧,制备了不同活性组分负载量的V₂O₅/赤铁矿（V/H）催化剂,用于氨选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝。采用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、比表面积分析仪、程序升温还原及程序升温脱附等方法对催化剂结构进行了表征,并用标气配制模拟烟气进行了脱硝实验。结果表明,300℃煅烧3%V/H催化剂当烟气温度为250-300℃时NO转化率均可达95%以上;当配气中单独加入水蒸气或低浓度SO₂（0.01%）时,V/H催化脱硝的活性不受影响;当系统加入高浓度的SO₂（0.03%与0.05%）或同时添加H₂O与SO₂时,SCR脱硝效率下降,其机制可能是SO₂在催化剂表面竞争吸附所致,停止添加后,催化活性迅速恢复。     

制备方法对V2O5/WO3-TiO2催化剂脱除柴油车尾气中NOx的影响

分别采用普通浸渍法(VWTi-con)和超声辅助浸渍法(VWTi-HUST)制备了V2O5/WO3-TiO2催化剂,并用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱等技术对催化剂进行了表征,评价了水热老化前后两种催化剂的NH3-SCR脱除模拟柴油车尾气中NOx的反应活性,并与国外成熟商品催化剂进行了比较.结果表明,制备方法可影响V2O5/WO3-TiO2催化剂的水热稳定性,VWTi-con催化剂老化后几乎完全失活,而VWTi-HUST具有优异的水热稳定性,与国外成熟商品催化剂性能相当.与传统浸渍法相比,超声辅助浸渍法增强了活性物种和载体的相互作用,提高了活性组分的分散性等.采用该法制备的VWTi-HUST催化剂将具有较强的商业应用性;台架试验正在进行中,以期满足柴油车国IV排放标准的要求.     

Online NMR spectroscopic study of species distribution in MEA–H2O–CO2 and DEA–H2O–CO2

Quantitative online NMR spectroscopy was used for studying the species distribution in solutions of carbon dioxide in aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanolamine (DEA). The mass fraction of the amine in the unloaded solution was 0.2 and 0.3 g/g, respectively, the carbon dioxide loading was up to 1.1 ??molCO₂/molamine$1.1\text{\hspace{0.17em}??}\text{mo}{\text{l}}_{\text{C}{\text{O}}_2}/\text{mo}{\text{l}}_{\text{amine}}$, temperatures were between 293 and 353 K. A special apparatus was designed that allows preparing the mixtures gravimetrically and applying pressures up to 25 bar to keep the carbon dioxide in solution. It was coupled to a 400 MHz NMR spectrometer by heated capillaries. By using both ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy quantitative information on the concentrations of the following species were obtained: amine, carbamate, bicarbonate, and carbon dioxide. Due to the fast proton transfer between molecular and protonated amine, only the sum of their concentrations can be determined. Furthermore, a byproduct, 2-oxazolidone, was observed and quantified. The experimental data were used for developing a thermodynamic model of the studied electrolyte solutions based on the extended Pitzer G^E-model. In the model development, also vapor–liquid equilibrium data from the literature were included. The model gives reliable results both for the species distribution and the vapor–liquid equilibrium of the studied mixtures.     

Ambient temperature sol–gel synthesis of CeO2–SiO2 and TiO2–CeO2–SiO2 films with high efficiency of UV absorption and without destructive oxidation on heat sensitive organic substrate

Highly efficient UV absorption films of CeO₂–SiO₂ and TiO₂–CeO₂–SiO₂ were synthesized through an epoxide assisted sol–gel strategy. As proven by their UV–vis transmittance spectra, the obtained films show very strong absorption in the UV region, at the same time, keeping the high transparency in the visible range. Due to the unique chemistry of this route and the delicate selection of Ce precursor salts, the ceria in the film can be crystallized at ambient temperature, resulting in the effective UV absorption and oxidation minimization of the films. These advantages guarantee their application in the protection of heat-sensitive organic materials.     

负载型CuMn2O4催化剂同时去除甲苯与NOx性能及机理研究

本研究使用低温溶胶凝胶自燃法制备了不同载体负载的CuMn₂O₄/MO₂(M=Mn、Ti、Ce)催化剂,并对其同时去除甲苯和NO_x的性能进行了评价。结果表明,CeO₂载体的加入可显著缓解CuMn₂O₄上甲苯氧化与NH₃-SCR的相互抑制,因此,CuMn₂O₄/CeO₂催化剂表现出最优异的甲苯与NO_x同时去除效率。通过BET、XRD、NH₃-TPD、O₂-TPD及结合XPS与in-situ DRIFTs对催化剂的物化性质及CuMn₂O₄同时去除甲苯与NO_x的反应机理进行了分析。结果表明,CeO₂的引入提高了催化剂中Mn⁴⁺/Mnⁿ⁺的占比,促使CuMn     

Cu-ETS-10催化NH3选择性还原NOx性能

采用离子交换法制备了Cu-ETS-10钛硅分子筛催化剂,该催化剂对于NH₃选择性催化还原（SCR）NO_x反应具有较高的催化活性、N₂选择性和抗SO₂性能.结果表明,Cu-ETS-10钛硅分子筛具有丰富的微孔结构和较高的比表面积（288-380m²/g）;原子发射光谱、程序升温还原技术和原位红外漫反射等表征结果表明,Cu在Cu-ETS-10钛硅分子筛中具有多种存在形态,其中Cu²⁺物种为Cu-ETS-10的活性中心,其含量随Cu含量的增加而先增后降,与催化活性的变化趋势一致.     

Kinetic investigation of propane oxidation on diluted Mo1–V0.3–Te0.23–Nb0.125–Ox mixed-oxide catalysts

Reaction kinetics and proposed mechanism for the oxidation of propane over diluted Mo₁–V_0.3–Te_0.23–Nb_0.125–O _x are described. The kinetic study allowed determination of the orders of propane disappearance, propene formation, CO _x formation, and acids formation. The results show that selective oxidation of propane to propylene over this catalyst follows the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Deep oxidation of propane to carbon dioxide is first order with respect to hydrocarbon, and partial order (0.21) with respect to oxygen. The selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid is half order with respect to hydrocarbon and partial order (0.11) with respect to oxygen, while water does not participate directly in propane transformation. The result also shows that the overall reaction consists of three parallel process channels. One main sequence of consecutive reactions leads to the desired product.     

Syngas production from methane reforming with O2 and CO2 over Ni–La2O3/SiO2 catalysts using EDTA salt precursors

Ni–La₂O₃/SiO₂ catalysts (NLS) were prepared by the incipient-wetness impregnation method using EDTA salt precursors. XRD measurements revealed that the promoter of La₂O₃ is highly dispersed on the NLS. The TPR profiles indicated a strong interaction between NiO and La₂O₃ to form a La–Ni complex oxide like species over the NLS, which may be the origin of its high catalytic performance.     

用于NH3选择性催化还原NOx的钒基催化剂

在富氧且有催化剂存在条件下以NH3或尿素为还原剂选择性地还原NOx为N2的技术,即NH3/Urea-SCR技术,是去除固定源和移动源NOx最为有效且应用最广的技术之一,其中最重要的催化剂体系是钒基催化剂。本文从钒基催化剂的组成及其NH3-SCR反应性能、钒基催化剂的活性改进以及钒基催化剂上的NH3-SCR反应机理三个方面对该领域的研究进展做了较为全面的综述,并对NH3-SCR领域可能的发展方向做了展望。传统的V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2催化剂以及改性后的钒基催化剂在中温段具有优异的NOx净化效率和抗SO2中毒性能,其中高分散的V5+物种以及多聚的钒酸盐物种为NH3-SCR反应的活性中心。针对采用不同方法制备的或具有不同组成的钒基催化剂体系,多数学者认为NH3-SCR反应按照Eley-Rideal(E-R)机理进行,部分学者认为按照Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)机理进行,这可能与催化剂的钒负载量以及反应温度区间相关。在后续工作中研究者应结合多种测试手段,具体问题具体分析,综合考虑温度的动态影响以及表面酸碱性对反应物的吸附活化,以得出更为全面、真实的反应机理。系统了解前人在钒基NH3-SCR催化剂领域的研究进展有助于现阶段开发高效稳定、可适应复杂工作条件的钒基SCR催化转化器,同时也对设计合成新型高效、环境友好且抗中毒的非钒基SCR催化剂体系具有一定的参考价值。     

Oxo Peroxo Glycolato Complexesof Vanadium (V). Crystal Structureof (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(C2H2O3)2]?H2O

 Oxo peroxo glycolato complexes of vanadium(V) (M ₂[V₂O₂(O₂)₂(C₂H₂O₃)₂]ċnH₂O (n=0, 1; M=NBu₄ ⁺ (1), K⁺ (2), NH₄ ⁺ (3), Cs⁺ (4), NPr₄ ⁺ (5)) as well as (NBu₄)₂[V₂O₄(C₂H₂O₃)₂]ċ H₂O (6) have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods. X-Ray structure analysis of 1 revealed the presence of dinuclear [V₂O₂(O₂)₂(C₂H₂O₃)₂]²⁻ anions with a (chemical structure) bridging core and six coordinated vanadium(V) atoms in a distorted pentagonal pyramidal array.     

Synthesis and structures of Cs4[(UO2)2(C2O4)(SO4)2(NCS)2] · 4H2O and (NH4)4[(UO2)2(C2O4)(SO4)2(NCS)2] · 6H2O

Single crystals of Cs₄[(UO₂)₂(C₂O₄)(SO₄)₂(NCS)₂] · 4H₂O (I) and (NH₄)₄[(UO₂)₂(C₂O₄)(SO₄)₂(NCS)₂] · 6H₂O (II) have been synthesized and studied by X-ray diffraction. The crystals of both compounds are orthorhombic with the space group Pbam, Z = 2, and unit cell parameters a = 12.0177(3) ?, b = 18.6182(5) ?, c = 6.7573(10) ?, R = 0.0376 (I); a = 11.6539(9) ?, b = 18.3791(13) ?, c = 6.7216(5) ?, R = 0.0179 (II). The main structural units of crystals I and II are [(UO₂)₂(C₂O₄)(SO₄)₂(NCS)₂]⁴⁻ chains belonging to the crystal-chemical group A₂K⁰²B₂²M₂¹ (A = UO₂²⁺, K⁰² = C₂O₄²⁻, B² = SO₄²⁻, M¹ = NCS⁻) of the uranyl complexes. The uranium-containing chains are joined into a three-dimensional framework due to a system of electrostatic interactions with the cesium or ammonium ions in the structure of I. In the structure of II, this framework is additionally stabilized by hydrogen bonds involving the outer-sphere water molecules and ammonium ions. Original Russian Text ? I.V. Medrish, A.V. Virovets, E.V. Peresypkina, L.B. Serezhkina, 2008, published in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 2008, Vol. 53, No. 7, pp. 1115–1120.     

Synthesis and characterization of P2O5–ZrO2–SiO2 membranes doped with tungstophosphoric acid (PWA) for applications in PEMFC

Homogeneous, transparent and crack-free P₂O₅–ZrO₂ and P₂O₅–ZrO₂–SiO₂ membranes have been synthesized by the sol–gel process. A first step has been oriented to the optimization of the synthesis and characterization of different compositions by TGA, FE-SEM, FTIR and EIS to choose the best inorganic composition in terms of chemical and mechanical stability, and proton conductivity. The addition of SiO₂ improves the mechanical and chemical stability. On the other hand, compositions with higher content in P₂O₅ have demonstrated lower mechanical and chemical stability against water, but higher proton conductivity. The water retention and high porosity of inorganic membranes leads to high proton conductivity, 10⁻² S/cm, at 140 °C and 100% relative humidity. The second step has been focused in the study of doped inorganic membranes of molar composition 99.65(40P₂O₅–20ZrO₂–40SiO₂)–0.35PWA. The high homogeneity, transparency and SEM-EDX analysis of these membranes indicates no phase separation suggesting that PWA is well dispersed in the inorganic structure. The incorporation of PWA in sol–gel oxides provides an increase of the proton conductivity at low relative humidity due to the adequate distribution of PWA in the inorganic network. Conductivity increases in two orders of magnitude at low humidity (10⁻⁴ S/cm at 50 °C and 62% RH) compared with undoped sol–gel oxide membranes.     

Solid–liquid phase equilibria in the system K2SO4–MgSO4–H2O at 318 K

The polythermal solubility diagram of the system K₂SO₄–MgSO₄–H₂O presents the formation of three double salts, picromerite, leonite, langbeinite appearing in this order with increasing temperature. In the temperature range between 314.15 K and 320.65 K, picromerite and leonite ought to coexist. The search in the literature revealed a lack of isothermal phase equilibrium data within this temperature range. Therefore, the solubility in the system K₂SO₄–MgSO₄–H₂O was determined in the whole concentration range at 318 K. The solid phases, epsomite, leonite, picromerite and arcanite occur with increasing potassium sulfate concentration. A two-salt point of leonite and picromerite is established at 0.618 molal K₂SO₄ and 3.030 molal MgSO₄ at the temperature of investigation.     

H3PW12O40/CNTs吸附-分解NOx及微波作用效果

将碳纳米管(CNTs)载体分别经混酸与硝酸蒸气预处理并在不同温度下煅烧, 然后分别采用浸渍法及机械研磨法负载磷钨酸(HPW), 制备出HPW/CNTs催化剂, 对比考察了上述催化剂对NOx的吸附与分解效果. 在空速为10000 h-1、 吸附温度为200℃的条件下, 用0.5 g催化剂对1696 mg/m3的NOx进行吸附实验, 结果表明, 以硝酸蒸气预处理且经300℃煅烧后的CNTs为载体, 采用机械研磨负载法制备的催化剂HPW/CNTs对NOx的吸附率与吸附能力最高, 分别为54%与16.6 mg NOx/(g\5h). 对吸附NOx后的催化剂体系进行了催化分解NOx的程序升温脱附-质谱(TPD-MS)研究, 结果表明, 所吸附的NOx在快速升温过程中发生分解, 在此过程中有氧产生, 分解产物包括N2, O2及N2O. 采用电阻炉快速加热与微波辐射2种方式分别对吸附的NOx进行催化分解, 结果表明, 微波功率为700 W时, NOx分解为N2的收率为33.3%, 高于电阻炉以150℃/min快速升温的N2收率. 使用过的催化剂通水蒸气后可实现再生, 对再生后的催化剂进行循环使用研究, 结果表明, 再生后的催化剂吸附与催化分解NOx的性能未有明显下降.     

CO2在纳米SiO2/TiO2悬浮体系中的光催化还原

用水热法合成了氧化硅改性的具有高比表面积、高催化活性的锐钛型二氧化钛, 并在其悬浮体系中将CO₂光催化还原合成甲醇. 采用XRD, TEM, 物理吸附, UV-Vis吸收光谱和FTIR等表征手段对催化剂结构特征进行了研究. 结果表明: 添加氧化硅后, 氧化硅和二氧化钛之间形成Si—O—Ti键, 抑制了TiO₂晶粒生长, 提高了锐钛型TiO₂的比表面积, 且随着含硅量的增加, SiO₂/TiO₂的UV吸收逐步蓝移, 禁带宽度增加. 还原反应结果表明: SiO₂/TiO₂具有光催化还原活性, 且随着含硅量的增加先增加后减小, 当SiO₂质量分数为3.5%时, SiO₂/TiO₂复合催化剂反应活性最强, 5 h内甲醇产量可达到21.0 mg/L, 并有少量甲醛生成.     

低阶煤半焦利用热重在O2/CO2、O2/N2和O2/Ar气氛下燃烧特性研究

利用热重研究了两种中国西北典型低阶煤半焦的燃烧特性。探究了不同气氛（O₂/CO₂、O₂/N₂和O₂/Ar）和不同氧气浓度对其燃烧特性的影响。实验结果表明,无论是反应气氛还是氧气浓度都会对低阶煤半焦的燃烧产生影响。相比于N₂和Ar,CO₂明显有利于燃烧反应进行：当反应气氛由O₂/CO₂变为O₂/Ar时,两种不同低阶煤半焦的燃尽温度分别升高了63.7和68.8℃;而当反应气氛由O₂/CO₂变为O₂/N₂时,两种不同低阶煤半焦的燃尽温度分别升高了135.9和129.6℃。在研究范围内,氧气浓度的提高也能明显提高半焦的燃烧性能。与此同时,半焦燃烧特性的动力学分析表明,随着氧气浓度提高,两种半焦燃烧反应的表观活化能E和指前因子A均呈增大趋势。通过对E和A两者关系的分析结果表明,半焦富氧燃烧的活化能和指前因子存在动力学补偿效应。     

O2/CO2气氛下O2浓度对燃煤PM2.5形成的影响

采用管式炉和荷电低压撞击器(electrical low pressure-impactor,ELPI)研究了徐州烟煤在O₂/CO₂条件下燃烧后生成的PM_2.5排放特性。结果表明,在O₂/CO₂气氛下,煤粉在不同O₂浓度燃烧所产生的PM_2.5质量浓度均呈双峰分布,峰值分别在0.1和2.0 mm左右;随着氧含量的增加,PM_2.5的质量浓度增加;S、K和Na在亚微米颗粒上明显富集,而Si和Ca未在亚微米颗粒上富集;通过对颗粒物的粒径分布、元素分析和形貌观察,认为亚微米颗粒主要是矿物质蒸发鄄凝结机制形成的,而超微米颗粒主要是煤焦与外部矿物质的破碎以及内在矿物质聚合形成的。     

NOx的催化分解研究

氮氧化物(NO_x)的直接催化分解是公认的消除NO_x污染最有吸引力的方法。本文综述了NO_x催化分解研究领域深受关注的几类催化剂,包括贵金属、金属氧化物、钙钛矿及类钙钛矿型复合氧化物、离子交换的ZSM-5型分子筛、杂多化合物和水滑石类材料等六大类催化剂。介绍了相关的反应机理、反应动力学和催化性能等问题的国内外研究进展,概括了上述催化剂的优缺点,提出了未来的发展方向。