现代酸碱理论在有机化学中的应用

简要介绍现代酸碱理论的建立及其基本概念。现代酸碱理论包括了Brφnsted-Lowry酸碱理论、Lewis酸碱理论、HSAB理论和超酸理论。举例介绍了与物理有机化学、有机合成、有机催化等领域相关的现代酸碱理论的广泛应用。     

经典价键理论的从头算计算方法

价键理论是两大现代化学键理论之一,广泛应用于化学键本质和化学反应机理的研究。由于计算困难,价键理论应用局限于定性的讨论而无法有效地开展从头计算研究。现代经典价键理论在经典价键理论的理论基础上,引入合理有效的计算方法,提高了价键计算的效率。本文回顾近年来经典价键理论从头算方法在提高计算精度和拓展研究范围方面的发展,并简要展望价键理论方法的发展趋势。     

van der Waals状态方程与溶液理论

阐明了van der Waals状态方程与溶液理论间的密切关系。由van der Waals状态方程中的内压力和自由体积简捷地导得Scatchard-Hildebrand正规溶液理论、无热溶液理论和Flory-Huggins聚合物溶液理论。表明这些理论都是建立在van der Waals流体的基础上,为进一步改进这些理论提供了一条切实可行的思路。     

价层电子对互斥理论教学中几个问题的讨论

针对大学课程中价层电子对互斥（VSEPR）理论教学过程中存在的问题,对VSEPR理论的理论基础、过渡金属不适用于VSEPR理论的原因以及与杂化轨道理论之间的关系进行了讨论,并提出了教学建议。     

塔板理论色谱流出曲线性质的研究

塔板理论是色谱动力学理论的重要部分。本文采用数学方法把塔板理论色谱流出曲线从离散函数形式变换为连续函数形式。在此基础上运用计算机进一步研究了塔板理论色谱流出曲线的性质。     

灌浆理论浅析

详细分析了两种灌浆液体的类型牛顿体和宾汉姆体的力学特征以及二者之间异同和联系,介绍了岩土体结构的基本理论、灌浆的基本理论、渗透灌浆理论机制及内容、劈裂灌浆理论机制及内容、压密灌浆理论机制及内容。     

关于苯及其衍生物在盐水溶液中的活度系数的研究

摘录了25℃时苯,甲苯,邻位、间位、对位二甲苯,间位、对位二氯苯及萘在NaF,LiCL,NaBr,NEt~4Br等25种盐的水溶液中的活度系数f,它们的lgf-c~s的关系符合Setchenow盐效应公式。计算了苯及其衍生物在上述25种盐水溶液中的各种盐效应理论的k~s,主要有:1)Debye-macAulay静电理论;2)Conway-Desnoyers-Smith静电理论;3)Masterton-Lee定标粒子理论;4)McDevit-Long内压力理论;5)改进的内压力理论;6)改进的Bockris色散力理论。对各种理论值比较后可以看到改进后的内压力理论k~s值与实验k~s值较为吻合。Bockris色散力理论经改进后计算比较简单,可以判断盐效应符号,盐效应顺序也基本正确。     

概念密度泛函理论及近来的一些进展

概念密度泛函理论(又称密度泛函活性理论或化学密度泛函理论)是密度泛函理论(DFT)的化学活性理论. 本文对其理论框架和最新进展进行了概述, 包括电负性、硬度、软度、福井函数、亲电性, 及其从这些概念中得到的原理. 介绍了二元描述符和立体效应定量描述的新进展, 并对今后的发展作出了展望.     

聚酯机织物吸声性能研究

分析了聚酯纤维机织物在背后有空气层时的吸声频谱规律以及测试时材料对管内驻波的影响。将传统吸声材料的Zwikker和Costen理论、毛细管吸声理论、微穿孔板吸声理论以及穿孔板共振吸声理论应用于材料特性分析,发现Zwikker和Costen理论可以定性的给出与实测情况相吻合的材料吸声系数随频率的变化规律。穿孔板共振吸声理论可以推导出与实测情况很接近的材料第一吸声峰值频率。另外,毛细管吸声理论和微穿孔板吸声理论不适合于背后有空气层时聚酯纤维织物的吸声情况。     

交替共聚中的自由单体－络合理论

自由基交替共聚理论是共聚合研究中的重要理论问题。本文从交替共聚各种理论中整理出自由单体－络合理论，并从机理、共聚组成和动力学等几方面进行分析和综述，认为该理论能比较全面、真实地反映交替共聚的机理。     

Cun、Agn和Aun(n≤9)团簇的静电极化率

The static polarizabilities and polarizability anisotropies of Cun,Agn and Aun (n≤9)clusters have been calculated by the B3LYP density functional method,which is a three parameter mixture of density functional and"exact" Hartree Fock exchange. The calculated results are compared with experimental polarizabilities of sodium clusters. It is shown that the size dependency of the static polarizabilities per atom of Cun,and Agn clusters possesses the same trend as that observed in sodium clusters exception of the Aunclusters while the polarizability of Au atom is much smaller than these of Cu and Ag.The(α-)of Au atom is the smallest and the(α-)per atom of Au approach to the values of Cu from the dimmer to the hexamer. It indicates that in Au clusters the electrons are more strongly attracted by the nuclei because of the more electrons. However,the absolute polarizabilities of the noble mental clusters are considerably smaller than those of the sodium clusters and the electronic structures of the noblemental are much more compact.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Effect of Ag on the Grain Growth and Dielectric Properties of PbTiO3

A series of Ag-PbTiO3 composites were synthesized, and the effects of silver on the morphological development of hydrothermal synthesized PbTiO3 particles and dielectric properties of PbTiO3 ceramic were investigated. Results show that the introduction of Ag benefits the crystal growth of PbTiO3. The diffusion of Ag+ into the perovskite accelerates the crystal growth of PbTiO3 and leads to large fine PbTiO3 crystal. Furthermore, the dielectric constant of PbTiO3-based ceramic was enhanced greatly by the percolation effect of inner Ag clusters.     

酞菁染料的金属化和溴化与光物理影响的研究

以α位(2,4-二特戊基)苯氧基邻苯二腈作为环合前体,制备了多种金属酞菁,产物经元素分析、紫外、红外、核磁氢谱等分析手段进行表征.并选择了部分酞菁进行溴化,其中着重研究了不同中心金属以及溴化对染料Q带吸收的影响.结果表明,酞菁染料的金属化对于其Q带吸收影响很大,多数染料金属化后会出现蓝移,而选择合适的条件进行溴化,可以使得金属酞菁的Q带吸收出现一定程度的红移,其中部分溴化金属酞菁的吸收波长与光信息产业中使用的近红外激光器很接近,具有潜在的实用价值.     

Development of enzyme technology and enzyme engineering in China

Enzymes have been utilized in China for thousands of years for the production of various foods and alcoholic beverages. Today China manufactures and uses enzymes for not only the traditional areas of application, but is expanding the use of enzymes for a variety of nonfood areas. This report describes the present state of the art of enzyme manufacture and application in China today.     

Thermodynamics of dissolving and solvation processes for benzoic acid and the toluic acids in aqueous solution

Experimental data are presented for the solubility in water of benzoic and toluic acids from 5° to 65°C. From the solubility the molality of the monomeric form of the acid is calculated using literature data for both ionization and dimerization of the acid. These data for the monomer combined with data from the literature for vaporization of the solid and ionization in both the gas phase and the aqueous phase yield entropy and enthalpy changes for the solvation of molecular and anionic forms of the acid. A similar procedure is also applied to literature data for the solubility of benzene in water. It is shown that the hydration entropies of the monomeric forms are a linear function of their partial molar volumes. It is concluded that hydration of the undissociated o-toluic acid may be crucial to the increased acidity of that acid compared to benzoic acid.     

ELECTROCHEMICAL POLYMERIZATION OF ANILINE IN PHOSPHORIC ACID AND THE PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE

The behavior of the electrochemical polymerization of aniline in a weak acid, phosphoric acid, is very similar to that in strong acids, i.e. its polymerization rate increases quickly with the electrolysis time. The FTIR spectra of polyaniline samples synthesized in phosphoric acid indicate that the counter ion H2PO4^- is present in both the oxidized form and the reduced form of polyaniline. The counter ion plays an important role in adjusting the pH value at the electrode surface of polyaniline during the oxidation and reduction processes. As a result, a pair of redox peaks still appear in cyclic voltammograms of polyaniline in a solution of sodium sulfate of pH 5.5 and in a solution of NaH2PO4 of pH 7.0,respectively, at low potential scan rate; and the color of polyaniline film also changes with applied potential at pH 7.0. Thus,the pH region for the electrochemical activity and the electrochromism of polyaniline is extended to pH 5.5 for a solution of sodium sulfate and to pH 7.0 for a solution of NaH2PO4. The conductivity of polyaniline is 3.3 S cm^-1, depending on the concentration of phosphoric acid used in the stage of polymerization of aniline. The result of elemental analysis of polyaniline is presented here.     

OPTIMIZATION OF THE SYNTHESIS OF ACRYLAMIDE HYDROGEL BY γ-RAY IRRADIATION

Hydrogels have been synthesized from 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% aqueous solutions of acrylamide monomer by gamma radiation employing doses in the range of 0.2-30 kGy from a Co-60 source. The effect of solution concentration, γ-ray dose, pH and time was studied in order to observe the optimizing conditions in the characterization of hydrogels. Gel fraction increases with dose for all concentrations indicating hundred-percentage conversion of gel at doses ≥5 kGy for homogenous solutions in the range of 20%-50% concentration. On the other hand, 10% solution provides conversion less than 86% even at 30 kGy, whereas 60% monomer makes an inhomogeneous solution which stile gives about 100% gel fraction. Swelling of hydrogels under water with respect to time varies with both the doses and concentrations due to the change of crosslinking density in the gels. The maximum volume change of hydrogels during swelling and water desorption mainly occurs within 24 h. Swelling is also enhanced with the rise of pH due to change of ionic content of the solvent. Considering the amount of gel fraction and the properties of hydrogel, the samples prepared from 20% solution at 5kGy show better results. Moreover, the effect of bacteria on hydrogel was found to be nil, suggesting a prohibition of growth of microorganism in it.